A&P: Chapter 9 Assessment

The opposite of abduction is adduction. This is the ________ movement of a body part ________ the body midline.

medial; toward

Increasing the depth of the articulating surface of the knee, much like the labra of the shoulder and hip, are fibrocartilaginous extensions of the synovial membrane called ________.

menisci

The primary problem that develops in an aging joint is ____________. The cause of the damage may vary, but it usually results from cumulative wear and tear at the _____ ________.

osteoarthritis; joint surface

This membrane provides a _____ _____ so the bones involved in the joint can move against one another.

pivot point

subgroups of synovial joints are:

pivot, condylar, saddle

Gliding motion typically occurs along _______ joints, such as between the _______ (wrist bones) or the _______ (ankle bones).

plane; carpals; tarsals

The medial rotation of the forearm, so that the palm of the hand is directed posteriorly or inferiorly, is _________. The forearm rotates laterally, so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly, in __________. In the anatomic position, the forearm is ________.

pronation; supination; supinated

The temporomandibular joint demonstrates slight gliding during __________ and _________ of the jaw for biting, and glides slightly from side to side during _______ ____________ used to grind food between the teeth.

protraction and retraction; lateral displacement

Circumduction is a sequence of movements in which the ________ end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the _______ end makes a circular motion

proximal; distal

The __________ of each joint determines both its mobility and its stability. There is a(n) ________ relationship between mobility and stability in articulations. When the mobility of a joint increases, its stability __________.

structure; inverse; decreases

Second, the bony surfaces of the humerus and ______ interlock very well, and thus provide a solid bony support.

ulna

The _____ ________ ligament stabilizes the medial side of the joint and extends from the ______ epicondyle of the humerus both to the coronoid process of the ulna and to the _________.

ulnar collateral; medial; olecranon

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the three different types of levers. First Class Lever

1. Atlanto-occipital joint 2. Rocking of foot on tibia 3. Children on seesaw

Which of the following are locations where you would find a synchondrosis? Check all that are correct.

1. Epiphyseal plates in children. 2. The first sternocostal joint (between the first rib and the sternum). 3. Between each rib and its costal cartilage.

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the three different types of levers. Third Class Lever

1. Flexing elbow 2. Bending at knee

Which of the following commonly occur at the joints in elderly individuals?

1. Osteoarthritis 2. Articular cartilage begins to break down in weight-bearing joints.

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify the three different types of levers. Second Class Lever

1. Sitting and raising knee 2. Flexing calf muscles & rolling onto balls of feet

Select all that apply if a joint can only move in a single plane of space.

1. The joint may perform gliding motions. 2. The joint may be between two carpals of the wrist.

Place the following terms or examples with the correct category. Articular Capsule: Synovial Membrane --->

1. composed of areolar connective tissue 2. lines the articular capsule 3. covers internal joint surfaces

Place the following terms or examples with the correct category. Articular Capsule: Fibrous layer --->

1. composed of dense connective tissue 2. stabilizes and strengthens the joint

Place the following terms or examples with the correct category. Articular cartilage --->

1. composed of hyaline cartilage 2. reduces friction between bones

Place the following terms or examples with the correct category. Coxal Joint

1. deep bony socket 2. complete capsule around joint 3. has intracapsular ligaments for reinforcement 4. ligamentum teres

Place the following terms or examples with the correct category. Glenohumeral Joint

1. greatest range of motion 2. most unable joint 3. most frequently dislocated joint 4. indistinct ligaments

Place the following terms or examples with the correct category. Joint Cavity --->

1. separates articulating bones 2. contains synovial fluid

Match the joint with its structural classification. Plane joint

Acromioclavicular joint

Select all the knee ligaments that are deep to the articular capsule and prevent anterior and posterior movement of the femur on the tibia.

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

sutures replaced by plane joints

Decrease in nervous system protection

Symphyses replaced by synostoses ---->

Decreased mobility of vertebral column

Select all the components of the hip joint that contribute to its stability.

