(A&P) Chapter 29- Development,Pregnancy, and Heredity

Increases in weight of the conceptus are largest during the _________ two months of pregnancy. A. first B. middle C. last

C. last

The structure of the mesoderm that induces formation of the neural tube is the A. head mesenchyme. B. amnion. C. notochord. D. paraxial mesoderm.

C. notochord.

Which statement accurately describes the effects of oxytocin and prostaglandins on uterine contractions? A. Both oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contraction. B. Both oxytocin and prostaglandins inhibit uterine contraction. C. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, but prostaglandins inhibit them. D. Prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions, but oxytocin inhibits them.

A. Both oxytocin and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contraction.

Approximately when in development does the bilaminar germinal disc begins to form? A. Day 8 B. Day 32 C. Week 8 D. Week 24

A. Day 8

Cephalocaudal folding occurs because of the rapid growth of the A. amnion and embryonic disc. B. yolk sac.

A. amnion and embryonic disc.

Although pregnancies are highly variable, morning sickness is most commonly experienced in the ________ trimester. A. first B. second C. third

A. first

The trimester during which an embryo becomes a fetus is the _________ trimester. A. first B. second C. third

A. first

The trophoblast is located at the A. periphery of the blastocyst. B. center of the blastocyst. C. periphery of the morula. D. center of the morula. E. center of the embryoblast.

A. periphery of the blastocyst.

In pregnant women, the high levels of estrogen and progesterone secretion seem to lead to A. stronger nails and fuller hair. B. weaker nails and thinner hair.

A. stronger nails and fuller hair.

After childbirth, lochia lasts for A. 3-4 days. B. 2-3 weeks. C. 3-5 months.

B. 2-3 weeks.

The second trimester of a pregnancy includes months A. 2-5 B. 4-6 C. 5-7 D. 5-9

B. 4-6

Drugs that lead to birth defects in the formation of the limbs are most damaging when the conceptus is exposed to them during weeks A. 1-2 of development, before the placenta is fully formed. B. 4-8 of development, when limbs are undergoing peak development. C. 12-16 of development, when limbs have formed but are not fully mature. D. 24-28 of development, when plasticity of surrounding tissues has been lost.

B. 4-8 of development, when limbs are undergoing peak development.

What thin membrane, continuous with the epiblast layer, secretes fluid to bathe the embryo? A. Chorion B. Amnion C. Yolk sac D. Corona radiata

B. Amnion

Which stage would you expect to take the longest time? A. Dilation stage of labor of a parous woman B. Dilation stage of labor of a nulliparous woman C. Expulsion stage of labor of a parous woman D. Expulsion stage of labor of a nulliparous woman

B. Dilation stage of labor of a nulliparous woman

Which structure develops directly into a bilaminar germinal disc? A. Trophoblast B. Embryoblast C. Morula D. Cytotrophoblast

B. Embryoblast

What is expelled during the expulsion stage of labor? A. Colostrum B. The fetus C. The placenta and remaining fetal membranes D. Only amniotic fluid

B. The fetus

Which structure is an important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extraembryonic membranes to form? A. Amnion B. Yolk sac C. Chorion D. Zona pellucida

B. Yolk sac

The uterine enlargement that occurs during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy is mostly the result of A. growth of the conceptus from a zygote to a fetus. B. amniotic fluid production as well as growth of uterine muscle and the placenta

B. amniotic fluid production as well as growth of uterine muscle and the placenta

Fertilization typically occurs in the _________, and it restores the _________ number of chromosomes. A. ampulla of the uterine tube; haploid B. ampulla of the uterine tube; diploid C. body of the uterus; polyploid D. isthmus of the uterine tube; haploid E. isthmus of the uterine tube; polyploid

B. ampulla of the uterine tube; diploid

The outermost extraembryonic membrane that eventually helps form the placenta is the A. amnion. B. chorion. C. yolk sac. D. hypoblast.

B. chorion.

The fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal portion are known as A. amniotic villi. B. chorionic villi. C. amniotic stalks. D. chorionic stalks.

