A&P: Chapter 22 Respiratory System (Pulmonary Block)

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following? Multiple choice question. Smoke and dust in the air Oxygen levels pH Carbon dioxide levels

pH

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors. Multiple choice question. spinal central Reason: The central chemoreceptors are in the brainstem. peripheral pontine

peripheral

The ______ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex. Multiple choice question. pontine ventral dorsal

pontine

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system. Multiple choice question. cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive

respiratory

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus? Multiple choice question. Left Right

right

The _______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

right

Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi. Multiple choice question. main superior segmental bronchopulmonary

segmental

The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______. Multiple choice question. left, right, and medial anterior, posterior, and medial superior, middle, and inferior superior, anterior, and mediastinal

superior, middle, and inferior

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the _______ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle is called the _______ volume.

tidal

Nasal conchae are also called ______. Multiple choice question. vibrissae turbinates choanae meatuses

turbinates

The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

ventral

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the _______ capacity.

vital

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect? Multiple choice question. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration. More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues.

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

What is the definition of partial pressure? The sum of the pressures contributed by each of the individual gases comprising air The separate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas comprising air The solubility of a gas The difference of the contribution of nitrogen from oxygen in air

The separate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas comprising air

A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air. Multiple choice question. 500 3000 1300 4600

1300

How many lobes make up the left lung? Multiple choice question. 3 4 1 2

2

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits? Multiple choice question. 3 4 2 1

4

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule? Multiple choice question. 4 2 5 6 1

4

What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2? Multiple choice question. 20 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 65 mm Hg 10 mm Hg

40 mm Hg

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2? Multiple choice question. 65 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 95 mm Hg 40 mm Hg

95 mm Hg

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35? Multiple choice question. Apnea Alkalosis Acidosis Anemia

Acidosis

What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group? Multiple choice question. Sets basal respiratory rate Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex

What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group? Multiple choice question. Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex Sets basal respiratory rate

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45? Multiple choice question. Hypocapnia Alkalosis Acidosis Hypercapnia

Alkalosis

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? Multiple choice question. Alveolar gas exchange Cellular respiration Ventilation Systemic gas exchange

Alveolar gas exchange

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Expiratory reserve volume Forced expiratory volume Physiological dead space Anatomical dead space

Anatomical dead space

Where is the trachea located? Multiple choice question. Anterior to the esophagus Superior to the larynx Posterior to the esophagus Lateral to the mediastinum

Anterior to the esophagus

Where does systemic gas exchange occur? Multiple choice question. At the capillary networks of the tissues Mitochondrion In the trachea Across the respiratory membrane

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form? Multiple choice question. Dissolved gas Bicarbonate ion Carbaminohemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobin

Bicarbonate ion

Select all that apply Choose all the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Multiple select question. Bicarbonate ion Bound to heme Carboxyhemoglobin Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin

Bicarbonate ion Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin

Select all that apply Choose all of the following that the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in. Multiple select question. Blood oxygen saturation Cerebrospinal fluid pH Blood pH Blood pressure Blood carbon dioxide saturation

Blood oxygen saturation Blood pH Blood carbon dioxide saturation

Choose all the tissues that make up the nasal septum. Multiple select question. Bone Elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Dense connective tissue

Bone Hyaline cartilage

Hemoglobin and carbon dioxide form which of the following? Multiple choice question. Oxyhemoglobin Anoxic hemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin

Carbaminohemoglobin

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? Multiple choice question. Gagging Laughing Yawning Hiccuping Coughing

Coughing

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box? Multiple choice question. Thyroid cartilage Corniculate cartilages Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages

Cricoid cartilage

Which term refers to hemoglobin that is not transporting any oxygen? Multiple choice question. Cyanoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Ahemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin

Deoxyhemoglobin

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? Multiple choice question. Scalene muscles Diaphragm Erector spinae Intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Asthma Emphysema Bronchitis Pneumonia

Emphysema

Select all that apply Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. Multiple select question. Dyspnea Pulmonary edema Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

Select all that apply Choose the components of a respiratory membrane. Multiple select question. Type II (great) alveolar cell Endothelial cell of capillary Two separate basement membranes One shared basement membrane Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

Endothelial cell of capillary One shared basement membrane Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? Multiple choice question. Eupnea Tachypnea Hyperpnea Apnea

Eupnea

True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure. True False

False

True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin. True false question.TrueFalse

False

True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs. True false question.TrueFalse

False

True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual. True false question.TrueFalse

False

Select all that apply Choose all the features that are associated with the tracheal epithelium. Multiple select question. Keratin Goblet cells Stratified squamous tissue Pseudostratified columnar cells Mucous Cilia

Goblet cells Pseudostratified columnar cells Mucous Cilia

Choose what this graph illustrates. Multiple choice question. At normal body temperature, hemoglobin is fully saturated at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases as temperature increases. Higher temperatures promote the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. As temperatures rise, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left.