Deep acetabular socket Acetabular labrum Strong articular capsuleS Reinforcing muscles and ligaments

Select all that are classified as special movements.

Depression Inversion Dorsiflexion

The movements performed by the temporomandibular joint are:

Elevation Depression Gliding Protraction

Fulcrum is between the resistance and effort

First class lever

Match the joint with its structural classification. Ball-and-socket joint

Glenohumeral joint

These are components of the hip joint:

Head of the femur Acetabulum Acetabular labrum

ball and socket replaced by hinge

Inability to circumduct

synovial rib attachments replaced by syndesmoses

Increase in respiratory difficulty

The ____ resists posterior and lateral movement of the tibia due to the orientation of its fibers from the superior and medial origin on the femur to its lateral and posterior attachment on the tibia.

PCL

Select all the features that keep the elbow relatively stable.

Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments Interlocking bone surfaces Anular ligament

Resistance is between the fulcrum and effort

Second class lever

The synovial fluid:

Serves to lubricate the joint Is secreted by the synovial membrane Nourishes chondrocytes within the articular cartilage Absorbs shock in the joint

Match the joint with its structural classification. Saddle joint

Sternoclavicular

Effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance

Third class lever

synostoses replaced by synchondroses

Unfused os coxa resulting in separated ilia, pubis, and ischia in adulthood

exercise compresses the ______ _________, causing synovial fluid to be squeezed out of the cartilage and then pulled back inside the cartilage matrix. This flow of fluid gives the __________ the nourishment required to maintain their health.

articular cartilages; chondrocytes

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the articulation formed at the point where the _______ ________ of the mandible and the __________ ______ of the temporal bone join.

articular tubercle; mandibular fossa

Bones are said to ________ with each other at a joint. The scientific study of joints is called __________.

articulate; arthrology

A joint, or __________, is the place of contact between bones, between bone and _________, or between bones and teeth.

articulation; cartilage

The shoulder and hip joints are _____________ joints.

ball-and-socket

mutliaxial joints are

ball-and-socket and ellipsoid joint

A major dynamic stabilizer of anterior displacement of the humerus is the ______ _______ ______, which lies in the intertuburcular groove and attaches to the superior aspect of the glenoid rim.

biceps brachii tendon

The elbow is an extremely stable joint for several reasons. First, the articular _________ is fairly thick, and thus effectively protects the articulations

capsule

biaxial joints are

condylar and saddle joint

What are some characteristics and movements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

depression elevation lateral displacement protraction retraction rotation

The temporomandibular joint exhibits hinge, gliding, and some pivot joint movements. It functions like a hinge during jaw __________ and ________ while chewing.

depression and elevation

The _________ of the two articulating bones are bound by a broad ligamentous sheet called a(an) _____________ membrane.

diaphyses; interosseous

Functionally, all synovial joints are classified as __________, since all are freely mobile.

diarthroses

A third-class lever is observed when the _______ is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum. A third-class lever is found at the ____________.

effort; joint between the humerus and ulna

Sometimes dislocations result from stresses to the elbow. This is true when growth is still occurring at the ________ ______, so children and teenagers may be prone to humeral __________ dislocations.

epiphyseal plate; epicondyle

Prior to the closure of the __________ _______, some injuries to a young person may result in subluxation or fracture of an _________, with potential adverse effects on the future development and health of the joint. Some adverse effects include the bone not reaching its potential ____ _______, or the individual may develop arthritic-like changes in the joint.

epiphyseal plates; epiphysis; full length

The ________ ________ in children form synchondroses that bind the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones. When bones stop growing, ________ _______ replaces the synchondrosis and it no longer exists.

epiphyseal plates; osseous tissue

Some limb rotations are described as either away from the median plane or toward it. For example, _________ rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus laterally, while ________ rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus medially.

external; internal

The hip joint is the articulation between the head of the _______ and the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the os coxae.

femur

A symphysis has a pad of __________ between the articulating bones.

fibrocartilage

Syndesmoses are ________ joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of ______ _______ connective tissue only.

