A&P Ch 3

In Figure 3-1, which structure is water most likely to pass through? 1 2 3 4 8

3 ( canal structure)

Where does translation occur? at the rough endoplasmic reticulum inside the nuclear pores within the nucleus within the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

at the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Red blood cell shrinkage is to ________ as cell bursting is to ________. isotonic; hypertonic hypotonic; isotonic isotonic; hypotonic lysis; crenation crenation; hemolysis

crenation; hemolysis

In Figure 3-1, which structure has a "gate" to control transport? 1 2 4 7 8

8 (H shaped structure)

________ is the process of duplicating chromosomes prior to cell division. DNA replication RNA replication DNA transcription DNA translation RNA translation

DNA replication

Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________. RNA; carbohydrates DNA; lipids water; RNA DNA; proteins RNA; proteins

DNA; proteins

Why is a 0.9 percent solution of sodium chloride often the fluid administered in clinical emergencies? It is a hypertonic solution. It is an isotonic solution. It encourages crenation. It is a hypotonic solution.

It is an isotonic solution

Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false? It produces secretory vesicles. It sends transport vesicles to the RER. It supplies new membrane components. It receives transport vesicles from the RER. It produces lysosomes.

It sends transport vesicles to the RER

A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase. Gm G0 S G2 G1

S

The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is TAG. ATC. AUG. UAG. AUC.

UAG

The plasma membrane is composed of carbohydrate molecules. a bilayer of proteins. carbohydrates and proteins. carbohydrates and lipids. a bilayer of phospholipids.

a bilayer of phospholipids

Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be a. edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm. b. edited to remove introns. c. transported into the cytoplasm. d. edited to remove exons. e. edited to remove exons and transported into the cytoplasm.

a. edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm

A red blood cell (RBC) in a hypotonic solution: a. may hemolyze. b. will crenate. c. will not experience an osmotic flow of water into or out of the cell. d. may dehydrate.

a. may hemolyze

Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum except modification of protein. synthesis of triglycerides. synthesis of glycogen. synthesis of steroid hormones. synthesis of cholesterol.

a. modification of protein

During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during telophase. metaphase. prophase. anaphase. interphase.

anaphase

During the synthesis of proteins, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA molecule that brings them to the ribosome has a(n) ________ that binds to a complementary codon in the mRNA. codon alticodon complicodon anticodon amphicodon

anticodon

The genetically programmed death of cells is called apoptosis. differentiation. metastasis. replication. mitosis.

apoptosis

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that a. cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived. b. cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand. c. cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply. d. some cells are older than others. e. cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand.

b. cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.

Each of the following is true concerning mitochondria except a. the cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. b. the mitochondria do not require oxygen to produce ATP c. the mitochondria contain their own genetic material. d. the matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. e. the mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

b. the mitochondria do not require oxygen to produce ATP

Which of the following statements regarding ribosomes is false? a. Proteins manufactured by fixed ribosomes enter the cisternae of the RER. b. They are the organelles responsible for protein synthesis. c. They also function in the synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol. d. They consist of two subunits that are normally separate and distinct.

c. They also function in the synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol.

Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that a. facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. b. facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient. c. the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules. d. facilitated diffusion consumes no ATP. e. the rate of molecular movement is not limited by the number of available carrier molecules.

c. the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.

Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? phospholipid membrane plasma membrane cell wall cell membrane All of the terms listed are used to define the structure.

cell wall

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through defects in the lipid layer of the membrane. peripheral carbohydrates. channels formed by integral proteins. peripheral proteins. lipid channels.

channels formed by integral proteins

In cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as nucleoli. chromatin. nucleosomes. centromeres. chromatids.

chromatin

The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are nucleoplasm. nucleases. mitochondria. chromosomes. histones.

chromosomes

A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n) anticodon. amino acid. tRNA. gene. codon.

codon

The physical process by which a single animal cell separates into two cells is called cytokinesis. meiokinesis. mitosis. mitokinesis. meiosis.

cytokinesis

The watery component of the cytoplasm is called protoplasm. cytosol. extracellular fluid. a colloidal gel. interstitial fluid.

cytosol

The cytoplasm contains the fluid ________ and the suspended ________. cytosol; organelles bilayer; cytosol bilayer; organelles cytoplasm; organelles plasma membrane; cytosol

cytosol; organelles

In transcription: a. the two strands of DNA are used as the basis for synthesizing RNA. b. immature mRNA is edited after it leaves the nucleus to direct protein synthesis. c. DNA polymerase promotes hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases of the template strand and complementary nucleotides in the nucleoplasm. d. gene activation begins with the temporary disruption of the hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous bases of the two DNA strands.

d. gene activation begins with the temporary disruption of the hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous bases of the two DNA strands.

Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal breathing. Under these circumstances, a. less carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood in the lungs. b. less carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood in the lungs. c. the amount of carbon dioxide diffusion will remain unchanged. d. more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood in the lungs. e. more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood in the lungs.

d. more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood in the lungs.

