A&P chem.

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The formula for methane gas is CH4. What does the formula 4CH4 represent?

4 molecules, each containing a carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms

How many electrons can the second energy level hold when it is completely filled?

8

Which of the following is both an anion and a compound?

HCO3-

In sickle cell anemia, there is a replacement in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin of glutamic acid by valine. What is the difference between glutamic acid and valine?

The R groups between the amino acids are different.

Ionic bonds, such as in sodium chloride, __________

are formed by the association of ions with opposite charges

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons

are inert gases.

Carbohydrate molecules

are the body's most readily available source of energy

The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

carbohydrate

Each of the following is an inorganic compound except acids. carbohydrates. salts. bases. water.

carbohydrates

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and

carbohydrates

All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________ acid group.

carboxylic

Interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex is ________ structure.

quaternary

To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from monomers. This process is called ________.

removed; dehydration synthesis

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is

saturated

The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of ________ protein structure.

secondary

The alpha-helix is an example of the __________ level of protein structure.

secondary

A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of

sex hormones and plasma membranes.

Which of the following substances would be most acidic?

stomach secretions, pH = 1

In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a ________ bond.

triple covalent

The maximum number of electrons that the first energy level can hold is __________.

two

A peptide bond links __________.

two amino acids

You would expect a peptide bond to link

two amino acids.

Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with

water molecules

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with

water, causing decomposition

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

glycogen.

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base

guanine.

Helium (HE) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it

has a full outer electron shell.

Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?

hydrogen

The electrostatic attraction between the slight positive charge of a hydrogen of one molecule and the slight negative charge of an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule is called a(n)

hydrogen bond.

Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of

hydrophobic compounds

Molecules that do not readily interact with water are called

hydrophobic.

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called

isomers.

In dehydration synthesis reactions, compounds

lose water molecules

Each amino acid differs from another in the

nature of the side chain.

A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

neutral.

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of

neutrons in the nucleus.

Oxygen, which forms naturally as two atoms, are bonded together with what type of bond?

nonpolar covalent bond

Molecules that store and process genetic information are the

nucleic acids.

An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid.

nucleotide

The chemical properties of an atom are determined by the __________.

number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

Compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called ________ molecules.

organic

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

organic molecules.

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?

oxygen

Which pH is closest to normal body pH?

pH of 7

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called

phospholipids

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ bond occurs.

polar covalent

What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in a water molecule together?

polar covalent bond

Water molecules are formed by __________.

polar covalent bonds

A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be

polyunsaturated.

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.

protons

The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of

protons + neutrons

The nucleus of an atom consists of

protons + neutrons.

Adenine and guanine are

purines represented by A and G.

Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many additional electrons to fill its outer electron shell?

2

Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?

PH 14

Many lipids are composed of fatty acids and

glycerol

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is

18

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of

+2

Which of the following functional groups is the carboxyl group?

-COOH

Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?

-NH2

Which of the following functional groups is the hydroxyl group?

-OH

Which of the following functional groups is the phosphate group?

-PO4

Lipids

-provide a significant energy reserve. -form essential structural components of cells. -help to maintain body temperature. -cushion organs against shocks.

Sodium (NA) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutral sodium atom

1

What structural differences make adenine and guanine different from cytosine, thymine, and uracil?

Adenine and guanine are double-ringed nitrogenous bases, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil are single-ringed.

________ is a type of indigestible polysaccharide.

Cellulose

Which of the following statements about water is false?

It has a relatively low heat capacity.

Which of these is NOT a property of glucose?

It is a disaccharide.

Wheat produces starch and cellulose, both of which are polysaccharides. While we rely on one for energy, we cannot digest the other. What causes such a physiological difference in digestion?

It is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the multiple glucose molecules.

Identify the correct statement regarding the process of denaturation.

It is the loss of protein structure.

In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means

a calcium ion that has lost two electrons

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,

a disaccharide is formed.

Fructose is

a hexose. an isomer of glucose. a carbohydrate. found in male reproductive fluids. All of the answers are correct.

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.

active

The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine.

adenine

If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is

alkaline.

The monomers of protein are

amino acids.

A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called

an R group.

In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward

anions

What type of bond does an unsaturated fatty acid contain that a saturated fatty acid does not?

at least one double covalent bond

The smallest stable units of matter are

atoms

Hydrogen bonds do not form between two hydrogen atoms. Where do hydrogen bonds form

between the slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom and the slight negative charge on the oxygen atom

In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the _______

cation; anion

H2O is an example of a(n)

compound

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

covalent bonds

The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called

deoxyribose.

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can

disrupt tissue functions. change the shape of proteins, rendering them nonfunctional. change body fluid pH. break chemical bonds. All of the answers are correct.

During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called

electrolytes

Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n)

electron cloud.

A(n) ________ is a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind.

element

Electrons in an atom occupy an orderly series of electron shells or

energy level

A nucleotide consists of a

five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

glucose.

When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be a

strong acid.

Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of

structural lipids.

Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute?

sugar

AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to

synthesis.

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

What makes fatty acid 3 an unsaturated fatty acid?

the presence of a double covalent bond


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