fibrous; dense regular

Laterally bracing the lateral femoral condyle to the fibular head, the _______ __________ ______ resists lateral separation of the knee due to medially applied loads.

fibular collateral ligament

A first-class lever has a ________ in the middle, between the effort and the resistance. In the body, an example is the ____________.

fulcrum; atlanto-occipital joint of the neck

The _____________, or shoulder joint, sacrifices stability for mobility and therefore requires active stabilization from muscles and passive stabilization from ligamentous structures.

glenohumeral

Lining the rim of the glenoid fossa is a ring of fibrocartilage called the ________ ______, which serves to deepen the extremely shallow articulating surface of the glenoid.

glenoid labrum

Subgroups of fibrous joints are:

gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses

A ___________ resembles a "peg in a socket." The only example of these types of joints in the human body are the articulations of the roots of individual teeth with the sockets of the _________ (lower jaw) and the __________.

gomphosis; mandible; maxillae

Uniaxial joints are

hinge joint pivot joint plane joint gliding joint

The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the _______ and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

humerus

An articulation in which bones are joined by _______ _________ is called a synchondrosis. Functionally, all synchondroses are ___________ and thus are classified as ____________.

hyaline cartilage; immobile; synarthroses

All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint are covered by a thin layer of _______ cartilage called articular cartilage. Only synovial joints house a _____ ______, a space that permits separation of the articulating bones.

hyaline; joint cavity

syndesmoses replaced by synostoses

inability to pronate, or supinate

This __________ stability means that it has ____ _______ than the glenohumeral joint.

increased; less mobility

Extension _________ the angle between the articulating bones

increases

Abduction is a ________ movement of a body part away from the body midline.

lateral

Despite the support from the capsule and __________, the elbow joint is subject to damage from severe impacts or unusual stresses. For example, if you fall on an outstretched hand and the elbow joint is partially ________, the _________ stress on the ulna, combined with contractions of muscles that extend the elbow, may break the bone at the center of the _______ ______.

ligaments; flexed; posterior; trochlear notch

Rotation is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own ___________ axis. Rotational movement occurs at the __________ joint, which pivots when you rotate your head to gesture "no."

longitudinal; atlantoaxial

Just as the strength of a bone is maintained by continual application of stress, the health of joints is directly related to _________ ________.

moderate exercise

This joint has the ______ _________ of any joint in the body. It is the most _________ joint in the body.

most mobility; unstable

The motion permitted at a joint ranges from __ ________, such as where some skull bones interlock at a suture, to________ ________ like that seen at the shoulder, where the humerus articulates with the scapula.

no movement; extensive movement

Examples of symphyses include the _____ ________, which is located between the right and left pubic bones and the ___________ ______, where the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are both separated and united by intervertebral discs.

pubic symphysis; intervertebral joints

The elbow joint has two main supporting ligaments. The ______ ________ ligament is responsible for stabilizing the joint at its lateral surface; it extends around the _____ of the radius to the ________ epicondyle of the humerus.

radial collateral; head; lateral

An example of a syndesmosis can be found between the ________ and _____.

radius and ulna

In a second-class lever, the _________ is between the fulcrum and the applied effort. A _____ force can balance a _______ weight. One example is the ____________.

resistance; small; large; calcaneal tendon attachment to the heel.

The four muscles of the _______ ____ all originate on the scapula and produce forces that keep the humeral head in contact with the glenoid.

rotator cuff

Ligaments of the glenohumeral joint strengthen the joint only minimally. Most of the joint's strength is due to the _______ ____ muscles surrounding it. The tendons of these muscles encircle the joint and fuse with the articular _______.

rotator cuff; capsule

Synovial joints are classified by the _______ of their articulating surfaces and the types of __________ they allow. Movement of a bone at a synovial joint is best described with respect to three intersecting ______________ planes or axes:

shapes; movement; perpendicular

This pad resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient ______ ________.

shock absorber

3. Synovial fluid acts as a ______ _________, distributing stresses and force evenly across the articular surfaces when the pressure in the joint suddenly __________.