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except a. regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment. b. sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. c. structural support. d. thermal insulation. e. separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.

d. thermal insulation

The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of osmosis. facilitated transport. active transport. filtration. diffusion.

diffusion

When activated, lysosomes function in cell division. digestion of foreign material. synthesis of proteins. formation of new cell membranes. synthesis of lipids.

digestion of foreign material

Peroxisomes a. is another name for lysosomes. b. contain enzymes that break down toxic substances. c. absorb and break down organic compounds, generating toxic substances in the process. d. produce ATP. e. both contain enzymes that break down toxic substances and absorb and break down fatty acids, generating toxic substances in the process.

e. both contain enzymes that break down toxic substances and absorb and break down fatty acids, generating toxic substances in the process.

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus. Thus, it a. can repair itself readily. b. will be a long-lived cell. c. is malformed. d. can only divide once more. e. cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.

e. cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called endocytosis. osmosis. active transport. exocytosis. facilitated diffusion.

facilitated diffusion

The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are chromosomes. ribosomes. genes. RNA. codons.

genes

Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following except lipid solubility. the presence of the membrane channels. hydrolysis of ATP. the charge of the substance. concentration gradient.

hydrolysis of ATP

"Spikes" form on a dehydrating blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic

hypertonic

The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________ fluid. toxic diffusion hypertonic hypotonic isotonic

hypotonic

Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to ________ cells. plant reproductive sensory stem visceral

reproductive

What is the term for rRNA? ribosomal ribonucleic acid ribosomal nucleic acid rough ribosomal nucleic acid reticulated ribonucleic acid rough nucleic acid

ribosomal ribonucleic acid

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? mitochondria Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum nucleoli

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. a phospholipid bilayer extremely thin selectively permeable sensitive to the environment physically isolating

selectively permeable

Which of the following about cytoplasm is false? It includes cytoskeleton. It includes cytosol. Extracellular fluid contains more protein. It has a semi-rigid texture. It is the material that fills a cell.

Extracellular fluid contains more protein

Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the Golgi apparatus. mitochondria. microtubules. rough endoplasmic reticulum. ribosomes.

Golgi apparatus

The plasma membrane includes all of the following except integral proteins. cholesterol. peripheral proteins. phospholipids. glycolipids.

peripheral proteins

The ________ of a membrane indicates how easy it is for substances to cross. isolation permeability bilayer sensitivity mosaic

permeability

What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? plasma membrane nucleolus cytoskeleton the cytosol nucleus

plasma membrane

mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm. proteins carbohydrates phospholipids ATP lipids

proteins

During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs. anaphase prophase metaphase interphase telophase

telophase

The smallest living unit within the human body is a tissue. a protein. an organ system. an organ. the cell.

the cell

Which tRNA anticodon would be associated with the DNA triplet template strand, AAT? TTA AAT UUA AAU

AAU

The anticodon for the triplet UCA is TGT. TCA. AGU. AGC. AGT.

AGU

The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called anaphase. telophase. interphase. metaphase. prophase.

interphase

Cancer cells may exhibit metastasis. generally form benign tumors. are indistinguishable from normal body cells. have a slow mitotic rate. do not form neoplasms.

may exhibit metastasis

The endoplasmic reticulum is an example of a(n) ________ organelle. integral exclusion inclusion nonmembranous membranous

membranous

What is the term for mRNA? messenger ribonucleic acid master ribosomal nucleic acid messenger ribosomal nucleic acid mitochondrial ribosomal nucleic acid mitochondrial ribonucleic acid

messenger ribonucleic acid

Providing strength and moving materials within the cell is a function of the intermediate filaments and ribosomes. microtubules. flagella. microfilaments. intermediate filaments.

microtubules

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? basal bodies microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments thick filaments

microtubules

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the cytoplasm. mitochondria. nucleus. endoplasmic reticulum. cilia.

mitochondria

Nuclear division in somatic cells is known as meiosis. cytokinesis. meiokinesis. mitokinesis. mitosis.

mitosis

________ are permanent alterations in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes. Metastases Translations Mutations Gene activations Transcriptions

mutations

An alternate term for tumor is primary metastasis. benign malignancy. nucleoplasm. cytoplasm. neoplasm.

neoplasm

Most of a cell's DNA is located in its ribosomes. Golgi apparatus. nucleus. lysosomes. nucleolus.

nucleus

The control center for cellular operations is the mitochondria. nucleus. Golgi apparatus. endoplasmic reticulum. ribosome.

nucleus

Which of the following is not a function that membrane proteins perform? channels recognition stiffening the membrane receptors anchoring

stiffening the membrane

The process of forming mRNA is called auscultation. cell division. translation. replication. transcription.

transcription

What is the term for tRNA? transfer ribosomal nucleic acid triplet ribosomal nucleic acid triplet ribonucleic acid thymine ribosomal nucleic acid transfer ribonucleic acid

transfer ribonucleic acid

The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called auscultation. mitosis. replication. translation. transcription.

translation