A&P Chapter 14
D. tract and a nucleus.
A conduction pathway consists of a: A. nerve and effector. B. nerve and a tract. C. ganglion and a nucleus. D. tract and a nucleus. E. afferent, nerve, and effector.
E. plexus.
A network of interwoven anterior rami of spinal nerves is a: A. ramus. B. communicans. C. ganglion. D. dermatome. E. plexus.
TRUE
A pathway has two parts: a bundle of CNS axons and a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS. TRUE OR FALSE
A. median nerve.
A person suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome has lost function of the: A. median nerve. B. radial nerve. C. musculocutaneous nerve. D. ulnar nerve. E. axillary nerve.
A. sensory axons only.
A posterior root contains: A. sensory axons only. B. motor axons only. C. a mix of sensory and motor axons. D. autonomic nervous system axons.
C. ipsilateral.
A reflex arc in which both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is: A. monosynaptic. B. polysynaptic. C. ipsilateral. D. contralateral. E. None of the choices is correct.
Dermatome
A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve is a ___________.
D. 16-18 inches long
A typical spinal cord in an adult is A. 24-26 inches long B. 12-14 inches long C. 8-10 inches long D. 16-18 inches long E. 20-24 inches long
D. eight
Each side of the spinal cord gives rise to _____ cervical nerves. A. two B. six C. seven D. eight E. twelve
B. radial nerve.
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he cannot extend the forearm, wrist, and digits. You suspect that he has damaged the: A. median nerve. B. radial nerve. C. musculocutaneous nerve. D. ulnar nerve. E. axillary nerve.
C. Musculocutaneous nerve
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm. Which nerve do you suspect he has damaged? A. Median nerve B. Radial nerve C. Musculocutaneous nerve D. Ulnar nerve E. Axillary nerve
D. ulnar nerve.
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from his "pinky". You suspect that he has damaged the: A. median nerve. B. radial nerve. C. musculocutaneous nerve. D. ulnar nerve. E. axillary nerve.
A. Median nerve
Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. What nerve do you suspect to be damaged? A. Median nerve B. Radial nerve C. Musculocutaneous nerve D. Ulnar nerve E. Axillary nerve
E. a spinal nerve.
If a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to: A. the somatosensory cortex. B. the thalamus. C. one of the spinal funiculi. D. the anterior horn of grey matter in the spinal cord. E. a spinal nerve.
C. Phrenic nerve
If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve was damaged. A. Transverse cervical nerve B. Accessory nerve C. Phrenic nerve D. Sciatic nerve E. Greater auricular nerve
A. polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right hamstring and left quadriceps.
If someone steps on a sharp object with their right foot it will lead to: A. polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right hamstring and left quadriceps. B. polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right quadriceps and left hamstrings. C. a monosynaptic reflex causing contraction of the right hamstring and a polysynaptic reflex causing contraction of the left hamstring. D. a monosynaptic reflex causing contraction of the right quadriceps and a polysynaptic reflex causing contraction of the the left hamstring.
E. subarachnoid space.
In a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the: A. central canal of the spinal cord. B. epidural space. C. subdural space. D. epipial space. E. subarachnoid space.
D. the thoracic vertebrae.
In adults, the spinal cord is a different length than the vertebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within: A. the coccyx. B. the sacrum. C. the cervical vertebrae. D. the thoracic vertebrae. E. the cauda equina.
B. secondary
In both the anterolateral pathway and the posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway, the axons of the ________ neurons decussate in the CNS. A. primary B. secondary C. tertiary D. quaternary
B. 31
In sum, there are ____ pairs of spinal nerves. A. 13 B. 31 C. 40 D. 51 E. 12
C. anterolateral pathway.
Information about pain and temperature is conveyed to the brain by way of the: A. posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway. B. spinocerebellar pathway. C. anterolateral pathway. D. fasciculus gracilis. E. tectospinal tract.
C. somatosensory pathways.
Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by: A. somatomotor pathways. B. visceromotor pathways. C. somatosensory pathways. D. viscerosensory pathways.
C. intercostal nerves.
The anterior rami of T1-T11 are called: A. dorsal plexuses. B. anterior plexuses. C. intercostal nerves. D. branchial nerves. E. cervical nerves.
D. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs.
The anterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the: A. deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back. B. major thoracic and abdominal organs. C. abdominal wall. D. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. E. special senses.
D. proprioception from the lower limbs.
The anterior spinocerebellar tract conducts signals about: A. pain from the upper limbs. B. pain from the lower limbs. C. proprioception from the upper limbs. D. proprioception from the lower limbs.
B. secondary neurons in the CNS.
The axons of primary sensory neurons make synaptic connections with: A. posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves. B. secondary neurons in the CNS. C. secondary neurons in the PNS. D. thalamic neurons.
FALSE
The cell bodies of lower motor neurons are housed in the posterior horns of the spinal cord. TRUE OR FALSE
C. anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4.
The cervical plexus is formed by the: A. posterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C6. B. posterior rami of spinal nerves C4-C8. C. anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4. D. anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C7. E. rami communicantes of spinal nerves C1-C7.
A. motor cortex of the cerebral cortex.
The direct motor pathway originates in the: A. motor cortex of the cerebral cortex. B. superior colliculus of the midbrain. C. vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. D. reticular formation of the brainstem.
C. posterior funiculus--medial lemniscal pathway.
The fasciculus cuneatus is part of the: A. anterolateral pathway. B. spinocerebellar pathway. C. posterior funiculus--medial lemniscal pathway. D. lateral spinothalamic tract. E. fasciculus gracilis.
C. excite or inhibit lower motor neurons.
The function of upper motor neurons is to: A. directly excite skeletal muscle cells. B. excite or inhibit skeletal muscle cells. C. excite or inhibit lower motor neurons. D. excite motor portions of the thalamus. E. excite or inhibit motor portions of the cerebral cortex.
C. coccygeal
The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the ___________ part. A. thoracic B. lumbar C. coccygeal D. cervical E. sacral
TRUE
The innermost of the meninges is the pia mater. TRUE OR FALSE
B. funiculus.
The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior: A. commissure. B. funiculus. C. decussation. D. peduncle.
C. sciatic
The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve. A. femoral B. radial C. sciatic D. obturator E. saphenous
B. majority, muscles used for finely controlled movements
The lateral corticospinal tracts include a ________ of the upper motor neuron axons that pass through the medulla, and they govern control of ___________. A. majority, axial muscles B. majority, muscles used for finely controlled movements C. minority, axial muscles D. minority, muscles used for finely controlled movements
TRUE
The lateral funiculus contains both ascending and descending tracts. TRUE OR FALSE
E. cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.
The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain: A. axons of motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies. B. axons of sensory and motor neurons. C. cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons. D. axons of sensory neurons and interneuron cell bodies. E. cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.
B. medullaris
The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus ___________. A. finalis B. medullaris C. equine D. caudalis E. sacralis
B. tibial and common fibular nerves.
Where the sciatic nerve splits, it branches directly to the: A. deep and superficial fibular nerves. B. tibial and common fibular nerves. C. femoral and obturator nerves. D. deep femoral and tibial nerves. E. popliteal and sural nerves.
D. somatic motor
The _______ nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles. A. visceral sensory B. somatic sensory C. autonomic motor D. somatic motor
FALSE
Abdominal pain from digestive organs (e.g., from a stomach ulcer) would be conveyed to the brain by way of somatosensory pathways. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
An individual tract within the spinal cord contains either sensory nerve signals or motor nerve signals only. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Axons of the anterior corticospinal tracts decussate in the medulla. TRUE OR FALSE
C. do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with lower motor neurons in brainstem cranial nuclei.
Axons of the corticobulbar tracts: A. descend in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord and synapse with anterior horn motor neurons. B. descend in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord and synapse with lateral horn motor neurons. C. do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with lower motor neurons in brainstem cranial nuclei. D. do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with cerebellar Purkinje cells. E. connect the supplementary motor cortex with the primary motor cortex.
C. contralateral reflex
Late one night you are leaving the science building during a snowstorm. As you approach your car your right foot suddenly slips on a patch of ice. Your left leg immediately stiffens as you try to regain your balance. The reflex action you relied upon is a(n): A. unilateral reflex. B. ipsilateral reflex. C. contralateral reflex. D. voluntary reflex. E. None of the choices is correct.