shock absorber; increases

The glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the ________ joint. It is a _____________ joint formed by the articulation of the head of the _______ and the _______ cavity of the scapula

shoulder; ball-and-socket; humerus; glenoid

Gliding is a _______ movement in which two opposing surfaces ______ back-and-forth or side-to-side with respect to one another. In a gliding motion, the angle between the bones _______________, and ________ movement is possible in any direction.

simple; slide; does not change; limited

Because syndesmoses allow ______ mobility, they are classified as _______________.

slight; amphiarthroses

Other examples of synchondroses are the ________-_______ synchondrosis found between these bones of the skull and ___________ _______, the articulations between each bony rib, and its respective costal cartilage.

spheno-occipital; costochondral joints

he _________________ ligament (an extracapsular ligament) extends anteriorly and inferiorly from the sphenoid to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus.

sphenomandibular

The hip joint's deep bony socket is much _________ and more stable than that of the glenohumeral joint.

stronger

subgroups of cartilaginous joints are:

synchondroses, symphyses

Bones joined together with hyaline cartilage between the ends of the bones are _____________ and those with fibrocartilage between them are __________.

synchondroses; symphyses

Bones that join together and are held in place with sheets of collagen between the bones are called __________, teeth held in sockets by a fibrous ligament are ___________, and ________ are found between most of the bones of the skull.

syndesmoses; gomphoses; sutures

The most complex joints are _________, which display varying amounts of mobility.

synovial

Synovial fluid is a viscous, oily substance that is composed of secretions from the _________ ___________ and a filtrate from ______ ________.

synovial membrane; blood plasma

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a __________ joint. It contains a pad of ____________. It acts as a _____ and _______ joint.

synovial; fibrocartilage; hinge; gliding

The _________________ ligament is composed of two short bands that extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle of the temporal bone to the mandible.

temporomandibular

The _____ __________ _______ is one of the two major extracapsular ligaments of the knee. It provides protection from medial displacement if there is a laterally applied force.

tibial collateral ligament

The _________ ______ is an extremely complicated synovial joint due to its potential for mutiaxial motion when flexed.

tibiofemoral joint

Spanning the intertuburcular groove of the proximal humerus, the _______ _______ ligament works to keep the biceps tendon in place during contractions of the biceps muscle.

transverse humeral

Connecting the medial and lateral menisci across the center of the articulating surface, the ________ ________ provides a strut against separation.

transverse ligament;

Running medially and anteriorly from the lateral condyle of the femur, the ____ attaches to the tibia anteriorly to the intercondylar eminence.

ACL

why is the glenohumeral joint is unstable?

It has a loose articular capsule

All symphyses are _____________— thus they allow ______ ________.

amphiarthroses; slight mobility

Angular motion either increases or decreases the _______ between two bones. These movements may occur at many of the _________ joints. They include the following specific types: __________ and _______ (decreasing or increasing the angle between bones, respectively), ______________ (extension beyond normal), ______ _______ (lateral bending of the vertebral column in a coronal plane), _________ and __________ (moving a bone toward or away from midline, respectively), and _______________ (the distal end of a limb moves in a circle).

angles; synovial; flexion and extension; hyperextension; lateral flexion; abduction and adduction; circumduction

The _______ ligament helps hold the head of the radius in place.

anular

Each synovial joint is composed of a double-layered capsule called the ________ _______. Its outer layer is the ______ ______, and the inner layer is a synovial membrane.

articular capsule; fibrous layer

1. Synovial fluid lubricates the _________ _________ on the surface of articulating bones.

articular cartilage

A loose articular ________ surrounds the joint and promotes an extensive range of motion. It contains an articular _____ that is a thick pad of _____________ separating the articulating bones

capsule; disc; fibrocartilage

2. Synovial fluid nourishes the articular cartilage's ___________. The ______ volume of synovial fluid must be circulated continually to provide nutrients to and remove wastes from these cells.

chondrocytes; small

gomphoses replaced by pivot

decreased tooth stability and resilience

Flexion is movement in an anterior-posterior plane of the body that ________ the angle between the bones

decreases