A&P • Chapter6 • Connect

the stratum granulosum can be best described as which of the following? a) the thickest layer of the epidermis containing mitotic cells b) thin, non-mitotic cell layer with clusters of keratohyalin c) a mitotic zone of keratinocytes deep to the stratum spinosum d) a thin zone of cells found only in thick skin e) a single layer of mitotic stem cells

b) thin, non-mitotic cell layer with clusters of keratohyalin

place these epidermal layers in order, starting with the most superficial layer at the top of the list and ending with the deepest layer at the bottom. • stratum lucidum • stratum spinosum • stratum granulosum • stratum corneum • stratum basale

1) stratum corneum 2) stratum lucidum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum spinosum 5) stratum basale

which best defines autograft? a) tissue is taken from an identical twin and grafted onto the other twin b) tissue is taken from one area of a person's body and grafted onto another area of their body c) tissue is taken from one person and given to another person d) tissue is taken from one species and grafted onto another

b) tissue is taken from one area of a person's body and grated onto another area of their body

burn deaths most often result from which of the following? a) damage to nerve conduction b) fluid loss or infection c) heat stroke d) damage to underlying muscles and organism

b) fluid loss or infection

which of these structures is covered by thin skin? a) toe tips b) forearm c) palms of hands d) soles of feet e) fingertips

b) forearm

which are accessory organs of the integumentary system? a) nails, fingers, skin and glands b) hair, nails and cutaneous glands c) hair, epithelia and bones d) sweat glands, muscle cells, skin and fat

b) hair, nails and cutaneous glands

exposure to sunlight leads to which of the following? a) increased melanin production and lightening of the skin b) increased melanin production and darkening of the skin c) decreased melanin production and lightening of the skin d) decreased melanin production and darkening of the skin

b) increased melanin production and darkening of the skin

which of the following is true about red hair as compared to dark hair? a) it contains all eumelanin, no pheomelanin b) it contains more pheomelanin than eumelanin c) it contains more eumelanin than pheomelanin d) it contains equal amounts of eumelanin and pheomlenain

b) it contains more pheomelanin than eumelanin

which term refers to the mitotically active region of cells above the papilla also known as the growth center? a) shaft b) matrix c) cuticle d) root

b) matrix

which term refers to the portion of a fingernail or toenail that is attached to the finger? a) eponychium b) nail body c) free edge d) nail fold

b) nail body

the deep end of the follicle widens to form a bulge. what is its function? a) source of new melanocytes for hair color b) source of stem cells for follicle growth c) area of implantation for baldness d) area where gray hair is displayed

b) source of stem cells for follicle growth

skin is classified as thick or thin based on the thickness of which layer? a) dermis b) stratum corneum c) hypodermis d) stratum lucidum

b) stratum corneum

what is the name of the layer of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that forms the durable surface layer of the epidermis? a) stratum basale b) stratum corneum c) stratum lucidum d) stratum granulosum

b) stratum corneum

which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thin skin? a) stratum corneum b) stratum spinosum c) stratum lucidum d) stratum granulosum

b) stratum spinosum

which epidermal layers contain dendritic cells? select all that apply. a) stratum corneum b) stratum spinosum c) stratum basale d) stratum granulosum

b) stratum spinosum + d) stratum granulosum

list the features of skin that minimize bacterial and fungal growth during an infection. select all that apply. a) the cells of the skin shed infrequently b) the acid mantle inhibits microbial growth c) vitamins secreted through the pores inhibits microbial growth d) the dryness of the skin inhibits microbial growth

b) the acid mantle inhibits microbial growth + d) the dryness of the skin inhibits microbial growth

the oncogene responsible for melanoma in men is called _________________.

