A&P Chapter 15

Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juice.

1 Parasympathetic impulses 2. Cholecystokinin 3. Secretin

List the substances absorbed from the stomach

1. Alcohol 2. Small volumes of water 3. Lipid-soluble drugs

Identify the components of pancreatic juice

1. Bicarbonate ions 2. Enzymes to breakdown food

Identify the components of pancreatic juice.

1. Bicarbonate ions 2. Enzymes to breakdown food

What are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

1. Breaks down glycogen to glucose 2. Polymerizes glucose to glycogen 3. Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

Place the following structures in the correct order through which undigested material would pass.

1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anal canal

Name the secretory cells of the gastric glands.

1. Chief cells 2. Parietal cells 3. Mucous cells

Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juice.

1. Cholecystokinin 2. Parasympathetic impulses 3. Secretin

Aliment - food

1. Chym - juice 2. Decidu - falling off 3. Gastr - stomach 4. Hepat - liver

Organize the sequence of events that regulate bile release.

1. Chyme with fat enters the duodenum 2. Intestinal mucosa secretes cholecystokinin (CCK) 3. Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the gallbladder wall to contract 4. Bile passes down the cystic duct and bile duct 5. Hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxes, biles enters the duodenum

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. ileum

The small intestine consists of three sections. As food passes from the stomach through the small intestine, it passes through the ________ then through the ______ and then the ________

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. ileum

The pancreas is closely associated with the small intestine. It extends horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall, with its head in the C- shaped curve of the ___________ and its tail against the ______.

1. Duodenum 2. spleen

Identify the components of bile.

1. Electrolytes 2. Bile pigments like bilirubin and biliverdin 3. Bile salts 4. Cholesterol

What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?

1. Esophagus 2. Pharynx

The ______ cells are mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine.

1. Goblet 2. mucous 3. glandular 4. epithelial

Indicate where chemical digestion of carbohydrates occurs.

1. In the small intestine, using enzymes secreted by pancreas and those present on the intestinal mucosa 2. In the mouth, using enzymes secreted in saliva

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the gastric glands by ______ cells.

1. It descends posterior to the trachea. 2. It penetrates the diaphragm through an opening called the esophageal hiatus. 3. It is continuous with the stomach.

Which of the following statements are true regarding the composition of feces:

1. They contain materials not digested or absorbed. 2. Their odor derives from bacterial compounds. 3. They contain shed intestinal cells and bacteria. 4. Their color derives from bile pigments altered by bacteria.

Indicate which of the following are characteristics of minerals.

1. They may play diverse roles (i.e. nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, blood clotting). 2. They include elements such as calcium, iron, phosphate, sodium and chloride.

The liver is located mainly in the ____ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just ____ to the diaphragm

1. Upper right 2. inferior

Identify the substances absorbed by the large intestine.

1. Vitamin K 2. Electrolytes 3. Water

Place the phases of the swallowing mechanism in order from beginning to end.

1. Voluntary phase; the tongue forces a bolus into the orpharynx 2. Soft palate elevates; epiglottis covers larynx; esophagus opens 3. Peristalsis transports the food in the esophogaus to the stomach

The large intestine consists of the _____, ______, ______, and the anal canal.

1. cecum 2. Colon 3. rectum

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the _____.

1. hard palate 2. soft palate

Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli and it ______ haustra.

1. lacks 2. has 3. has

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

1. lower 2. raise

The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which _____ intestinal contents.

1. mixes 2. propel

Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva. (select all that apply)

1. moistens food particles 2. dissolves molecules so they can be tasted 3. helps cleanse the mouth and teeth 4. initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates

What are the names of the 4 lobes of the liver?

1. right 2. left 3. quadrate 4. caudate

The large intestine begins in the lower ______ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the _____ side, crosses obliquely to the ____, and descends into the pelvis.

1. right 2. right 3. left

In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called _____ and normal propelling movements are ______.

1. segmentation 2. peristalsis

Which structures are found in the large intestine?

1. teniae coli 2. haustra

Indicate which of the following events occurs during the vomiting reflex:

1. the soft palate closes off the nasal cavity 2. the diaphragm presses downward over the stomach 3. the muscle fibers at the base of the esophagus relax 4.the abdominal muscles contract

An adequate diet provides

1. vitamins and minerals 2. essential fatty acids 3. essential amino acids

How many lobes compose the liver?

4

The ______ is a muscular structure responsible for mixing food with saliva and moving the food toward the pharynx (throat) for swallowing.

tongue

What is the function of teeth?

​​Begin mechanical digestion

Proteins are polymers of ______.

amino acids

A yellowish-green liquid secreted by hepatic cells that contains salts, cholesterol and electrolytes is ____

bile

The largest segment of the stomach is the ______.

body

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, and then absorbing them is called

digestion

What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?

digestion

In order to improve fat digestion, bile salts affect fat globules (clumped molecules of fats) much like a soap or detergent would affect them. That is, bile salts break fat globules into smaller droplets, an action called _______

emulsification

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea, is the ______.

esophagus

Secretion of a digestive fluid called pancreatic juice represents the ______ function of the pancreas.

exocrine

The fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption are called _______

intestinal villi

A major, and only digestive function of the ______ intestine, is to absorb water and electrolytes.

large

The _____ intestine is found in the abdominal cavity, running up the right side, across the top and down the left side of the abdominal cavity, before entering the pelvic cavity.

large

The divisions of the pharynx include the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the _______

laryngopharynx

Organic compounds such as phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol are called:

lipids

The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

lips

Amino acids are the basic components of larger molecules called

proteins

The distal area of the stomach that leads into the small intestine is called the:

pylorus

Acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach stimulates the release of the hormone _____, which stimulates the release of pancreatic juice.

secretin

Acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach stimulates the release of the hormone _____, which,stimulates the release of pancreatic juice.

secretin

What is chyme?

semifluid paste of food and gastric juice

The tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine is the _______

small intestine

The J- shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity is the _______

stomach

The salivary glands include the parotid, the sublingual and the ______

submandibular

The _____ in the mouth are responsible for mechanical digestion, breaking larger pieces of food into smaller pieces.

teeth

What is the function of bile salts?

Increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes.

You take a deep breath; your epiglottis closes off the larynx; the soft palate closes off the nasopharynx; the diaphragm presses downward over the stomach; the abdominal muscles contract, and the muscle fibers at the base of the esophagus relax. What has just happened?

Irritation in the GI tract caused the vomiting reflex.

______ nerve impulses elicit the secretion of a large volume of watery saliva when a person sees, smells, tastes, or even thinks about appealing food.

Parasympathetic

True or false: Most absorption of digestive products occurs in the stomach.

FALSE

True or false: The process of digestion of food begins in the stomach. (mouth)

FALSE

Where is the stomach located?

In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

Indicate which of the following statements concerning vitamins is true.

Vitamins are essential nutrients.

Which of the following parts of the pharynx provide a passageway for food

1. Laryngopharynx 2. Oropharynx

The organ in the image is the _______ which is mostly located in the upper ______ abdominal quadrant.

1. Liver 2. right

What are the functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?

1. Mix the contents with fluids 2. Move the contents along the tract

What are the functions of tongue?

1. Move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing 2. Mix food with saliva during chewing

Place the layers of the wall of the alimentary canal in the correct order starting with the innermost layer.

1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular 4. serosa

Match the secretory cell of the gastric gland with the substance it secretes.

1. Mucus cells - mucus 2. Chief cells - digestive enzymes-pepsin 3. Parietal cells - hydrochloric acid

What events take place during the swallowing reflex?

1. Muscles in the laryngopharynx relax, opening the esophagus. 2. The epiglottis covers the larynx. 3. Soft palate raises, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity.

Gastric juice secretion is stimulated by _______ impulses from the ____ nerve.

1. Parasympathetic 2. vagus

What are the names of the major salivary glands?

1. Parotid 2. Submandibular 3. sublingual

What are mass movements?

1. Peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only two or three times each day 2. Movements that can be caused by irritation of the intestinal mucosa 3. Slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum 4. Movements that generally follow a meal as a result of the gastrocolic reflex initiated in the small intestine

The ______ and the ______ do not digest food, but both function in swallowing.

1. Pharynx 2. esophagus

The names of the two major lobes of the liver are the ________ and ______ lobes.

1. Right 2. left

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal, in order, starting with the outermost

1. Serosa 2. Muscularis 3. Submucosa 4. mucosa

Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing chemical bonds used to power cellular processes. Sources of carbohydrates include:

1. Starch from grains and vegetables 2. Monosaccharides from honey and fruits 3. Glycogen from meats 4. Disaccharides from milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses

What is the effect of parasympathetic impulses on gastric secretion?

1. Stimulates release of gastric juice 2. Stimulates the release of gastrin

The component of the alimentary canal indicated by a letter "A" is the ______; the structure indicated by a letter "B" is the ______; the structure indicated by a letter "C" is the ______.

1. Stomach 2. Duodenum 3. cecum

By definition, one ________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Calorie or kilocalorie

What stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile?

Cholecystokinin

Food energy is measured not in calories, but technically in a larger unit, the ________

Kilocalorie or Kcal

__________are organic compounds (such as oils, phospholipids and cholesterol) that supply energy for cellular processes and help build structures, such as cell membranes.

Lipids

________ are inorganic elements essential in human metabolism. Plants usually extract these elements from soil, and humans obtain them from plant foods or from animals that have eaten plants.

Minerals

What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

Mixing and propelling

_______ a fluid, functions to moisten food particles, begins digestion of carbohydrates, cleans the mouth and teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolve molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds and bind particles together to aid in swallowing

Saliva

The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects what two organs in the digestive tract?

Stomach and large intestine

True or false: Food that looks, smells, or tastes unpleasant inhibits parasympathetic activity and less saliva is produced.

TRUE

True or false: Individual requirements for nutrients vary greatly with age, sex, growth rate, physical activity, level of stress, as well as with genetic and other environmental factors.

TRUE

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Water and electrolyte absorption

Name the macroscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine lining that increase the surface area, allowing increased absorption.

Villi

________ are organic compounds (other than carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) required in small amounts for normal metabolism, that cells can not synthesize in adequate amounts. Therefore, they are essential nutrients that must come from foods

Vitamins

Digestion of ______ begins in the mouth with the activity of salivary amylase and is completed in the small intestine by enzymes from the intestinal mucosa and pancreas.

carbohydrates

Sugar, glycogen and cellulose are all examples of:

carbohydrates

The ________, forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consist of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium

cheeks

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of food particles and gastric secretions is called ________

chyme

Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes include trypsin, carboxypeptidase, and _____

chymotrypsin

The pear-shaped sac that is found on the inferior surface of the liver is the _______ It concentrates and stores bile between meals, and contracts to release bile into the small intestine.

gallbladder

The strong and infrequent peristaltic movements in the large intestine that occur only two to three times each day are called ______.

mass movements

What does the goblet cells in the wall of the small intestines secrete?

mucus

The _______ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

pancreas

The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, is the

pancreas