A&P Chapter 12: Lymphatic System

dilate

During an inflammatory response, histamine is released. This causes blood vessels to __________ and pain receptors to be activated. dilate constrict elongate None of these answers is correct.

suppressor T cells growing and dividing very rapidly

Each of the following is involved in the formation of antibodies EXCEPT __________. - plasma cells releasing antibodies into the blood - an antigen activating some of the body's B cells - suppressor T cells growing and dividing very rapidly - activated B cells producing many plasma cells

lymph nodes

An infection commonly causes swelling and tenderness of the __________. thymus joints lymph nodes liver

passive immunity

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________. cellular or cell-mediated immunity natural immunity active immunity passive immunity

the movement of cells along a chemical gradient

Chemotaxis is best described as ________. - the movement of cells along a chemical gradient - the release of a lytic chemical by perforins - the accumulation of excess fluids in tissue space - the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls - the dilation of blood vessels

diagnosis pregnancy deliver drugs to fight cancer early cancer diagnosis

Monoclonal antibodies are commercial preparations of a pure antibody that reacts to a single antigen. Which of these are examples of current uses of monoclonal antibodies? Select all that apply. diagnosis pregnancy deliver drugs to fight cancer treat hepatitis treat rabies early cancer diagnosis

releasing perforins

Natural killer cells attack the target cell's membrane by __________, which initiate disintegration of the target cell membrane and nucleus. fixing complement secreting antibodies presenting antigen releasing perforins

antibodies

Proteins secreted by plasma cells that bind to specific pathogens are called __________. antibodies interferon antigens complement

acute inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________. fever acute inflammation dehydration edema

lysozyme

Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain __________, an enzyme that destroys bacteria. perforin lysozyme interferon histamine

liver

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ? tonsils liver spleen appendix

B cell production of antibodies

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific immune response? B cell production of antibodies Acid barriers in the stomach Neutrophils Inflammation

placenta or breastfeeding

Which of the following is a form of natural passive immunity, in which no immunological memory is established? - placenta or breastfeeding - vaccine - infection or contact with a pathogen - gamma globulin

the edges overlap, making a mini valve

Which of the following phrases best describes how the cells that form the walls of lymph capillaries aid in regulating interstitial fluid? - the edges overlap, making a mini valve - the ends are open like a straw - the lymph capillaries play no role in regulating interstitial fluid - there are values exactly like in veins

it is the third line of defense

Which of these is NOT one of the three important aspects of the adaptive defense system? It has "memory." It is antigen specific. It is systemic. It is the third line of defense.

antibody production

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses? the inflammatory response antibody production natural killer cells intact skin fever

phagocytes

White blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria are called __________. B lymphocytes NK cells T lymphocytes phagocytes

because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age

Why are the elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers? - because immune cells proliferate in old age - because thinning of the skin increases the number of bacteria that breach this barrier - because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age - because the efficiency of the immune system increases with age

Peyer's patches

Found in the wall of the small intestine, __________ capture(s) and destroy(s) bacteria before they invade the intestinal wall. tonsils the pancreas Peyer's patches the spleen

helper T cells

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, targets and destroys __________. memory cells cytotoxic T cells helper T cells B cells

type I diabetes mellitus

Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have? type I diabetes mellitus systemic lupus erythematosis Graves' disease myasthenia gravis multiple sclerosis

pathogens

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called ________. macrophages allergens pathogens antibodies

They bind to soluble antigens so that these antigens precipitate out of solution.

How do antibodies help phagocytes remove soluble foreign antigens? - They agglutinate foreign cells. - They bind to soluble antigens so that these antigens precipitate out of solution. - They cover the active surface of bacteria and viruses. - They bind to and activate complement proteins on the bacterial surface.

They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier.

How do phagocytic cells protect the body from invading pathogens? - They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier. - They secrete antibodies into body fluids. - They activate complement proteins. - They secrete interferon.

antibodies

Humoral immunity is provided by ________. complement fixation pyrogens antibodies skin and mucous membranes interferon

helper T cells

Important in recruiting other cells to fight invaders, __________ can be thought of as the "directors" or "managers" of the immune system. memory cells cytotoxic T cells regulatory T cells helper T cells

blood

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________. tears saliva blood cerebrospinal fluid cytosol

the body's own cells

Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of ________. bacteria the body's own cells foreign blood cells fungi viruses

Label D Label B Label A

A lymph capillary is indicated by ________. A lymph node is indicated by ________. The lymph duct is indicated by ________. Label A Label B Label C Label D Label E

secondary humoral response

A person who has recovered from mumps is protected from contracting the disease again by a __________. primary humoral response slow production of antibodies secondary humoral response lack of antibodies

inflammatory response

A(n) __________ has four cardinal signs, including pain. primary response inflammatory response secondary response vaccine

- The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases. - Cancer becomes more common.