BRAF

Jon is going bald and often complains that he can feel cold air on his scalp! this may be due to which of the following? a) heat being trapped in skull bones and not being released to the scalp b) the scalp lacking an insulating fat layer c) heat being released from hair follicles d) the brain's rich blood supply cooling the scalp

b) the scalp lacking an insulating fat layer

why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis? a) the subcutaneous tissue has many nerve endings b) the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular c) it is too difficult to administer medication to the epidermis d) the dead cells of the dermis limit diffusion

b) the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular

what is an isograft? a) tissue is taken from one person and given to an unrelated person b) tissue is taken from an identical twin and grafted onto the other twin c) tissue is taken from one area of a persons body and grafted onto another area of their body d) tissue is taken from one species and grafted onto another

b) tissue taken from an identical twin and grafted onto the other twin

most lanugo hair is replaced by ______________, a fine pale hair, by the time babies are born. a) terminal hair b) vellus c) cradle cap d) lanugo

b) vellus

which of the following is the primary component of perspiration? a) urea b) water c) lactic acid d) ammonia

b) water

the skin functions as an important barrier to which of the following? a) oxygen b) water c) Vitamin D d) ultraviolet radiation e) microorganisms

b) water + d) ultraviolet radiation + e) microorganisms

which of the following is true about the most superficial layer of the skin? a) it contains a good supply of blood vessels b) it is composed of dense connective tissue c) it contains abundant keratin d) it is called the dermis

c) it contains abundant keratin

which of these proteins give epidermal cells their durability? a) carotene b) collagen c) keratin d) melanin

c) keratin

which of the following best describes the events that occur in the catagen stage of the hair growth cycle? a) the dermal papilla and the follicle begin to grow b) the follicle shrinks and mitosis continues c) mitosis ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die d) mitosis begins and sheath cells below the bulge multiply

c) mitosis ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die

hard keratin can be found in which of the following? a) skin and hands b) hair and skin c) nails and hair d) skin and feet

c) nails and hair

which of the following is an example of the non-verbal communication function of the skin? a) increased pallor of the skin when exposed to cold b) moistening of the skin during exercise c) reddening of the skin (blushing) when embarrassed d) darkening of the skin in response to UV light

c) reddening of the skin (blushing) when embarrassed

actively mitotic cells are found in which layer of the epidermis? a) stratum lucidum b) stratum spinosum c) stratum basale d) stratum corneum d) stratum granulosum

c) stratum basale

John clenches his pen firmly against his finger when he takes notes in class. this repeated pressure on his finger has resulted in which of the following? a) the growth of a wart b) a first-degree burn c) the formation of a callus d) the formation of a carbuncle

c) the formation of a callus

what is the hair matrix? a) the overlapping scales of keratin found in a hair b) the mesh network of hair found on the scalp c) the region of actively mitotic cells above the papilla d) the mesh of connective tissue supporting the follicle

c) the region of actively mitotic cells above the papilla

during the process of thermoregulation, the body surface temperature is monitored by which of the following types of receptors? a) nociceptors b) mechanoreceptors c) thermoreceptors d) tactile cells

c) thermoreceptors

which type of burn often requires a skin graph due to extensive damage? a) second degree b) first degree c) third degree

c) third degree

skin regeneration is limited to the edge of the burned area in which of the following? a) second degree burns b) fourth degree burns c) first degree burns d) third degree burns

d) third degree burns

keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermal surface as tiny specks called __________________.

dander

________________ is composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum and is usually found on the scalp.

dandruff

the removal of burned skin, a procedure known as ______________ is essential to infection control.

debridement

the branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system is called _______________.

dermatology

which skin layer has the hair follicles and nail roots embedded in it?

dermis

the term ______________ describes the condition in which sweat is produced, causing noticeably wet skin during circulatory shock or exercise.

diaphoresis

John has skin cancer and has opted for a destruction of the cancerous lesion by heat, also known as _______________.

electrodesiccation

the deepest layer of the dermis is called the ______________ layer.

reticular

_________________ glands are flask-shaped, with short ducts that usually open into a hair follicle and directly onto to skin.

sebaceous

oil-producing glands associated with hair follicles are called _________________ glands.

sebaceous

the substance that is released by sebaceous glands and that helps prevents skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle is called ________________.

sebum

the part of a hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the hair _______________.

shaft

___________________ cells are skin cells with a sensory role.

tactile

the hair goes into a resting period, or _______________ stage, when the papilla reaches the bulge.

telogen

true or false: Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin is one mechanism used by the body to conserve heat.

true

true or false: epidermal tissues regenerate more quickly than many other tissues.

true

true or false: hair aids in recognition for species, age and individual identity.

true

true or false: hemoglobin and carotene both influence skin coloration.

true

true or false: most skin cancer is caused by UV sun radiation which damages DNA.

true

the structures that guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing foreign particles from entering these areas are also called guard hairs or ________________.

vibrissae

match the degree of burn with its characteristics. first degree - second degree - third degree the epidermis and part of the dermis is involved. there are usually blisters - only the epidermis is involved. there is redness, edema and pain - the epidermis, entire dermis and often some deeper tissues are involved. this type of burn often requires a skin graft.