TRUE
Lower motor neurons are always excitatory. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Motor neurons that innervate the head and neck are located in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves and in the reticular formation. TRUE OR FALSE
D. descending, effectors
Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________. A. ascending, affectors B. ascending, effectors C. descending, affectors D. descending, effectors
FALSE
Motor pathways are also called ascending pathways. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex receive input from tertiary neurons that have their cell bodies residing in the thalamus. TRUE OR FALSE
C. tertiary neurons.
Neurons of the thalamus that are part of sensory conduction pathways are considered: A. primary neurons. B. secondary neurons. C. tertiary neurons. D. quaternary neurons.
B. somatic sensory
Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei. A. visceral sensory B. somatic sensory C. autonomic motor D. somatic motor
Dentate
Paired, lateral triangular extensions of the spinal pia mater that extend to the dura to suspend and anchor the spinal cord are known as _________ ligaments.
D. rapid and involuntary.
Reflexes are described as: A. slow and spontaneous. B. spontaneous and self-initiating. C. pre-programmed and voluntary. D. rapid and involuntary.
A. contralateral
Since most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body. A. contralateral B. ipsilateral
TRUE
Some motor pathways originate in the cerebellum. TRUE OR FALSE
B. withdrawal
Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _____ reflex. A. Golgi tendon B. withdrawal C. stretch D. pain E. motor
C. white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about proprioception and touch.
The medial lemniscus is: A. gray matter in the spinal cord that processes information about proprioception and touch. B. gray matter in the spinal cord that processes information about pain and temperature. C. white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about proprioception and touch. D. white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about pain and temperature.
A. pia mater.
The most delicate of the meninges consists of elastic and collagen fibers and is known as the: A. pia mater. B. dura mater. C. falx cerebri. D. arachnoid mater.
C. Co1
The most inferior spinal nerve is: A. C7 B. C8 C. Co1 D. Co7 E. CN XII
A. femoral
The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris muscle is the _____ nerve. A. femoral B. sciatic C. obturator D. genitofemoral E. tibial
A. axillary nerve.
The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the: A. axillary nerve. B. musculocutaneous nerve. C. median nerve. D. radial nerve. E. ulnar nerve.
D. lower motor neurons.
The neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called: A. first order neurons. B. second order neurons. C. upper motor neurons. D. lower motor neurons.
FALSE
The obturator nerve innervates muscles of the lateral thigh. TRUE OR FALSE
B. brachial
The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________ plexus. A. cervical B. brachial C. bronchiole D. lumbar E. sciatic
A. cervical
The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses. A. cervical B. branchial C. lumbar D. radial E. mandibular
D. axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain: A. axons of motor neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. B. axons of sensory and motor neurons. C. axons of interneurons. D. axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. E. autonomic motor neurons.
A. deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back.
The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the: A. deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back. B. major thoracic and abdominal organs. C. abdominal wall. D. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. E. special senses.
C. intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T2 and T3.
The second thoracic spinal nerve exits the spinal column through the: A. vertebral canal of vertebrae T1, T2 and T3. B. sacral hiatus. C. intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T2 and T3. D. intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T1 and T2.
C. monosynaptic
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex. A. ipsilateral B. contralateral C. monosynaptic D. crossed-extensor E. multisynaptic
B. cervical
The spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the ___________ part. A. thoracic B. cervical C. lumbar D. sacral E. coccygeal
FALSE
The spinal dura mater contains an outer periosteal layer and an inner meningeal layer. TRUE OR FALSE
A. L4-S4
The spinal nerves that give rise to the sacral plexus are: A. L4-S4 B. T11-Co1 C. L2-S1 D. S4-C2
TRUE
The spinocerebellar pathway is an ascending somatosensory pathway. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The subdural space is the region between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The tectospinal tract is part of the medial pathway, which is an indirect motor pathway. TRUE OR FALSE
A. intervertebral foramen between C2 and C3 vertebrae.
The third cervical spinal nerve exits the vertebral column through the: A. intervertebral foramen between C2 and C3 vertebrae. B. intervertebral foramen between C3 and C4 vertebrae. C. transverse foramen of C3 vertebra. D. vertebral canal of vertebrae C2, C3 and C4.