Higher temperatures promote the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin.

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue? Multiple choice question. Hypocapnia Hypoxia Hypoxemia Cyanosis

Hypoxia

Select all that apply Choose all the factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Multiple select question. Increased temperature Decreased temperature Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

Increased temperature Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value? Multiple choice question. Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration? Multiple choice question. Sternocleidomastoid Internal and external intercostals Pectoralis major and minor Erector spinae

Internal and external intercostals

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi? Multiple choice question. Four One Three Two Five

Three

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? Multiple choice question. Corniculate cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Arytenoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing? Multiple choice question. Residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume

Tidal volume

Choose all that are functions of the larynx. Multiple select question. To keep food and drink out of the airway To detect odors To absorb atmospheric oxygen To produce sound

To keep food and drink out of the airway To produce sound

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops. True False

True

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration? Multiple choice question. Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure. Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure. Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than intrapleural pressure. Intrapleural pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure.

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response? Multiple choice question. Irritant receptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Stretch receptors Central chemoreceptors

Irritant receptors

Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase? Multiple choice question. It converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water which are then transported into red blood cells. It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. It binds carbon dioxide to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin. It binds bicarbonate to hemoglobin as a buffer.

It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following? Multiple choice question. Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oral cavity Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus? Multiple choice question. Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx

Laryngopharynx

What are the names of the nasal cartilages? Multiple choice question. Lateral and alar Ala nasi and septal Nostril and choanae Nares and bridge

Lateral and alar

Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side? Left main bronchus Right segmental bronchus Right lobar bronchus Right main bronchus Left segmental bronchus

Left main bronchus

Which of these occurs during exhalation? Multiple choice question. Lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases. Lung volumes remain constant and air expands. Lung volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure increases. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

Select all that apply Choose all the locations that contain the brainstem respiratory centers. Multiple select question. Medulla oblongata Fornix Corpora quadrigemina Pons

Medulla oblongata Pons

What is the respiratory membrane? Multiple choice question. Lining of the nasal cavity Membrane between the capillary network and the body's cells Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus Neural network in the medulla that controls the depth of breathing

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

Select all that apply Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below. Multiple select question. Vestibule Nares Choanae Nostrils

Nares Nostrils

Which is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity? Multiple choice question. Nasopharynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate? Multiple choice question. Laryngopharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Epiglottis

Nasopharynx

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air? Multiple choice question. Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water vapor Carbon monoxide Nitrogen

Nitrogen

Where are the sensory receptors for smell located? Multiple choice question. Olfactory epithelium Nasal vestibule Ala nasi Respiratory epithelium

Olfactory epithelium

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung? Multiple choice question. One Two Three Four

One

Select all that apply What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below. Multiple select question. Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Sulfur Carbon monoxide Water vapor

Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapor

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem? Multiple choice question. Carbon dioxide deficiency Vitamin deficiency Nerve damage Oxygen deficiency

Oxygen deficiency

Select all that apply Choose all that are considered principal organs of the respiratory system. Multiple select question. Pharynx Larynx Esophagus Urethra Lungs Trachea

Pharynx Larynx Lungs Trachea

Select all that apply Choose all that are functions of the respiratory system. Multiple select question. Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Functions in vocalization and speech Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Influences calcium metabolism Supplies the body with oxygen

Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Functions in vocalization and speech Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Supplies the body with oxygen

Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity? Multiple choice question. Atelectasis Eupnea Asthma Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax

Click and drag on elements in order Starting at the top, place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs. Primary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Terminal bronchiole Secondary bronchus Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct

Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? Multiple choice question. Pulmonary compliance Ventilation-perfusion coupling Compartmentalization Angiogenesis

Pulmonary compliance

Which of the following is directly related to respiratory production of carbon dioxide? Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of pH The synthesis of vasodilators Aids in defecation Regulation of body temperature

Regulation of pH

Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation? Multiple choice question. Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume

Residual volume

What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity? Multiple choice question. Residual volume+tidal volume+vital capacity Vital capacity + anatomic dead space Anatomic dead space+residual volume +vital capacity Residual volume+vital capacity

Residual volume+vital capacity

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system? Multiple choice question. Digestive Reproductive Urinary Integumentary Respiratory

Respiratory

At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur? Multiple choice question. Tertiary bronchus Respiratory bronchiole Primary bronchus Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung? Multiple choice question. Respiratory bronchiole, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus Primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole, tertiary bronchus, secondary bronchus, primary bronchus

Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration? Multiple choice question. Pontine respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Dorsal respiratory group Pneumotaxic center

Ventral respiratory group

Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing? Multiple choice question. Tracheal cartilages Vestibular folds Vocal ligaments Vocal cords

Vestibular folds

The pleurae are which type of membrane? Multiple choice question. Mucous Synovial Serous Cutaneous

Serous

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic? Multiple choice question. Squamous-cell carcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma

Small-cell carcinoma

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity? Multiple choice question. Hearing Smell Vision Taste

Smell

Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex? Multiple choice question. Superior Inferior Medial Anterior

Superior

The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse? Multiple choice question. The brainstem has not developed. Fetal hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen. Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities. The trachea is too pliable and collapses with inspiration.

Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.

Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood? Multiple choice question. Alveolar sacs Lumen of the pharynx Venous sinuses Systemic capillary beds

Systemic capillary beds

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? Multiple choice question. Cellular respiration Alveolar gas exchange Ventilation Systemic gas exchange

Systemic gas exchange

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration? Multiple choice question. The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are connected along their surfaces via tight junctions. The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura. Air entering the pleural cavity pushes against the visceral pleura. Muscles in the walls of the alveoli contract, pulling them open and sucking air into the lungs.

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation? Multiple choice question. The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds? Multiple choice question. When they are taut. When they are fully abducted. When they are relaxed. When they vibrate more rapidly.

When they are relaxed.

Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men? Multiple choice question. Men have longer cricotracheal ligaments. Women have smaller diameter tracheae. Men have larger noses. Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______. Multiple choice question. acidosis alkalosis

acidosis

A shift in the pH of blood above 7.45 is called _______

alkalosis

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma. Multiple choice question. oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin bicarbonate

bicarbonate

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is _______ anhydrase.

carbonic

The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue? Multiple choice question. dense fibrous tissue cartilage bone

cartilage

The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid. Multiple choice question. photoreceptors chemoreceptors osmoreceptors baroreceptors

chemoreceptors

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______. Multiple choice question. nares choanae nostrils conchae

choanae

The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the _______ cartilage.

cricoid

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______. Multiple choice question. myoglobin oxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin

deoxyhemoglobin

The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly. Multiple choice question. dorsal ventral

dorsal

Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to _______, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

emphysema

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______. Multiple choice question. expiration reflexive coughing apnea inspiration

expiration

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume. Multiple choice question. expiratory inspiratory

expiratory

The two internal chambers of the nasal cavity are called ______. Multiple choice question. choanae septums conchae fossae

fossae

The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______. Multiple choice question. hilum root apex base

hilum

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called _______

hypoxia

The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _______ capacity.

inspiratory

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. Multiple choice question. vestibule larynx choanae pharynx

larynx

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________. lungs pharynx alveoli larynx trachea

larynx

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______. Multiple choice question. pancreas lungs spleen liver

lungs

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart. Multiple choice question. posterior medial lateral

medial

The auditory tubes open in the ______. Multiple choice question. nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

Where are the respiratory control centers located? Multiple choice question. Brainstem Cerebrum Cerebellum Corpus callosum

Brainstem

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg? Multiple choice question. Hypercapnia Hypocapnia

Hypocapnia

Select all that apply Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below. Multiple select question. Pectoralis major and minor Intercostals Diaphragm Rectus abdominis Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes

Intercostals Diaphragm

A clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity called which of the following? Multiple choice question. Stroke Myocardial infarct Atelectasis Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax

Name the lobes of the human left lung. Multiple choice question. Anterior and posterior Superior and inferior Superior, lateral and inferior Medial and lateral

Superior and inferior

Boyle's Law states which of the following? Multiple choice question. At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure. The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature. The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present. The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange? Multiple choice question. The increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading. H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate. The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood. The released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity? Multiple choice question. Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus anatomic dead space Anatomic dead space plus tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

How is inspiratory capacity calculated? Multiple choice question. Anatomic dead space plus inspiratory reserve volume Vital capacity plus expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Anatomic dead space plus tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value? Multiple choice question. Vital capacity Expiratory reserve volume Tidal volume Total lung capacity Functional residual capacity

Total lung capacity

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? Multiple choice question. Epiglottis Pharynx Trachea Bronchioles

Trachea

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following? Multiple choice question. Women Athletes Adolescents and children Tuberculosis patients

Tuberculosis patients

COPDs are almost always caused by ______. Multiple choice question. air pollution cigarette smoke baby powder asbestos

cigarette smoke

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx. Multiple choice question. microvilli flagella cilia

cilia

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______. Multiple choice question. expiration inspiration

inspiration

Bronchioles that are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system are _______ bronchioles.

respiratory

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading? Multiple choice question. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells. Carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells.

