A&P Ch 4 Skin and Body Membranes

A needle pierces through the epidermal layers of the forearm in the following order: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum

2, 3, 4, 1

What is the function of melanin?

Absorb ultraviolet radiation

Sweat gland

Apocrine and eccrine

The deepest layer of the epidermis.

Basal layer

Sebum is responsible for all of the following except ________.

Body temperature regulation

This type of membrane lines body cavities that are open to the exterior.

Mucous

What type of membrane is composed of epithelium resting on the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue membrane?

Mucous membrane

Line all body cavities that open to the exterior.

Mucous membranes

Secrete sebum, a mixure of oily substances and fragemented cells.

Sebaceous glands

In attempting to extinguish a stove fire, Renaldo burned his hands. The burned areas blistered and were red and painful. Renaldo experienced __________-degree burns.

Second

What type of burn does a patient have if blisters are present and the affected area is painful?

Second degree

Release secretions onto the skin surface. These include sebaceous glands that when infected can cause acne, but also the apocrine and eccrine glands, which are not associated with acne.

Exocrine glands

Which effect of aging is accelerated by smoking and sun exposure?

Loss of skin elasticity

Burns are assessed by the rule of __________.

Nines

Line body cavities that do not open to the outside of the body, except for the dorsal body cavity and joint capsules.

Serous membranes

The part of a hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the ________.

Shaft

Found in the epidermis.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which organic compound is produced by skin cells?

Vitamin D

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant melanoma?

Smooth border

Not found in the skin.

Transitional epithelium

The _________ is a serous membrane associated with a lung.

Pleural membrane

What is the function of the keratin found within skin cells?

Prevents water loss

Under which of the following conditions would a decubitus ulcer form?

Prolonged bed rest after a severe back injury

Acne is an infection of the __________ glands.

Sebaceous

Produce oils

Sebaceous

What prevents skin from becoming brittle?

Sebum

Which of the following kills bacteria and prevents bacterial invasions of the skin?

Sebum

The pleura and pericardium are examples of ________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior.

Serous

What kind of membranes line body cavities that do not open to the outside of the body (except for the dorsal body cavity and joint capsules)?

Serous

Lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior environment.

Serous membrane

What type of membrane provides lubrication to the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities?

Serous membrane

Composed of two layers, the visceral and parietal layers.

Serous membranes

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basle (deepest layer)

Found in thick skin only. Thick skin is found only on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Stratum lucidum

What epidermal layer consists of multiple layers of living keratinocytes and scattered dendritic cells?

Stratum spinosum

What is produced by sudoriferous glands? It is composed primarily of water and salts.

Sweat

Line joint cavities.

Synovial membranes

As cells progress from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, __________.

They tend to die

As humans age, the skin's elasticity declines and skin gets __________.

Thinner

What type of burn damages the skin so severely that regeneration of the damaged tissue is NOT possible?

Third degree burn

How is the rule of nines used by a clinician?

To estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns

What is a metabolic waste product found in sweat? It is not produced by the skin.

Urea

The white, cheesy-looking substance that is produced by the sebaceous glands and protects a baby's skin while it is floating in its water-filled sac inside the mother is called ________.

Vernix caseosa

The layer of the serous membrane that covers an organ is known as the ________ layer.

Visceral

Found in small bands forming the arrector pili muscles within the dermis.

Visceral (smooth) muscle

Covers the outside of organs within the ventral body cavity.

Visceral layer

The deepest layer of the serous membrane covering the outer surface of the heart is the ________.

Visceral pericardium

One important role of the skin is to produce __________, which is essential for normal calcium absorption.

Vitamin D

Lines the digestive and respiratory tracts. This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

mucous membrane

Which membrane is composed of areolar connective tissue and NOT an epithelial tissue?

synovial membrane

A needle would pierce the skin of the forearm in which order? (1) stratum basale; (2) stratum granulosum; (3) stratum spinosum; (4) stratum corneum; (5) stratum lucidum

4-2-3-1

Which of the following is an indication of melanoma?

A pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors

Found in the hypodermis.

Adipose connective tissue

Glands usually associated with the skin of the genitals and the axillary region, and which secrete fatty acids and proteins, are called __________.

Apocrine

Small bands of smooth muscle that pull hairs upright.

Arrector pili

Which of the following statements regarding the significance of alterations in skin color is FALSE?

Blanching (or pallor) may signify anemia

People who produce a lot of melanin have a skin tone that is ________.

Brown

Reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces.

Bruises, or black-and-blue marks

What pigment found in skin originates from outside the body?

Carotene

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is caused by a herpes simplex infection?

Cold sores

Which of these is associated with a skin allergy?

Contact dermatitis

What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened?

Contraction of arrector pili muscles

The _________ is your skin.

Cutaneous membrane

The only dry membrane is the ________.

Cutaneous membrane

The type of tissue making up the bulk of the dermis is __________.

Dense (irregular) connective tissue

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.

Diffusion

The type of gland responsible for body temperature regulation is the ________ gland.

Eccrine (sweat or sudoriferous)

The avascular, keratinized layer of skin.

Epidermis

The epidermis is composed of __________ tissue.

Epithelial

May indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

Erythema (redness)

The sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as ________ glands because they release secretions to the skin's surface via ducts.

Exocrine

Which of these factors is/are the most likely cause of permanent hair loss?

Genes

The terms sheath, bulb, and follicle all relate to which of the following?

Hair

Sebaceous glands are usually associated with __________.

Hair follicles

What is found in red blood cells that circulate through the capillaries of the dermis of the skin and is produced in the bone marrow?

Hemoglobin

Is always covered by some epithelial membrane, including both the epithelial layer and the connective tissue layer.

Hyaline cartilage

Synovial fluid reduces friction ________.

In movable joints such as the knee

What is the function of epidermal dendritic cells?

Ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system

Usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in body tissues.

Jaundice (yellow skin tone)

Hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin are made mostly of a tough waterproof protein called __________.

Keratin

Nails are composed of ________.

Keratin

Deep pressure sensitive receptors.

Lamellar corpuscles

The three pigments that contribute to skin color are ________, ________, and ________.

Melanin; carotene; hemoglobin

Found in the deepest layer of the epidermis. They can be associated with hairs, but not glands.

Melanocytes

What skin disorder is recognized using the ABCD rule?

Melanoma

Which type of skin cancer the least common but is the cause of most skin-cancer-related deaths?

Melanoma

Is always covered by some epithelial membrane, including both the epithelial layer and the connective tissue layer. Smooth muscle may be found within some epithelial membranes, but muscle layers will be deep to the connective tissue.

Muscle tissue

Is always covered by some epithelial membrane, including both the epithelial layer and the connective tissue layer. Nerve endings can be found within epithelial membranes but do not form layers.

Nerve tissue

________ skin may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.

Pale

Which of the following is NOT a function of skin?

It produces Vitamin C in the presence of sunlight