A&P Chapter 25

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion

Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________.

glucose

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________.

hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

The regulation of sodium ________.

is linked to blood pressure

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

metabolic acidosis

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

nucleic acid

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

plasma

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

potassium

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

False

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

False

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance.

Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion.

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.

reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

respiratory acidosis

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

sodium ions

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.

the control of respiratory ventilation

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?

the lungs and the kidneys

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

tissue edema

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

True

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

True

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body.

True

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

True

Pressure diuresis decreases blood volume and blood pressure.

True

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

True

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine.

True

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

True

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

True

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

True

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

True

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

True

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the collecting tube.

True

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.

a rise in plasma osmolality

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

aldosterone

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

aldosterone

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

amount of body fat

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

anabolism of proteins

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

atrial natriuretic peptide

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

bicarbonate

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

diet

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

False

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

False