• first degree = only the epidermis is involved. there is redness, edema and pain. • second degree = the epidermis and part of the dermis is involved. there are usually blisters. • third degree = the epidermis, entire dermis and often some deeper tissues are involved. this type of burn often requires a skin graft.

the epidermis is composed of five cell types. match each type to its description. stem cells - keratinocytes - melanocytes - tactile cells - dendritic cells undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes - sensory receptors for touch - cells that produce the dark pigments that act as a UV shield - immune cells that guards against pathogens that penetrate into the skin - epidermal cells that produce keratin

• stem cells = undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes • keratinocytes = epidermal cells that produce keratin • melanocytes = cells that produce the dark pigments that act as a UV shield • tactile cells = sensory receptors for touch • dendritic cells = immune cells that guards against pathogens that penetrate into the skin

match each event in the life of keratinocyte with the epidermal layer in which that event occurs. stratum basale - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum corneum mitosis ceases. keratinocytes are pushed upward as new cells are added below them - stem cells divide and new keratinocytes are produced - dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the skin surface - keratin filaments are bound together to form waterproof bundles. keratinocytes die.

• stratum basale = stem cells divide and new keratinocytes are produced • stratum spinosum = mitosis ceases. keratinocytes are pushed upward as new cells are added below them. • stratum granulosum = keratin filaments are bound together to form waterproof bundles. keratinocytes die. • stratum corneum = dead keratinocytes exfoliate from the skin surface.

match each type of cutaneous gland with its product. sudoriferous glands - sebaceous glands - ceruminous glands - mammary glands earwax - milk - oily secretions - sweat

• sudoriferous glands = sweat • sebaceous glands = oily secretions • ceruminous glands = earwax • mammary glands = milk

match the hair-type with the cross-sectional shape of the hair. wavy hair - straight hair - tightly curly hair flat - round - oval

• wavy hair = oval • straight hair = round • tightly curly hair = flat

in cross section, a hair has three concentric layers. put these layers in their correct order starting with the outermost and ending with the innermost layer. • medulla • cuticle • cortex

1) cuticle 2) cortex 3) medulla

place the three kinds of hair in the order from the thinnest (softest) hair to the thickest (coarsest) type of hair. • terminal hair • vellus • lanugo

1) lanugo 2) vellus 3) terminal hair

the following events occur in the life of a keratinocyte. place them in chronological order starting with what happens first and ending with what happens last. • keratinocytes flatten and produce waterproof bundles of keratin filaments • stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes • keratinocytes die • dead keratinocytes flake off the surface of the skin as dander • mitosis ceases as epidermal cells are pushed upward

1) stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes 2) mitosis ceases as epidermal cells are pushed upward 3) keratinocytes flatten and produce waterproof bundles of keratin filaments 4) keratinocytes die 5) dead keratinocytes flake off the surface of the skin as dander

what is the mode of secretion for apocrine sweat glands? a) pinocytosis b) exocytosis c) phagocytosis d) endocytosis

b) exocytosis

which of the following are found in the dermis? select all that apply. a) melanocytes b) fibers c) glands d) blood vessels e) nerve endings

b) fibers + c) glands + d) blood vessels + e) nerve endings

the three types of skin cancer can be distinguished from each other by which of the following? a) appearance of their lesions and zones of tissue injury b) zones of tissue injury and the ability to synthesize melanin c) appearance of their lesion and ability to synthesize melanin d) degree of redness and number of remaining keratinocytes