B. chorionic villi.

Blood type is an example of a trait that demonstrates A. strict Mendelian inheritance. B. codominant inheritance. C. incomplete dominance. D. polygenic dominance. E. sex-linked recessiveness. B

B. codominant inheritance.

After delivering a child, the levels of CRH in the mother's blood A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain the same.

B. decrease.

Upon a newborn's first breath, pulmonary arterioles A. constrict. B. dilate.

B. dilate.

In nonpregnant women, ____________ inhibits secretion of substantial amounts of prolactin. A. GnRH B. dopamine C. estrogen D. progesterone

B. dopamine

Braxton-Hicks contractions are those that occur A. during premature labor. B. during false labor. C. during true labor. D. in smooth muscle near the uterus. E. with the most painful intensity.

B. during false labor.

Gastrulation results in the formation of a(n) A. morula. B. embryo. C. blastocyst. D. trophoblast. E. umbilical cord.

B. embryo.

The primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast is the A. mesoderm. B. endoderm. C. centroderm. D. chorion. E. trophoblast.

B. endoderm.

Capacitation lasts several ________ and involves removal of ___________. A. seconds; lipids from the surface of the egg B. hours; proteins from the surface of the sperm C. days; carbohydrates from the surface of the egg D. weeks; glycolipids from the surface of the sperm

B. hours; proteins from the surface of the sperm

The hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place is A. pluripotent prolactin. B. human chorionic gonadotropin. C. gonadotropin releasing hormone. D. progesterone. E. pre-embryonic pellucida factor.

B. human chorionic gonadotropin.

One reason that pregnant women's metabolic rates change is that the placenta secretes A. human chorionic gonadotropin, which stimulates metabolism of glucose and raises metabolic rate. B. human chorionic thyrotropin, which stimulates the thyroid gland and raises metabolic rate. C. human placental lactogen, which stimulates glycolysis and raises metabolic rate. D. human chorionic somatomammotropin, which inhibits fatty acid metabolism and lowers metabolic rate. E. prolactin, which lowers metabolic rate so that nutrients can be stored in milk.

B. human chorionic thyrotropin, which stimulates the thyroid gland and raises metabolic rate.

As the fetus develops, the mother's glomerular filtration rate A. increases by about 10%. B. increases by about 40%. C. decreases by about 10%. D. decreases by about 40%.

B. increases by about 40%.

Hormonal and neural changes during pregnancy function to facilitate diffusion of gases across the placenta. One way this occurs is by _________ respiration rate, thereby __________ CO2 levels in the blood. A. increasing; raising B. increasing; lowering C. decreasing; raising D. decreasing; lowering

B. increasing; lowering

During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone from the placenta A. stimulate FSH and LH secretion and thereby stimulate ovarian follicle development. B. inhibit FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development. C. stimulate GnRH secretion and thereby inhibit overgrowth of the uterus. D. inhibit release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and thereby prevent excessive stress responses.

B. inhibit FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development.

When epiblast cells travel through the primitive streak and underneath the epiblast layer, that movement is described as A. capacitation. B. invagination. C. chemotaxation. D. cleavage.

B. invagination.

Pain from false labor contractions tends to be more localized to the __________ abdomen than that experienced from contractions of true labor. A. upper B. lower

B. lower

Typically, at the moment a full-term baby is born, the child's lungs are A. fully inflated due to practice respiratory movements in the womb. B. not fully inflated, but they will inflate within about ten seconds. C. not fully inflated, and will not inflate fully for ten days, when surfactant production begins.

B. not fully inflated, but they will inflate within about ten seconds.

Release of breast milk occurs when the hormone __________ stimulates _________ cells to contract. A. prolactin; mechanoreceptor B. oxytocin; myoepithelial C. estrogen; areolar D. prolactin; mammary acini E. oxytocin; suspensory

B. oxytocin; myoepithelial

Someone with the genotype associated with hereditary pancreatitis might not show symptoms of the disorder because the disorder does not have a _________ level of 100%. A. dominance B. penetrance C. polygenicity D. homozygous E. sex-linkage

B. penetrance

Growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation during pregnancy are brought about by secretion of A. relaxin. B. progesterone. C. cortisol. D. human chorionic thyrotropin. E. human placental lactogen.

