A&P Chapter 18 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD 18.1 | 18.1a Functions of the Circulatory System | 18.1b Components and General Properties of Blood | 18.1 c Blood Plasme | 18.1d Blood Viscosity and Osmolarity | 18.1e How Blood Is Produced

Kwashiorkor

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza. the arms and legs are emaciated for lack of muscle, the skin is shiny and tight with edema, and the abdomen is swollen by ascites

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Beta (B) Globulins: Complement proteins

Aid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Alpha (a) Globulins: Ceruloplasmin

Transports copper

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Alpha (a) Globulins: Haptoglobulin

Transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Beta (B) Globulins: Transferrin

Transports iron

tissues that produce blood cells

hemopoietic tissues

cardiovascular system

only the heart and vessels

blood islands produce

primitive stem cells that migrate into the embryo proper and colonize the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus

In addition to protein, the blood plasma contains

such nitrogen-containing compounds as free amino acids and nitrogenous wastes.

The five leukocyte types are divided into two categories

the granulocytes and agranulocytes

Cell clusters called blood islands form in the yolk sac by the

third week of human development

Nitrogenous wastes

toxic end products of catabolism, normally removed by the kidneys -most abundant is urea

What two properties of blood arise from the formed elements and plasma composition?

viscosity and osmolarity

Regulation

-By absorbing or giving off fluid under different conditions, the blood capillaries stabilize fluid distribution in the body. -By buffering acids and bases, blood proteins stabilize the pH of the extracellular fluids -Cutaneous blood flow is extremely important in dissipating metabolic heat from the body. Shifts in blood flow regulate body temperature by routing blood to the skin for heat loss or retaining it deeper in the body to conserve heat.

Formed elements are classified as:

-Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) -Platelets -Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs) --> Granulocytes --->> Neutrophils --->> Eosinophils --->> Basophils --> Agranulocytes --->> Lymphocytes --->> Monocytes

Steps of blood fractionation

-Sample of blood in a tube is spun in a centrifuge for a few minutes -RBCs, the the densest elements, settle to the bottom of the tube and typically constitute 37% to 52% of the total volume (a value called the hematocrit or packed cell volume) -WBCs and platelets settle into a narrow cream -or buff-colored zone called the buffy coat just above the RBCs; they total 1% or less of blood volume. -At the top of the tube is the plasma, which is about 47% to 63% of the blood volume -If the plasma is separated, allowed to coagulate (clot), and centrifuged again, the clotting proteins (mainly fibrin) settle to the bottom of the tube and the overlying fluid is then called blood serum

Serum is clinically valuable as

-a vehicle for vaccines -antivenins -other therapies -for certain blood tests, such as for hepatitis and prostate cancer -for many clinical and research laboratories

Protection

-blood plays several roles in inflammation, a mechanism for limiting the spread of infection -white blood cells destroy microorganisms and cancer cells and remove debris from the tissues -antibodies and other blood proteins neutralize toxins and help to destroy pathogens -platelets secrete factors that initiate blood clotting and other processes for minimizing blood loss, and contribute to tissue growth and blood vessel maintenance

Globulins

-divided into three roles in solute transport, clotting, and immunity

Fibrinogen

-soluble precurosr of fibrin

Seven kinds of formed elements

-the erythrocytes -platelets -five kinds of leukocytes

Blood fractionation

-the separation of blood into its basic components -based on centrifugation and coagulation

Albumin

-the smallest and most abundant plasma protein, transports various solutes and buffer the pH of blood plasma -also makes a major contribution to two physical properties of blood: its viscosity and osmolarity -changes in albumin concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow

The liver produces as much as _____ of plasma protein per hour.

4 g

General blood volume of an adult

4 to 6 liters

Whole blood is ____ to _____ times as viscous as water

4.5 to 5.5 times

Every day a typical adult produces (blood)

400 billion platelets, 200billion RBCs, and 10 billion WBCs

Electrolytes are another important component of the blood plasma. Sodium ions constitute about ____% of the plasma cations.