a) appearance of their lesions and zones of tissue injury

apocrine glands are concentrated in which areas of the body? select all that apply. a) axillary region b) beard area (males only) c) groin and anal region d) scalp e) hands and feet

a) axillary region b) bread area (males only) c) groin and anal region

which substance, excreted by the liver, accumulate to cause jaundice? a) bilirubin b) blood c) erythrocytes d) bile

a) bilirubin

name the common types of hemangioma. a) cavernous b) port-wine c) extruded d) capillary

a) cavernous + b) port-wine + c) capillary

identify the components of the integumentary system. select all that apply. a) cutaneous glands b) hair c) epidermis d) teeth e) dermis

a) cutaneous glands + b) hair + c) epidermis + e) dermis

the skin is composed of which of the following? a) epidermis and dermis only b) epidermis and hypodermis only c) dermis and hypodermis only d) epidermis only

a) epidermis and dermis only

which of the following are examples of when you would typically observe cyanosis? a) in a drowning victim b) strolling leisurely in the park c) in a patient with emphysema d) under cold conditions

a) in a drowning victim + c) in a patient with emphysema + d) under cold conditions

which is the principle cause of death in burn patients? a) cardiac arrest due to bacterial infection b) circulatory shock due to extreme fluid loss c) heart attack due to extreme pain levels d) starvation due to inability to eat

b) circulatory shock due to extreme fluid loss

oxygen and nutrients needed by the epidermal cells undergoing mitosis are acquired from blood vessels in which one of the following layers? a) stratum basale b) dermis c) stratum granulosum d) epidermis

b) dermis

which of the following are factors in determining whether individuals have darker or lighter skin? a) in darker skin, the melanocytes produce more melanin b) darker skin contains more melanocytes c) in darker skin, the melanin breaks down more slowly d) in darker skin, the melanin granules are more tightly clumped

a) in darker skin, the melanocytes produce more melanin + c) in darker skin, the melanin breaks down more slowly

which of the following best describes the function of the subcutaneous layer? a) an energy reservoir and thermal insulation b) an replenishment site for the cells and fibers of the dermis c) protection of the epidermis d) replacement for lost body fluids

a) an energy reservoir and thermal insulation

which best describes how resurfacing of third degree burns occurs? a) it involves division of cells in the stratum basale in the epidermis at the edge of the burn b) it is accomplished by division of cells in the dermis and begins at the center of the burn c) it is normally a rapid process since growth hormones stimulate cell division throughout the burn area d) it begins in the center of the burn area by division

a) it involves division of cells in the stratum basale in the epidermis at the edge of the burn

the appearance of the fingernails can be valuable in determining which of the following? select all that apply. a) medical diagnosis b) the ethnicity or race of an individual c) oxygen needs d) dietary deficiencies

a) medical diagnosis + c) oxygen needs + d) dietary deficiencies

which of the following are functions of the skin? select all that apply. a) sensory reception b) Vitamin D synthesis c) thermoregulation d) Vitamin C synthesis

a) sensory reception + b) Vitamin D synthesis + c) thermoregulation

which epidermal layer is structured to resist abrasion, penetration and water loss? a) stratum corneum b) stratum basale c) stratum spinosum d) stratum granulosum

a) stratum corneum

cells in which epidermal layer contain the protein eleiden? a) stratum lucidum b) stratum basale c) stratum corneum d) stratum granulosum e) stratum spinosum

a) stratum lucidum

the skin is essential in sensing which of the following? a) temperature b) blood pressure c) touch d) injury

a) temperature + c) touch + d) injury

the stratum lucidum contains which of the following? a) the clear protein eleidin b) actively dividing cells c) macrophages to protect the body d) the colored pigment melanin

a) the clear protein eleidin

the stratum basale contains which of the following? a) the colored pigment melanin b) the clear protein eleiden c) macrophages to protect the body d) actively dividing cells

a) the colored pigment melanin + c) macrophages to protect the body + d) actively dividing cells

which of the following best describes the dermal papillae? a) the upwards projections of the dermis at the dermis-epidermis boundary b) the downward extensions of the epidermis at the dermis-epidermis boundary c) the clusters of blood vessels at the dermis-hypodermis boundary d) extensions of the hyponychium