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the arytenoids and the epiglottis? Multiple choice question. Corniculate Arytenoid Thyroid Cuneiform Cricoid

Cuneiform

Select all that apply Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below. Multiple select question. Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance Intrapleural pressure Partial pressure of oxygen

Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance

How is the functional residual capacity calculated? Multiple choice question. Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV) Anatomic dead space + residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (dead space + RV + ERV) Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume (TV + ERV) Tidal volume + residual volume (TV + RV)

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many _______ of the lungs.

alveoli

The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung. Multiple choice question. base apex

apex

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called _______.

cyanosis

The term _______ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).

hypercapnia

The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume. Multiple choice question. expiratory inspiratory

inspiratory

The lungs have a total of five __________. segmental bronchi laryngeal cartilages choanae tracheal cartilages lobes

lobes

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following? Multiple choice question. Trachea Primary bronchi Bronchioles Esophagus

Bronchioles

Which letter indicates the cardiac notch in this picture? Multiple choice question. C D B A

C

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? Multiple choice question. Secondary bronchiole Alveoli Terminal bronchiole Trachea Tertiary bronchi

Alveoli

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? Multiple choice question. Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin As bicarbonate As a dissolved gas within blood

As bicarbonate

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? Control of pH Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators Helps regulate blood pressure Aids in defecation Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood

Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? Multiple choice question. Resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance. Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. Pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs.

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? Multiple choice question. Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2. CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law? Multiple choice question. Boyle's Law Henry's Law Dalton's Law Charles' Law

Boyle's Law

Match each receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. Instructions Receptor type: Central chemoreceptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Stretch receptors Irritant receptors Stimulus it detects: Oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood Smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus Inflation of the lungs pH of the CSF

Central chemoreceptors = pH of the CSF Peripheral chemoreceptors = Oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood Stretch receptors = Inflation of the lungs Irritant receptors = Smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box? Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Which is a paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds? Multiple choice question. Cricoid Corniculate Cuneiform Thyroid Arytenoid

Cuneiform

Which muscles are used for inspiration? Multiple choice question. Internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, sternocleidomastoid External intercostals, external oblique, scalenes Sternocleidomastoid, external oblique, rectus abdominis External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

What does this graph illustrate? Multiple choice question. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases at lower pH. pH has no affect on the percent saturation of hemoglobin. For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower pH. Acidity shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left.

For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower pH.

Select all that apply Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below. Multiple select question. Cooler temperatures Lower PO2 in tissue fluid Active transport of O2 out of the blood stream Binding of protons to hemoglobin

Lower PO2 in tissue fluid Binding of protons to hemoglobin

Select all that apply Choose all that are added together to calculate the functional residual capacity. Multiple select question. Residual volume Tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume

Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume

Select all that apply Choose all the lobes of the human right lung. Multiple select question. Horizontal Lateral Middle Inferior Superior

Middle Inferior Superior

Active tissues are warmer than less active ones. Based on that information and the graph shown here, which of the following statements is true? Multiple choice question. Less oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues. More oxygen will be delivered to cooler tissues. Less oxygen will be delivered to warmer tissues. More oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues.

More oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues.

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Select all that apply Choose all the structures that enter the lung at the hilum. Multiple select question. Bronchioles Nerves Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels

Nerves Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? Multiple choice question. Pleura Peritoneum Pericardium Meninx

Pleura

Which term refers to the double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung? Peritoneum Pleurae Pericardium Meninges

Pleurae

Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae? Multiple choice question. Alveolar sac Meningeal cavity Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity

Pleural cavity

Match each type of lung cancer to its description. Instructions Type of lung cancer: Squamous-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Description: Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Squamous-cell carcinoma = Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium Adenocarcinomamatches = Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria Small-cell carcinoma = Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? Multiple choice question. Surfactant Mucous Carbon dioxide Water

Surfactant

What is the final branch of the conducting division? Multiple choice question. Tertiary bronchus Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Segmental bronchus

Terminal bronchiole

What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Terminal bronchioles Bronchioles Tertiary bronchi Respiratory bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung? Multiple choice question. Bronchiole Tertiary bronchus Secondary bronchus Primary bronchus

Tertiary bronchus

Match each respiratory volume to its definition. Instructions Definition: The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval. Respiratory Volume: Tidal Volume (TV) Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Residual Volume (RV)

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing = Tidal Volume (TV) The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume = Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. = Residual Volume (RV) The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.matches = Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

What is the intrapleural pressure? Multiple choice question. The weight of the atmospheric air The difference between the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures The internal pressure of the lungs The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

Which of the following best summarizes the Bohr effect? The rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. More oxygen will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. The rate of carbon dioxide loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration.

The rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

Which of the following cartilages is largest? Corniculate cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

What is the role of the nasal conchae? Multiple choice question. To restrict the flow of air through the nasal cavity To exchange gasses with the bloodstream To provide an open passage way for air within the nose To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus

To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus

Select all that apply Choose all the structures that are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? Multiple select question. Vocal folds Vocal cords Vestibular ligaments Vestibular folds

Vocal folds Vocal cords