90%

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Gamma (Y) Globulins: Fibrinogen (4%)*

Becomes fibrin, the major component of blood clots

Roles of Blood, blood vessels, and the heart in the circulatory system

Blood - liquid medium in which materials travel through the body Blood vessels - ensure the proper routing of blood to its destinations Heart - the pump that keeps the blood flowing

Transport

Blood: -carries oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues -picks up carbon dioxide from those tissues -carries CO2 to the lungs to be removed from the body -picks up nutrients from the digestive tract > delivers them to all the tissues -carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys for removal -carries hormones from endocrine cells to their target organs -transports a variety of stem cells from the bone marrow and other origins to the tissues where they lodge and mature

Blood Plasma

Matrix of liquid connective tissue (blood)

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Alpha (a) Globulins: Prothrombin

Promotes blood clotting

Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Albumin (60%)*

Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure; major contributor to blood viscosity; transports lipids, hormones, calcium, and other solutes; buffers blood pH

_____________ is more important than any other solute to the osmolarity of the blood.

Sodium

Specific functions of the circulatory system

Transport Protection Regulation

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Beta (B) Globulins: Others

Transport Lipids

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Proteins: Globulins (36%)*

Transport and defense functions as itemized below

Major Proteins of the Blood Plasma: Alpha (a) Globulins: Others

Transport lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and hormones

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Mean salinity (mainly NaCl)

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 0.9%

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Platelet count

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 130,000 -360,000 cells per microliter

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Osmolarity

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 280-296 mOsm/L

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: mean temperature

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 38°C (100.4°F)

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Total WBC count

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 5,000 - 10,000 cells per microliter

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: pH

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 7.35-7.45

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Mean fraction of body weight

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 8%

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Volume/body weight

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: 80-85 mL/kg

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Hematocrit (packed cell volume)

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: Female 37% to 48% ; Male: 45% to 52%

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Hemoglobin

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: Female: 12-16g/dL ; Male: 13-18 g/dL

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Volume in adult body

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: Female: 4-5 L; male: 5-6 L

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Mean RBC count

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: Female: 4.2-5.4 million/ cells per microliter ; Male:4.6-6.2 million/cells per microliter

Gen. Prop. of Blood: Characteristic: Viscosity (relative to water)

Typical Value for Healthy Adults: Whole blood: 4.5-5.5; plasma: 2.0

Fractionation of blood into formed elements, plasma, and serum

Whole blood | Centrifugation | _________________________ | | Formed Plasma Elements | Coagulation _________|__________ | | Clotting Serum proteins

Three major categories of plasma proteins:

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

If blood osmolarity is too high:

blood absorbs too much water, increasing the blood pressure

In the thymus the stem cells multiply and give rise to

blood cells throughout fetal development

myeloid and lymphoid hematopoiesis

blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs

Matrix of blood

blood plasma

An RBC or protein deficiency puts a strain on the heart that may lead to

cardiovascular problems

formed elements

cells and cell fragments including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets the term formed elements alludes to the fact that these are membrane-enclosed bodies with a definite structure visible with the microscope

plasma

clear, light yellow fluid constituting a little over half of the blood volume

Roles of Plasma

clotting, defense against pathogens, transport of other solutes such as iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones

the plasma also transports

dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

In order to nourish surrounding cells and remove their wastes, substances must pass between the

filtration of fluid from the capillary and tissue fluid

suspended in the plasma are

formed elements

The liver contributes all of the major plasma proteins except

gamma globulins

the plasma also transports nutrients absorbed by the digestive tract, including

glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, vitamins, and minerals

circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, and blood

all formed elements trace their origins to a common type of ____________________ ____________ ___________ (_______) in the bone marrow

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

the spleen stops producing RBCs soon after birth, but continues producing ________________ for life

lymphocytes

Viscosity is important in circulatory function because it

partially governs the flow of blood through the vessels.

The gamma globulins come from

plasma cells - connective tissue cells that are descended from white blood cells called B lymphocytes

The most abundant plasma solute by weight is

protein, totaling 6 to 9 g/dL

Viscosity

resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles lamens terms: its the thickness or stickiness

The osmolarity of the blood is a product mainly of its

sodium ions, protein, and erythrocytes. the contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure, called the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is extremely important

fibrin

sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot

hematopoiesis

the production of blood, especially its formed elements

hematology

the study of blood

the liver stops producing blood cells around

the time of birth

Osmolarity of blood

the total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

fundamental purpose of the circulatory system

to transport substances from place to place in the body

if blood osmolarity is too low

too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure drops, and edema occurs

Plasma is a mixture of

water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases

the first hematopoietic tissues of the human embryo form in the

yolk sac