a) the upward projections of the dermis at the dermis-epidermis boundary

which statements about apocrine sweat glands are true? select all that apply. a) they occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola and beard area b) they are not active until puberty c) they use the apocrine mode of secretion d) they produce sweat that contains fatty acids

a) they occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola and beard area + b) they are not active until puberty + d) they produce sweat that contains fatty acids

what happens when the body is chilled? a) vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin b) flushing of skin and increase in heart rate c) vasodilation of blood vessels in the hypodermis d) vasodilation of blood vessels in the dermis

a) vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin

the presence of a layer of lipids between the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum facilitates which of the following? a) water retention b) decreased exfoliation c) regeneration of the epidermis d) callus formation e) increased exfoliation

a) water retention

the hair, nails and cutaneous glands are known as _______________ organs of the skin.

accessory

the ________________ ________________ is a thin, protective film on the skin that has a pH between 4-6.

acid mantle

the condition called _________________ is a genetic lack of melanin that usually results in milky white hair and skin and blue-gray eyes.

albinism

thinning of the hair, or baldness, is also called _______________.

alopecia

the type of skin cancer known as ______________ cell carcinoma is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes.

basal

the BRAF oncogene is linked to _______________ cancer and ovarian cancer in women.

breast

the clinical term for disagreeable body odor is _______________.

bromhidrosis

which of the following describes the composition of sweat? a) neutral solution containing sodium chloride, urea and ammonia b) basic solution containing potassium, sodium chloride and ammonia c) acidic solution containing urea, potassium, sodium chloride and ammonia d) acidic solution containing glucose and sodium chloride

c) acidic solution containing urea, potassium, sodium chloride and ammonia

specialized myoepithelial cells can be found amid the secretory cells of which glands? a) apocrine and sebaceous b) sebaceous and ceruminous c) apocrine and merocrine d) holocrine and merocrine

c) apocrine and merocrine

which pigment may be deposited in the stratum corneum and the subcutaneous fat? a) hemoglobin b) iron c) carotene d) melanin

c) carotene

which stimuli commonly lead to the contraction of the piloerector muscles? select all that apply. a) heat b) pain c) fear d) cold e) touch

c) fear + d) cold + e) touch

fingerprints are caused by which of the following? a) nail beds b) striae c) friction ridges d) hemangiomas

c) friction ridges

mechanical stress from manual labor accelerates keratinocytes multiplication. this results in formation of ________________ or corns on the hands or feet.

callus

_________________ glands secrete a substance that combines with sebum to keep the eardrum protected and prevent foreign particles from entering the canal.

ceruminous

name the stage in which scalp follicles spend 90% of the time. a) telogen b) mitogen c) catagen d) anagen

d) anagen

UV radiation may cause skin cancer by doing which of the following? a) damage sweat glands and clog pores that open below the epidermis b) dehydrate the skin and cause sweat glands to produce cold fluids c) darken the skin and protects tumor-suppressor genes in the dermis d) damage DNA and disable protective-suppressor genes in epidermal cells

d) damage DNA and disable protective tumor-suppressor genes in epidermal cells

which structure nourishes the hair cells? a) hair follicle b) piloerector muscle c) sebaceous gland d) dermal papilla

d) dermal papilla

keratinocytes are the most numerous type of skin cells. where are they located? a) basal lamina b) hypodermis c) dermis d) epidermis

d) epidermis

which are considered the two most important considerations in treating a burn patient? a) sleep and infection control b) infection control and turning the patient c) fluid replacement and exercise d) fluid replacement and infection control

d) fluid replacement and infection control

which term refers to the tube-like structures within which hairs grow? a) roots b) shafts c) sheaths d) follicles

d) follicles

which of the following describes thick skin? a) it has sebaceous glands, no hair follicles and sweat glands b) it has hair follicles but no sweat glands c) it has sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands d) it has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands

d) it has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands

which of the following describes pattern baldness? a) loss of hair from abraded body regions b) loss of hair in random patches all over the body c) uniform thinning of the hair with age d) loss of hair in specific areas of the scalp