As with many other body systems, immune system function decreases with age. Which of the following statements describe(s) the effects of aging on immunity? Select all correct answers. - The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases. - Cancer becomes more common. - Antibody production increases. - Immunodeficiency disease is less likely to occur

lymph nodes

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________. the spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils

right lymphatic

The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax. brachiocephalic thoracic subclavian right lymphatic

issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

The adaptive (specific) defense system ________. - provides mechanical barriers to the body - is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens - includes the skin and mucous membranes - is an innate defense - issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

skin and mucous membranes

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is ________. natural killer cells inflammatory response fever phagocytes skin and mucous membranes

vaccination

The injection of weakened pathogens to produce immunity is a(n) __________. antigen vaccination naturally acquired immunity passive immunity

epidermis; mucous membranes

The keratinized __________ and the __________ are the body's first line of defense against pathogens. lymph nodes; thymus gland skin; spleen saliva; lacrimal fluid epidermis; mucous membranes

producing lymphocytes

The lymph nodes help protect the body by which of the following? producing toxins producing lymphocytes removing erythrocytes removing lymphocytes

destroy and process worn-out red blood cells

The most important function of the spleen is to __________. - secrete bile - destroy and process worn-out red blood cells - absorb nutrients from food - manufacture insulin

complement

The production of a MAC, to create holes in the cell surface of pathogens, is the action of __________? pyrogen complement perforin lysozyme

lyse and kill nonspecific targets

The role of NK cells is to ________? lyse and kill nonspecific targets fix complement engulf and digest bacteria produce antibodies

interferon

The substance produced by virus-infected cells that helps other cells resist viral infection is __________. interferon pyrogen perforin complement

IgG

What antibody class is most abundant in plasma, is important in fixing complement, and crosses the placenta to provide protection to a newborn? IgE IgG IgA IgM

antigens

What are the substances that activate the immune system called? interferons antigens complement proteins antibodies

IgM

What class of antibodies functions as antigen receptors on B cells and form large complexes that can agglutinate cells? IgA IgM IgE IgG

autoimmune disease

What condition occurs when the body makes antibodies against self-antigens? hypersensitivity allergy immunosuppression autoimmune disease

Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.

What does fever accomplish? - Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack. - Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms. - Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process. - Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues. - Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation.

It enters lymphatic vessels and is returned to the bloodstream.

What happens to the fluid filtered from blood capillaries? - It is excreted as urine. - The spleen returns the fluid to the bloodstream. - It is excreted in sweat. - It enters lymphatic vessels and is returned to the bloodstream.

antibody-mediated immune response

What is humoral immunity? - antibody-mediated immune response - immune response of T lymphocytes - response to cytokines - action of natural killer (NK) cells

activate T lymphocytes

What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? produce antibodies activate T lymphocytes stimulate complement fixation directly attack infected cells

triggers inflammatory response

What is the function of histamine? triggers inflammatory response enzymatically destroys bacteria triggers fever activates complement

destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell

What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells? - destroy grafted or transplanted tissues - direct the activities of other immune cells - destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell - act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

thymus

What lymphoid organ produces hormones that direct the maturation of T lymphocytes? - spleen - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue - tonsil - thymus

spleen

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir? spleen tonsils appendix Peyer's patches thymus

secrete antibodies into body fluids

What role do plasma cells play in the immune response? - secrete perforins to destroy abnormal cells - secrete cytokines - present antigens to immune cells - secrete antibodies into body fluids

afferent lymphatic vessel

What structure carries lymph into a lymph node? - efferent lymphatic vessel - germinal center follicles - afferent lymphatic vessel - trabeculae

lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs

What structures are major components of the lymphatic system? - lymphatic vessels and blood vessels - blood vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs - lymphatic and systemic capillaries - lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs

lymph node

What tissue or organ filters lymph? Peyer's patches spleen tonsils lymph node

B and T lymphocytes

What two cell types provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity against specific foreign antigens? - antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocytes - T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells - helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells - B and T lymphocytes

cytotoxic T cells

What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells? plasma cells helper T cells cytotoxic T cells suppressor T cells

active, artificially acquired immunity

What type of immunity do vaccines provide? passive, naturally acquired immunity active, artificially acquired immunity passive, artificially acquired immunity active, naturally acquired immunity

helper T cells

Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells? regulatory cells plasma cells memory cells helper T cells

right arm

Which of the following areas is drained by the right lymphatic duct? left arm right leg the entire head right arm

adaptive response mediated by lymphocytes

Which of the following events represents the body's third line of defense? - Natural killer (NK) cells releasing perforin - Complement creating a membrane attack complex - Neutrophils devouring foreign material - Adaptive response mediated by lymphocytes