A&P Chapter 3

all cells trace their ancestry to what? - other cells - viruses - DNA - cork cells - prions - animal cells

to other cells

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the ___ of the solution.

tonicity

The transport of material across a cell, with capture on one side and release on the other, is by which process? - transcytosis - pinocytosis - phagocytosis - endocytosis

transcytosis

What is a protein that extends through the cell membrane called? - peripheral - polar - hydrophilic - transmembrane

transmembrane

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what? - transport maximum - transport minimum - transport capacity - transport threshold

transport maximum

True or false: cells can spontaneously arise from nonliving matter.

true

A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a(n) ____

uniport

Which of the following large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane? - passive transport -simple diffusion -osmosis -vesicular transport

vesicular transport

A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by ___ molecules

water

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ____. check all that apply - active transport - vesicular transport -passive diffusion -osmosis

- active transport and vesicular transport

What are the four statements that describe aspects of the modern cell theory? - an organisms structure and all of its function are due to the activities of its cells - cells come from preexisting cells - cells come from nonliving matter - cells have many structural similarities - organisms are composed of cells - cells acquire a nucleus after development

- organisms are composed of cells - cells come from preexisting cells -cells have many structural similarities -an organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of its cells

Which salt solution would be isotonic to human red blood cells? - 0.09% - 0.9% - 9%

0.9%

Mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds and transfer it to which of the following for use by the cell? - fat - ATP - enzymes - glucose

ATP

Which cell extension uses a power stroke followed by a recovery stroke? - cilia - microvilli - ion channels - flagella

Cilia

True or false: facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient

False

down the gradient

From a region of high to low concentration

Which organelle adds carbohydrate groups to proteins produced at the endoplasmic reticulum? - ribosome - golgi complex - nucleolus - mitochondrion

Golgi complex

Extensions of the cell membrane that serve to increase surface area are called ____

Microvilli

The membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and oxygen used to oxidize organic material is the ____.

Peroxisome

The Na+ -K+ pump is a good example of which type of transport? - simple diffusion - facilitated diffusion - primary active transport - secondary active transport - osmosis

Primary active transport

Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells store calcium in extensive networks of which organelle? - ribosomes - smooth ER - Golgi complex - rough ER

Smooth ER

True or false: nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile, primary cilium a few micrometers long

True

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier? - active - osmosis - diffusion - passive

active

____ ____ is an enzyme which converts ATP to cyclic AMP

adenylate cyclase

Reverse osmosis uses a mechanical pressure to drive water through a membrane ___ its concentration gradient - against - along - parallel to

against

Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane? - antiport - uniport - symport

antiport

What are channels of transmembrane proteins specialized for the passage of water called? - aquifins - aquaporins - chylomicrons - osmosis - micelles

aquaporins

What are the membrane channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane called? - vesicles - ion channels - gap junctions - aquaporins

aquaporins

The ____ is the structural basis for ciliary movement.

axoneme

Amphipathic phospholipids arrange themselves into a(n) ___ to form the plasma membrane - alpha helix - bilayer - beta pleated sheet - circle

bilayer

Within the plasma membrane, most transmembrane proteins will be comprised of what type of regions? - only hydrophobic - only hydrophilic - both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

The heart generates pressure that drives fluid out of the capillaries and into the spaces between cells. What is this process called? - capillary filtration - active transport - exocytosis - bulk transport

capillary filtration

Facilitated diffusion, primary and secondary active transport are all mechanisms of which of the following? - energy requiring processes - passive transport - vesicular transport - carrier-mediated transport

carrier-mediated transport

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane? - reverse osmosis -simple diffusion - secondary active transport - carrier-mediated transport

carrier-mediated transport

Cytology is the scientific study of ____

cells

Two ___ are located in a small area of cytoplasm called the centrosome

centrioles

Which organelles participate in cell division? - mitochondria - secretory vesicles - centrosomes - centrioles

centrioles

Which three cellular structures contain double and/or triple sets of microtubules? - centrioles - Clarthrin - Flagella - Cilia - Glycocalyx

centrioles, flagella, cilia

Which of the following bind odor molecules to trigger the sense of smell? - cilia - flagella - gustatory cells - cell-adhesion molecules

cilia

The Golgi complex is composed of about six flatted membranous sacs called ____

cisternae

Robert Hooke coined the term "cellulae" after viewing what material under his microscope? - pond water - cork - cheek cells - onion skin

cork

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is characterized by folds called ____

cristae

___ is formed from ATP and is the most common second messenger - cyclic AMP - adenylate cyclase - kinase - ADP

cyclic AMP

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process? - phagocytosis - filtration - diffusion - active transport

diffusion

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell? - secondary active transport - endocytosis - facilitated diffusion - exocytosis

endocytosis

An extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth is called the ____ - endoplasmic reticulum - cytoskeleton - golgi complex - centrosome

endoplasmic reticulum

a pair of membranes enclosing the nucleus with pores allowing the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus is the nuclear ____

envelope

In which process does a secretary vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space? - pinocytosis - phagocytosis - transcytosis -exocytosis

exocytosis

Carrier- mediated transport that moves a solute down a concentration gradient is called ___ diffusion

facilitated

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluids through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called ___

filtration

Which of the following are examples of passive transport? - facilitated diffusion - filtration - pinocytosis - vesicular transport - passive diffusion - osmosis