B. progesterone.

Although pregnancy sometimes results in frequent urination, the one trimester when this tends to be not as problematic is the A. first. B. second. C. third.

B. second.

The outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus is the A. embryoblast. B. syncytiotrophoblast. C. cytotrophoblast. D. morula. E. zona pellucida.

B. syncytiotrophoblast.

Cleavage occurs during A. the fetal period. B. the pre-embryonic period. C. organogenesis. D. the embryonic period. E. fertilization.

B. the pre-embryonic period.

By the 4th month of pregnancy, the fundus of the uterus is located inches below the ________ and by the ninth month it is located at the level of the ____________. A. urinary bladder; umbilicus B. umbilicus; xiphoid process C. diaphragm; laryngeal prominence D. pubic symphysis; heart

B. umbilicus; xiphoid process

Implantation usually begins at about the end of the first ________ of development. A. day B. week C. month D. trimester

B. week

Teratogens are most damaging to organ systems if exposure to them occurs A. early in pre-embryonic development. B. when the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo. C. in the fetal period, after systems have formed but have not completed maturation.

B. when the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo.

What is the approximate duration of the fetal period of development? A. 4 weeks B. 12 weeks C. 29 weeks D. 39 weeks

C. 29 weeks

What is the correct order of structures through which the sperm penetrates during fertilization? A. Corona radiata, oocyte plasma membrane, zona pellucida B. Zona pellucida, corona radiata, oocyte plasma membrane C. Corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane D. Zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane, corona radiata

C. Corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane

Compared to breast milk, colostrum contains A. more fat and more immunoglobulins. B. more fat but less immunoglobulins. C. less fat but more immunoglobulins. D. less fat and less immunoglobulins.

C. less fat but more immunoglobulins.

During pregnancy, a woman's areolae and nipples become darker under the influence of A. melanin from the pineal gland. B. vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland. C. melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the placenta. D. estrogen and progesterone from the ovary.

C. melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the placenta.

Changes in the size of the uterus during pregnancy are due to A. hypertrophy but not hyperplasia. B. hyperplasia but not hypertrophy. C. both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

C. both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

During pregnancy, the mother's A. cardiac output and hematocrit rise. B. cardiac output and hematocrit fall. C. cardiac output rises and hematocrit falls. D. cardiac output falls and hematocrit rises.

C. cardiac output rises and hematocrit falls.

Edema and varicose veins in the lower extremities sometimes develop in the third trimester of a pregnancy due to A. decreased cardiac output. B. elevated blood pressure. C. compression of abdominal blood vessels. D. elevated hematocrit.

C. compression of abdominal blood vessels.

Neurulation is the development of the nervous system from the A. endoderm. B. mesoderm. C. ectoderm. D. hypoderm.

C. ectoderm.

The third through eighth weeks of development are known as the ___________ period. A. fetal B. pre-embryonic C. embryonic D. cleavage

C. embryonic

Fetal alcohol syndrome involves a disorder that alters the A. sequence of base pairs in the genes of the fetus. B. structural integrity of the chromosomes of the fetus. C. expression of genes in the fetus. D. gametes of the fetus.

C. expression of genes in the fetus.

Postpartum, estrogen and progesterone levels A. rise steeply. B. rise gradually. C. fall steeply. D. fall gradually.

C. fall steeply.

The maternal portion of the placenta arises from the A. amnion. B. ectoderm. C. functional layer of the uterus. D. germinal disc. E. myometrium.

C. functional layer of the uterus.

The process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium is known as A. cleavage. B. morulation. C. implantation. D. capacitation. E. the acrosome reaction.

C. implantation.

Braxton-Hicks contractions tend to be A. regular and increasingly frequent as time passes. B. increasingly intense as time passes. C. irregularly spaced and do not become more frequent as time passes. D. regular in timing but relatively weak.

C. irregularly spaced and do not become more frequent as time passes.

The display of chromosome pairs arranged by size and similar features is known as the A. genotype. B. Punnet square. C. karyotype. D. heredity gel.

