A&P I- Chapter 10
Which can cause muscle fatigue? -insufficient ATP -Na+ or K+ imbalance -build up of intracellular P1 -insufficient Ca2+ -insufficient acetylcholinesterase
-Na+ or K+ imbalance -build up of intracellular P1 -insufficient Ca2+
What is the insertion of the diaphragm?
Central tendon of the diaphragm
What is the insertion of the Trapezius
Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
What is the insertion of the deltoid?
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sarcoplasm
Dense body
A stretched muscle returning to its original length
Elasticity
Passively resisting the separation of two bones
Elasticity
What is the action of the Rectus femoris
Extension at knee; flexion at hip
What is the insertion of the Pectoralis major
Greater tubercle and intertubercular sulcus of humerus
The _____ line is a thin, transverse, protein meshwork structure in the center of the H zone of a sarcomere
M
What muscle cells function is regulating entry and exit of materials
Sarcolemma
_________ smooth muscle cells are stimulated to contract in unison (syncytium).
Single-unit
myosin head attachment and pivoting do not require energy, but ATP is needed for the myosin head cross bridge to ______ from actin and re-cock
detach
The specialized region of the sarcolemma that has folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface area covered by the synaptic knob is the
motor end plate.
ATP is generated when the enzyme creatine kinase transfers Pi from creatine _______ to ADP
phosphate
The contractile unit of a myofibril is called the
sarcomere.
The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell has a specific name and is known as ________
sarcoplasm
What is the origin of the masseter
Zygomatic arch
During a(n) ______ contraction, the length of the muscle does not change
isometric
What is the action of the Trapezius
Stabilize and move the scapula; extend neck
Single unit muscle cells contract ____.
together
When a muscle fiber contracts, which parts of the sarcomere maintain a constant length throughout contraction?
A-band
Match each structure with the connective tissue layer that surrounds it. -Muscle cell
Endomysium
A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one Z ______ to the next
disc
If a muscle cell is stimulated to contract, allowed to partially relax, then stimulated again, its force of contraction the second time will be ________
higher
The sequence for skeletal muscle contraction is
increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin head groups, resulting in contraction.
Calcium ions bind to what protein in a thin myofilament?
troponin
A single contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber is referred to as a muscle ______
twitch
An individual is better at performing repeated muscle contractions under aerobic conditions if he or she has a greater percentage of _____ fibers in the muscles used in that activity.
type I
A single contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber is referred to as a muscle _____
twitch
Match the type of muscle tissue with its brief description. -Autorhythmic with gap junctions
Cardiac
Match the duration of a single muscle contraction with the source of ATP: -Immediate
Creatine Phosphate
What is the action of the masseter
Elevates mandible/closes jaws
What muscle cells function is to transport the action potential from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber
T-tubule
The ability of muscle cells to shorten is called _______, a property that allows muscle cells to cause body movement.
contractility
The epimysium of a muscle surrounds the ______
entire skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle is composed of short cells that have a _____ shape
fusiform
Skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by ______ neurons
motor
Smooth muscle found in both the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye and arrector pili muscles in the skin is __________ smooth muscle.
multiunit
An extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extends through both the epimysium and the _____ of a muscle.
perimysium
As you hold a barbell and begin to flex your arm in a curl, your biceps brachii slowly lifts the weight by using more and more motor units. This phenomenon, which increases the strength of the contraction, is referred to as
recruitment
The striated apperance in skeletal muscle cells is due to size and density differences between _____ and _______ filaments
thick; thin
The source of energy for bonding between myosin and actin is
ATP
What is the action of the deltoid?
Abduction at shoulder
What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?
Calcaneus
Increasing I-band length
Extensibility
What is the action of the Triceps brachii
Extension at elbow
What is the origin of the Trapezius
External occipital protuberance and spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
What is the insertion of the Triceps brachii
Olecranon of Ulna
Aerobic respiration requires the presence of what molecule?
Oxygen
What is the origin of the gluteus maximus
Posterior and lateral portions of ilium, sacrum, coccyx
Where is the insertion site of biceps brachii?