FALSE
The white matter of the spinal cord is surrounded by its grey matter. TRUE OR FALSE
B. Autonomic motor nuclei
These nuclei are located in the lateral horns and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. A. Sensory nuclei B. Autonomic motor nuclei C. Visceral sensory nuclei D. Somatic sensory nuclei E. Somatic motor nuclei
E. Tibial nerve
This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole. A. Femoral nerve B. Deep fibular nerve C. Obturator nerve D. Genitofemoral nerve E. Tibial nerve
A. Gray commissure
This structure contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord. A. Gray commissure B. White commissure C. Lateral commissure D. Posterior commissure E. Denticulate ligaments
B. femoral and obturator nerves.
Two of the nerves of the lumbar plexus are the: A. femoral and sciatic nerves. B. femoral and obturator nerves. C. obturator and pudendal nerves. D. pudendal and sciatic nerves.
FALSE
Usually, awareness of the stimulus occurs before a reflex action has been initiated. TRUE OR FALSE
B. b, a, c, d, e
What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds A. a, b, c, d, e B. b, a, c, d, e C. c, b, a, e, d D. c, a, b, d, e E. b, d, c, a, e
B. Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? A. Cervical - thoracic - sacral - coccygeal - lumbar B. Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal C. Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - cervical - coccygeal D. Thoracic - cervical - lumbar - coccygeal - sacral E. Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal - cervical
D. Filum terminale
What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx? A. Conus medullaris B. Cervical enlargement C. Terminus coccyx D. Filum terminale E. Coccygeal tendon
A. Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors.
Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways? A. Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors. B. Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the brain. C. Both sensory and motor pathways terminate in the PNS. D. Sensory pathways terminate at effectors and motor pathways terminate in the brain.
D. Lateral rami
Which are not spinal nerve branches? A. Rami communicantes B. Posterior rami C. Anterior rami D. Lateral rami E. No exceptions; all of the choices are spinal nerve branches
A. A fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus.
Which of the following accurately compares sections of spinal white matter? A. A fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus. B. A fasciculus is larger than a funiculus. C. A fasciculus is smaller than a tract. D. A fasciculus is larger than a tract.
E. Rami, trunks, divisions, cords
Which of the following lists the components of the brachial plexus in correct order starting with the most medial? A. Cords, divisions, nerves, rami B. Rami, divisions, cords, trunks C. Trunks, divisions, rami, cords D. Ganglia, rami, nerves, terminals E. Rami, trunks, divisions, cords
C. Posterior rootlets
Which of the following structures is closest to the spinal cord? A. Posterior ramus B. Posterior root ganglion C. Posterior rootlets D. Posterior root
B. The posterior ramus
Which of the rami is much smaller? A. The anterior ramus B. The posterior ramus
B. Epidural space
Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue? A. Subarachnoid space B. Epidural space C. Central canal D. Subdural space E. Epiarachnoid space
C. Subarachnoid space
Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid? A. Epidural space B. Subdural space C. Subarachnoid space D. Epiarachnoid space E. Subpial space
C. C5-T1
Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus? A. S1-Co1 B. L1-L5 C. C5-T1 D. L4-S4 E. C1-C5
B. Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons.
Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves? A. Most spinal nerves are motor nerves. B. Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons. C. All spinal nerves are sensory nerves. D. Odd numbered spinal nerves are sensory and even numbered spinal nerves are motor. E. Spinal nerves are central axons contained within the vertebral canal.
B. Monosynaptic
Which type of reflex occurs with the smallest delay? A. Polysynaptic B. Monosynaptic
A. three cords--the posterior, medial, and lateral cords.
Within the axilla, axons of neurons are organized within: A. three cords--the posterior, medial, and lateral cords. B. three divisions--the superior, middle, and inferior divisions. C. five cords--the superior, inferior, medial, lateral, and middle divisions. D. five divisions--proximal, distal, ulnar, median, and radial divisions.
B. Sensory
________ pathways have peripheral primary neurons and central secondary and tertiary neurons. A. Motor B. Sensory
