A&P • Chapter1 • Connect

place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom. • organ • cell • atom • organ system • organism • tissue

1) atom 2) cell 3) tissue 4) organ 5) organ system 6) organism

name the "Galen of Islam" whose influential textbook was the leading authority in European medical schools for 500years.

Avicenna

Descartes and _______________ revolutionized the philosophy of science, arguing for a more systematic enterprise aimed at new discoveries.

Bacon

Charles _____________ is best known for his theory of natural selection.

Darwin

which physician to the Roman gladiators wrote on the anatomy of humans based on his dissections of pigs, monkeys and other animals?

Galen

who was the Greek physician that established a code of ethics and urged physicians to seek natural causes for disease?

Hippocrates

the Englishman who invented the modern compound microscope in the 1600s and observed plant cells was _________________.

Hooke

who was the anatomist that taught anatomy to medical students using cadavers in the 1500s? a) Andreas Vesalius b) Avicenna c) William Harvey

a) Andreas Vesalius

which theory states that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts? a) Holism b) deductionalism c) reductionalism d) inductionalism

a) Holism

who was the Jewish physician that wrote 10 medical books and numerous books on diseases? a) Maimonides b) Andreas Vesalius c) Avicenna

a) Maimonides

an organelle is best described as which of the following? a) a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function b) a substance made up of two or more atoms c) the smallest particle of matter with unique chemical properties

a) a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function

which of the following are statistical tests? select all that apply. a) chi-square test b) litmus test c) T test

a) chi-square test + c) T test

what is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called? a) effector b) receptor c) integrator

a) effector

which statement best describes a theory? a) explanatory statement(s) that concisely summarize the stage of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study b) an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection c) information that can be independently verified by any trained person in a field d) a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon or of the relationship between variables

a) explanatory statement(s) that concisely summarize the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study

which of the following are examples of a positive feedback mechanism? select all that apply. a) formation of a blood clot b) contractions during childbirth c) maintenance of normal blood pressure d) maintenance of normal body temperature

a) formation of a blood clot + b) contractions during childbirth

what is an increase in the size of a cell or organism called? a) growth b) excitability c) mutation d) differentiation

a) growth

without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of ______________ concentration to a region of ______________ concentration. a) higher; lower b) lower; higher

a) higher; lower

what are the benefits of a large sample size? select all that apply. a) it controls for individual variation b) it eliminates the probability of random variation c) it controls for chance events d) it enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome

a) it controls for individual variation + c) it controls for chance events + d) it enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome

what is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called? a) organ b) organism c) tissue d) cell

a) organ

what is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called? a) peer review b) inductive method c) scientific method

a) peer review

which forces can act as selective "pressure"? select all that apply. a) predators b) better camouflage c) disease d) climate

a) predators + c) disease + d) climate

which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism? a) processes information, relates it to other information and makes a decision of what a response should be b) a molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus c) a cell or organ specialized to detect a stimulus

a) processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of what a response should be

which forces promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others? a) selection pressures b) natural selection c) chromosomal theory

a) selection pressures

what does the term 'dissection' refer to? a) the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships b) the subdiscipline of anatomy concerned with macroscopic anatomy c) examination of the body through palpation, auscultation, or percussion

a) the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships

in performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the body is known as _________________.

auscultation

which evolutionary process leads to the establishment of species characteristics that favor survival and reproduction? a) selection b) adaptation c) evolution

b) adaptation

what is the smallest particle of matter with a unique chemical identity? a) molecule b) atom c) neutron d) solution

b) atom

the study of individual cells is called ________________. a) histopathology b) cytology c) histology d) anatomy

b) cytology

what is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce changes in membrane voltage called? a) stimulus b) excitability c) reactivity d) differentiation

b) excitability

which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis? select all that apply. a) it is always true b) it is testable and falsifiable c) it is consistent with what is already known d) it is able to be proved in only one experiment

b) it is testable and falsifiable + c) it is consistent with what is already known

when some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. this would be an example of what type of feedback? a) summative b) negative c) positive d) reverberative

b) negative

the inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what? a) experimentation b) observation c) trial and error d) educated guesses

b) observation

what is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called? a) palpation b) percussion c) auscultation d) inspection

b) percussion

statistical tests are designed to do what? a) eliminate random variation b) provide a statement of probability c) eliminate experimenter bias d) ascertain the truth

b) provide a statement of probability

which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat? select all that apply. a) slow moving prey items b) rich supply of leaves and fruit c) relative safety from predators d) relatively less competition

b) rich supply of leaves and fruit + c) relative safety from predators + d) relatively less competition

changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what? a) signals b) stimuli c) effectors d) receptors

b) stimuli

the suffix "-logy" means what? a) the history of b) the study of c) small intestine d) stomach

b) the study of

acronyms are terms that do which of the following? a) provide an alternate definition to the one most commonly used b) use the first letter of a series of words c) identify the person who discovered the structure

b) use the first letter of a series of words

the receptors located in the heart, aortic arch and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as ______________.

