A&P Chapter 9 The Endocrine System

Bronze skin color, hypoglycemia, and a reduced ability to cope with stress (burnout) are signs and symptoms of

Addison's disease

Nick mentioned to his doctor at his annual physical that his skin color was darkening. After tests, the doctor diagnosed Nick with an autoimmune disease that affects the adrenal cortex, resulting in insufficient levels of adrenal cortex hormones. What disorder does Nick have?

Addison's disease

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, often caused by a tumor, results in

Cushing's syndrome

What is the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

How does the hypothalamus regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel through the blood to the anterior pituitary gland.

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.

TRUE

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

What is the primary function of thymosin?

Thymosin appears to be essential for the normal development of T lymphocytes.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone could lead to which of the following conditions?

acromegaly

Which of these is a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release?

angiotensin II

Alcohol inhibits the secretion of

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water as urine is being formed?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine and as a result, increases blood volume?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells?

cellular mutations occur

Jamal visited his doctor to complain about his constant thirst and excessive urination. A blood test revealed that Jamal had low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). What is Jamal's diagnosis?

diabetes insipidus

Which hormone stimulates acid production in the stomach?

gastrin

Cortisone and cortisol are types of ________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.

glucocorticoids

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis.

Hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones. How would you classify this type of endocrine gland stimulation?

hormonal

Home pregnancy tests check for a hormone in the female's urine called

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Where are receptors for steroid hormones found?

in the nucleus of target cells

Lena is hypoglycemic. To counter this condition and restore homeostasis, which of the following hormones would NOT be released?

insulin

When blood glucose levels are too high, the beta cells of the pancreas release ________ to decrease levels

insulin

What organ secretes erythropoietin?

kidney

Which hormone appears to play an important role in establishing the body's sleep-wake cycle?

melatonin

Which of the following is a common age-associated condition?

menopause

The hypothalamus makes two hormones, ________ and ________, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the

parathyroid glands

Which hormones help maintain a relatively constant calcium concentration in the blood?

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood leads to

pituitary dwarfism

Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to

reabsorb sodium ions

A liver cell responds to insulin by

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

Water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using

the second-messenger system

Which of the following is a sign of hypoparathyroidism?

uncontrollable muscle spasms

Darlene is a 67-year-old woman who has been admitted to the hospital with rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, sweating, and irritability. Her doctor brings the result of diagnostic scans that show an abdominal tumor. What gland is involved?

adrenal gland

Which of these endocrine glands is located just above a kidney?

adrenal gland

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and helps suppress your appetite?

leptin

Justin has discovered he is sterile. Hyposecretion of which of the following hormones might be causing Justin's sterility?

luteinizing hormone

What is the main mechanism for regulating hormone secretion?

negative feedback

Which of these is linked to the decline in estrogen in menopausal females?

osteoporosis

Julie, who is middle-aged, feels tired all the time and has a hard time concentrating. She always feels cold and despite dieting, has gained a significant amount of weight. The hyposecretion of which of the following hormones is causing Julie's symptoms?

thyroxine

How do lipid-soluble hormones carry out their actions at their target cells?

directly activate genes and stimulate protein synthesis

Which of these is characteristic of an endocrine gland?

ductless

Which of these would occur with hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones?

electrolyte and water imbalance

The "fight-or-flight" response triggers the release of

epinephrine

Which hormone is released by nerve impulses?

epinephrine

Which hormone, produced by the placenta, stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone so that the lining of the uterine is not sloughed off in menses?

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

Which of these occurs when blood glucose concentration falls below the normal range?

The pancreas secretes glucagon

Select the statement that best describes the function of tropic hormones.

Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Glucocorticoids regulate both water and salt content of the blood.

FALSE

Releasing and inhibiting hormones made by the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary.

FALSE

Why don't all body cells respond to a particular hormone?

Only cells that have receptors for the hormone can respond.

Which endocrine gland is most closely associated with the hypothalamus?

pituitary gland