C. karyotype.

The beginning of labor involves increased production of ________ from the fetal hypothalamus, resulting in secretion of _________ by the placenta. A. GnRH; prolactin B. prolactin; oxytocin C. oxytocin; prostaglandins D. prostaglandin; prolactin E. prolactin; GnRH

C. oxytocin; prostaglandins

After ovulation, the oocyte A. waits passively for a sperm to penetrate. B. releases negative ions that create an electrical gradient that all sperm swim toward. C. releases chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to its location. D. propels itself toward seminal fluid by calcium-dependent kinesis.

C. releases chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to its location.

At the start of gastrulation, a long, thin depression known as the primitive __________ forms on the surface of the epiblast. A. furrow B. node C. streak D. groove E. yolk

C. streak

Human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted from cells of the A. morula. B. embryoblast. C. syncytiotrophoblast. D. zygote.

C. syncytiotrophoblast.

The pre-embryonic period ends when A. a morula is formed. B. the zygote undergoes cleavage. C. the blastocyst implants in the uterus. D. the morula develops a trophoblast.

C. the blastocyst implants in the uterus.

The process that involves the fusion of the two sides of the embryonic disc at a newly formed midline, thereby creating a cylindrical embryo is __________ folding. A. invagination B. cephalocaudal C. transverse D. amphiamniotic E. coronal

C. transverse

Which pathogen (within the mother) is most likely to be transmitted across the placenta? A. A multicellular parasite that is present during the first week of pregnancy B. A multicellular parasite that is present during the sixth week of pregnancy C. A blood-borne virus that is present during the first week of pregnancy D. A blood-borne virus that is present during the sixth week of pregnancy

D. A blood-borne virus that is present during the sixth week of pregnancy

The process by which the three primary germ layers are formed during the third week of development is known as __________. A. morula. B. embryo. C. blastocyst. D. Gastrulation

D. Gastrulation

Which part of the embryo develops into the kidneys? A. Endoderm B. Paraxial mesoderm C. Notochord D. Intermediate mesoderm

D. Intermediate mesoderm

Prolactin is secreted from the ________ gland, and its levels ___________ during pregnancy. A. hypothalamus; double B. mammary; double C. corpus luteum; increase tenfold D. anterior pituitary; increase tenfold

D. anterior pituitary; increase tenfold

The hypoblast layer of the blastodisc is made of A. columnar cells and forms during the morula stage. B. columnar cells and forms during gastrulation. C. cuboidal cells and forms during the fetal period. D. cuboidal cells and forms during the pre-embryonic period

D. cuboidal cells and forms during the pre-embryonic period

After childbirth, a woman's aldosterone levels ________ which results in _________ urine volume. A. increase; increased B. increase; decreased C. decrease; decreased D. decrease; increased

D. decrease; increased

Cleavage involves a series of ________ divisions and __________ in the overall size of the conceptus. A. meiotic; an increase B. meiotic; no change C. meiotic; a decrease D. mitotic; no change E. mitotic; an increase

D. mitotic; no change

At the 16-cell stage, the conceptus is known as a(n) A. trophoblast. B. blastocyst. C. embryoblast. D. morula. E. zygote.

D. morula.

In the late stages of pregnancy, estrogen stimulates increased A. release of hCG. B. secretion of atrial natriuretic factor by the heart. C. growth of the corpus luteum. D. production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus.

D. production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus.

The germ layer between the ectoderm and the endoderm is the __________. a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm

b. mesoderm

During fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the ovum are referred to as _________, before they come together and fuse to form a single nucleus. a. postparatum b. pronuclei c. postnuclei

b. pronuclei

Blood vessel growth within the uterus is promoted by the hormone __________. a. dialation b. relaxin

b. relaxin

Substances that can cause birth defects or the death of the embryo are referred to as __________. a. monotogens b. antigens c. teratogens

c. teratogens

Sperm undergo a process of conditioning known as __________ after they arrive in the female reproductive tract. a. fertilazation b. capacitation c. implantation

capacitation