d) loss of hair in specific areas of the scalp

melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from which kind of cell? a) adipocytes b) keratinocytes c) keratin d) melanocytes

d) melanocytes

where is hair found on the body? a) on the lips, nipples and genitalia b) on the palms and soles c) on the distal segments of the fingers and toes c) on the scalp and skin of the arms and legs

d) on the scalp and skin of the arms and legs

hemoglobin imparts which color to healthy skin? a) blue b) brown c) yellow d) pink

d) pink

pheomelanin is a form of melanin that has which of the following colors? a) brownish black b) pinkish orange c) white or gray d) reddish yellow

d) reddish yellow

due to extensive structural damage, third degree burns are more likely to requires which of the following, as compared to other types of burns? a) excision of the muscle and bone in the surrounding area b) Vitamin D enriched wraps c) only pallative care d) skin grafts

d) skin grafts

fingernails and toenails are derivatives of which epidermal layer? a) stratum lucidum b) stratum basale c) stratum granulosum d) stratum corneum

d) stratum corneum

which an excessive amount of carotene is present, the excess is deposited in which of the following? a) stratum granulosum and dermis b) epidermis and dermis c) dermis and subcutaneous fat d) stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

d) stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

which type of hair is the predominant form of hair found on the scalp? a) vellus b) lanugo c) pilus d) terminal

d) terminal

which of the following best describes the function ceruminous gland secretions? a) they make the guard hairs slippery and keep the eardrum pliable b) they protect the eardrum from loud noises and kill bacteria c) they stop the ear canal from itching and waterproof the ear canal d) they waterproof the ear canal, and coats the guard hairs of the ear

d) they waterproof the ear canal, and coats the guard hairs of the ear

within a hair follicle, the ________________ root sheath is an extension of the epidermis, and lies adjacent to the hair root.

epithelial

the _______________ is also known as the cuticle. it overhands the lunule.

eponychium

_________________ is a word that means "abnormal redness of the skin."

erythema

_______________ is the burned, dead tissue associated with burns to the skin.

eschar

dead keratinocytes flake off from the surface of the epidermis as small white specks called dander. this process is called ________________.

exfoliation

the hairs of the _______________ enhance facial expression and keep sweat out of the eyes.

eyebrows

hairs called ________________ function as a shield to protect the eyes from windblown debris with a quick blink.

eyelashes

true or false: basal cell carcinoma is the least common type of skin cancer.

false

true or false: during a manicure, it is the nail matrix that is trimmed.

false

true or false: skin markings include hematomas, creases and friction ridges.

false

true or false: the epidermis is highly vascular.

false

true or false: the papillary layer is deeper than the reticular layer.

false

true or false: thin skin is found only on the eyelids.

false

the creases found on the surfaces of the hands are examples of _________________ lines.

flexion

hair grows in diagonal tubes called hair _______________.

follicles

cells of the stratum _________________ contain coarse, dark-staining keratohyalin granules.

granulosum

the _________________ _________________ is a region of mitotically active cells that serves as the hair's growth center.

hair matrix

birthmarks, also called ________________, are patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of blood capillaries.

hemangiomas

a ________________, also called a bruise, is a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin.

hematoma

individuals with hormonal imbalances can exhibit excessive hairiness. this is known as __________________.

hirsutism

the skin underlying the nail plate is the nail bed, and its epidermis is called the __________________.

hyponychium

_________________ perspiration occurs when perspiration evaporates quickly so it is not noticed.

insensible

a condition called ________________ is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood.

jaundice

_________________ is a protein produced in the cells of the epidermis that improves its durability and resistance to infection.

keratin

the white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the _____________.

lunule

gray and white hair result from the absence of the pigment ________________ in the cortex of the hair and the presence of air in the hair medulla.

melanin

sweat glands that have relatively narrow lumen and a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface are called _______________ sweat glands.

merocrine

which type of sweat glands are the most abundant glands in the body numbering 3 to 4 million in the adult skin?

merocrine

_________________ are elevated patches of skin that are harmless and sometimes regarded as "beauty marks".

moles

_________________ is a pale or ashen skin color that occurs when there is little blood flow through the skin.

pallor

_______________ is the presence of additional nipples.

polythelia