baroreceptors

the ability to stand and walk on two legs is called ________________.

bipedalism

in anatomical terminology, the adjective comes ____________ the noun. a) before b) in place of c) after

c) after

the fact that some people lack certain organs is an example of which of the following? a) comparative physiology b) complexity of life c) anatomical variation d) pathophysiology

c) anatomical variation

what type of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification? a) comparative b) systemic c) gross d) developmental

c) gross

what is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called? a) excitability b) static equilibrium c) homeostasis

c) homeostasis

to be considered a scientific fact, information must be what? a) statistically tested b) peer reviewed c) independently verified d) theorized

c) independently verified

Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe what? a) cork b) circulation c) microorganisms

c) microorganisms

which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation? a) scientific hypothesis b) socratic method c) scientific method

c) scientific method

a ______________ is a dead human body, commonly used in dissection for the purpose of training students in anatomy.

cadaver

the ______________ theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells.

cell

which languages are most medical terms are derived from? select all that apply. a) Spanish b) French c) Dutch d) Latin e) German f) Greek

d) Latin + f) Greek

who was the Englishman from the 1500s known for his study of physiology (especially of the heart)? a) Robert Hooke b) Andreas Vesalius c) Antony van Leeuwenhoek d) William Harvey

d) William Harvey

what is the study of body structures called? a) kinesiology b) physiology c) chemistry d) anatomy

d) anatomy

which receptor detects pressure changes? a) nociceptor b) proprioceptor c) thermoreceptor d) baroreceptor

d) baroreceptor

what is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life? a) tissue b) organelle c) organ d) cell

d) cell

evolutionary trends between species are often studied in which discipline? a) constructive anatomy b) compatible anatomy c) complex anatomy d) comparative anatomy

d) comparative anatomy

what is the name for the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships?

dissection

the internal state of the body is best described as a(n) ________________ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

dynamic

what is the act of looking at the body called? a) auscultation b) percussion c) palpation d) autopsy e) inspection

e) inspection

which of the following describes a single complete individual? a) organelle b) organ system c) atom d) organ e) organism

e) organism

a molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n) _______________.

effector

according to the section of chapter one that covers analyzing terms, the "duct of Santorini" is an example of a(n) ___________________.

eponym

_________________ is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time.

evolution

the general process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body is called ________________.

excretion

in an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the _________________ group contains the variable being tested.

experimental/treatment

the term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is _________________ bias.

experimenter

________________ surgery is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body.

exploratory

true of false: Vesalius was the first to describe the "cell theory". a) true b) false

false (Schleiden and Schwann are credited with the cell theory)

true or false: a tissue is more complex than an organ.

false (organs are composed of tissues; they are more complex)

the study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called ________________.

histology

an educated guess that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection is known as a(n) _________________.

hypothesis

the ______________ method, as prescribed by bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.

inductive

what is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave called?

law of nature

a(n) _______________ is made up of two or more atoms.

molecule

fill in with the correct sequence. macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, __________________, organ systems, organism.

organs

which subdiscipline of physiology is concerned with the mechanisms of disease?

pathophysiology

________________ is the study of the function of a biological organism.

physiology

a ___________________ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment.

placebo

the structure that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell is the _________________ membrane.

plasma

a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even grater change in the same direction is known as _______________ feedback.

positive

effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as _______________ effects.

psychosomatic

________________ is a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body.

radiology

the name for a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus, such as a taste cell or a rod or cone of the eye, is a _______________.

receptor

a prefix and a _______________ are word-elements that modify the core meaning of the root.

suffix

a group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ _______________.

system

an aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n) ___________________.

tissue

true or false: the double-blind method is used to control experimental bias where neither subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving treatment and which are receiving placebo.

true

match the anatomical terminology with its description. Terminologia Anatomica - Nomina Anatomica purged eponyms from terminology and included only Latin terms; devised in the late 1800s - included Latin and commonly used English terms; devised in 1998

• Terminologia Anatomica = included Latin and commonly used English terms; devised in 1998 • Nomina Anatomica = purged eponyms from terminology and included only Latin terms; devised in the late 1800s

match each prefix to its meaning. hypo - epi - endo - di above - below - within, inside - two

• hypo = below • epi = above • endo = within, inside • di = two

match the word elements with the proper description for the word "hypothermia". hypo - ia - therm prefix - root - suffix

• hypo = prefix • therm = root • ia = suffix

match each term with its correct definition. neurophysiology - endocrinology - pathophysiology - comparative physiology study of how biological processes vary in different animal species - physiology of the nervous system - study of disease mechanisms - physiology of hormones

• neurophysiology = physiology of the nervous system • endocrinology = physiology of hormones • pathophysiology = study of disease mechanisms • comparative physiology = study of how biological processes vary in different animal species