filtration, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive diffusion

Which of the following best defines chromatin? - tubular structures forming the centrioles - folds of the inner membrane within mitochondria - particles on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum - fine threads of DNA and protein

fine threads of DNA and protein

Microvilli

folds of cell membrane; may have actin core

up the gradient

from a region of low to high concentration

Coming from words that mean "sugar coat," the layer of carbs coating a cell membrane is called the ___

glycocalyx

Which cellular structure is critical for identifying your body's own healthy cells from transplanted tissue? - mitochondrion - centrosome - smooth ER - glycocalyx

glycocalyx

Which organelle plays a role in immunity, transplant compatibility, cell adhesion, and protection? - rough ER - glycocalyx golgi complex nucleus

glycocalyx

The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ____ the osmotic pressure of that solution. - lower - higher

higher

The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid, is known as, ___ pressure

hydrostatic

A(n) ___ solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage.

hypertonic

Cells placed in a(n) ____ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell. - isotonic - hypotonic - hypertonic

hypotonic

Foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or dust particles that have been phagocytized by the cell form types of ____ within the cytoplasm. - organelles - clathrin pits lysosomes inclusions

inclusions

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion? check all that apply. - increase cell surface area increased concentration difference decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound decreased temperature

increase cell surface area increased concentration difference decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound

____ filaments are thicker and stiffer than microfilaments and participate in cell-to-cell adhesion

intermediate

The fluid contained inside a cell is known as ___ fluid

intracellular

When cells are placed in which solution, there is no change in cell volume or shape? - isotonic - hypotonic - hypertonic

isotonic

Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ___ sodium concentration to the area of ___ sodium concentration. - lower, higher - higher, lower

lower, higher

What membrane-bound organelle contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digestion foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles? - peroxisome - lysosome - ribosome - golgi complez

lysosome

The smallest of the cytoskeletal elements are the ___

microfilaments

What are the three types of protein structures that contribute to the cytoskeleton? Check all that apply - microfilaments - microvilli - cilia - intermediate filaments - microtubules

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

What is the most useful unit of measurement for cell size? - milliliter - meter - microgram - micrometer

micrometer

Which cytoskeletal elements form the axonemes of the cilia and flagella? - microtubules - microvilli - intermediate filaments - microfilaments

microtubules

The site of ribosome production in a cell is the ____

nucleoli

The organelle which controls cellular activity is the ___

nucleus

The number of millosmoles of solute per liter of what is used to express the osmotic concentration of a solution, also known as what? - conductivity - tonicity - osmolarity - osmolality

osmolarity

Which organelle contains enzymes needed to neutralized free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood-borne toxins? - peroxisome - lysosome - mitochondrion - smooth endoplasmic reticulum

peroxisome

The process of engulfing particles (such as bacteria) by surrounding the particle and drawing it into the cell is referred to as ____

phagocytosis

What are the three types of endocytosis? Check all that apply? - receptor-mediated endocytosis - pinocytosis - facilitated diffusion - osmosis - phagocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily provided by the ___ - phopholipids - proteins - carbs - cholesterol

phospholipids

The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of ___ with associated proteins

phospholipids

The process by which a cell can take in large droplets of ECF (water) is called ____

pinocytosis

Most of a cells proteins are broken down by which organelle? - ribosomes - centrioles - peroxisomes - proteasomes

proteasome

Which of the following is a form of vesicular transport in which receptors bind a ligand then cluster into pits that pinch off into vesicles? - phagocytosis - pinocytosis - receptor-mediated endocytosis - facilitated diffusion

receptor-mediated endocytosis

In microscopy, the term used to describe the ability to reveal detail is ____

resolution

____ are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.

ribosomes

Which three organelles are not surrounded by membranes? - ribosomes - centrosomes - golgi complex - mitochondria - centrioles - endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles

Ribosomes attach to the ____ endoplasmic reticulum where they make proteins

rough

The ____ endoplasmic reticulum is comprised of cisternae that are covered with ribosomes

rough

When all carriers have bound ligand and no further ligand can be transported they are said to be what? - permeable - saturated - activated

saturated

Which microscope produces three dimensional images at high magnification and resolution? - scanning electron - light - transmission electron

scanning electron

Sodium-glucose transporters do not directly use ATP. Their ability to move glucose is due to the previous active removal of sodium from the cell. The sodium gradient that resulted from active transport "drives" the transporter, bringing both sodium and glucose into the cell. This is an example of which of the following? - simple diffusion - secondary active transport - bulk transport - facilitated diffusion

secondary active transport

Cilia

short 'hairs' with axoneme cores

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called what? - filtration - simple diffusion - pinocytosis - active transport

simple diffusion

Flagellum

single long structure with an axoneme core

Which of the following describes primary active transport? - a solute is moved up its concentration gradient due to hydrostatic pressure - solute is moved down its concentration gradient through channels in the membrane - solute is moved up its concentration gradient using ATP - solute is moved down its concentration gradient using ATP

solute is moved up its concentration gradient using ATP

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean? - all compounds can freely pass through the membrane, but not all the time - some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot - no movement of compounds is allowed through the membrane

some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot

The only functional flagellum in humans is the whiplike tail of ___ cells

sperm

The shape shown in the figure is

squamous

The type of carrier protein that moves two solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n) ____

symport

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? - to bind ligands - to generate energy - to synthesize proteins - synthesize lipids

synthesize lipids