Radial tuberosity
The arrival of a nerve impulse at the synaptic knob of a motor neuron causes synaptic vesicles to release _______ into the synaptic cleft
acetylcholine
To start a muscle contraction, a nerve impulse causes ______ release at a neuromuscular junction.
acetylcholine
Smooth muscle contraction is under ________ control of the nervous system
involuntary
What is the action of the latissimus dorsi
Extension and adduction at shoulder
Multiple bundles housing many muscle fibers
Muscle
A neuromuscular junction contains a(n)
synaptic cleft, motor end plate, synaptic knob
The axon of a motor neuron travels through the epimysium and perimysium, and enters the _________, where it delivers a nerve impulse to an individual ________.
endomysium; muscle fiber
Match the duration of a single muscle contraction with the source of ATP: -Short term
Anaerobic Respiration
The ____ line is a thin, transverse, protein meshwork structure in the center of the H zone of a sacromere
M
Elongated, multinucleated, cylindrical cell
Muscle fiber
T/F: Skeletal muscle is usually attached to the skeleton, but it is also found at the openings between the digestive tract and the external environment and the urinary tract and the opening to the external environment
True
T/F: Smooth muscle cells lack transverse tubules
True
Sprinting is a sport that requires an explosion of energy more than endurance. The best type of muscle fibers for this activity would be
fast-twitch fibers with fewer mitochondria and a lower blood supply.
Intermediate fibers have a high resistance to _____
fatigue
What is the insertion of the masseter
mandibular ramus
Match each structure with the connective tissue layer that surrounds it. -Muscle
Epimysium
Where is the origin of the deltoid?
Clavicle and acromion/spine of scapula
Electrically stimulating a muscle
Conductivity
What is the action of the biceps femoris?
Flexion at the knee; extension at the hip
Which of the following will increase during strenuous muscular activity?
Lactate
Place the organizational level of muscle tissue in order, beginning with the entire muscle and ending with the smallest component. Muscle fiber Muscle Fascicle Myofilament Myofibril
Muscle Fascicle Muscle fiber Myofibril Myofilament
What muscle cells function is metabolic activities; contraction
Muscle fiber
Long, cyclindrical contractile element within muscle cell
Myofibril
Short contractile proteins of two types: thick and thin
Myofilament
What is the origin of the Latissimus dorsi
Spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia
What is the origin of the biceps brachii
Short head: coracoid process Long head: superior border of glenoid cavity
Match the type of muscle tissue with its brief description. -Striated and multinucleated
Skeletal
Match the type of muscle tissue with its brief description. - No striations and involuntary
Smooth
The skeletal muscles arranged in layers along the walls of the abdominal cavity and the floor of the pelvic cavity perform what function?
Support, Protection, Contraction
When calcium ions bind to troponin, which of the following then occurs?
The myosin binding sites on actin are exposed
The connective tissue layers in muscle provide: protection, distribution sites for blood vessels and nerves, and a means of _________ to the skeleton
attachment
The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has small invaginations called
caveolae.
The diameter of a muscle fiber will predict:
how much power it will produce
Cytoskeleton network
intermediate filaments
In a motor unit, a single ________ neuron typically controls numerous muscle fibers in a muscle
motor
Thin filaments in smooth muscle cells contain which proteins?
actin, tropomyosin
The motor end plate has folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface area adjacent to the ______
synaptic knob
Check all that are a function of skeletal muscle tissue. -Metabolic regulation -Body movement -Maintenance of posture -Heat production -Regulating elimination of materials -Protection and support
-Body movement -Maintenance of posture -Heat production -Protection and support
Which of the following statements is true concerning calcium ions? -In smooth muscle, it binds with myosin light-chain kinase. -In skeletal muscle, it binds with tropomyosin. -In smooth muscle, it binds with calmodulin. -In skeletal muscle, it binds with calmodulin.
-In smooth muscle, it binds with calmodulin.
Smooth muscle is found in which of the following locations? -around blood vessels -in the epidermis of the skin -in the wall of the small intestines -in the wall of the uterus -in the heart wall
-around blood vessels -in the wall of the small intestines -in the wall of the uterus
Match the duration of a single muscle contraction with the source of ATP: -Long term
Aerobic Respiration
For longer contractions, muscle cells obtain ATP by which process?
Aerobic respiration
What is the action of the Rectus abdominis
Flexes spine; assists with exhalation
What is the action of the Pectoralis major
Flexion and adduction at shoulder
What is the insertion of the Rectus abdominis
Lower ribs and xiphoid process
What is the action of the gastrocnemius?
Plantar flexion
What muscle cells function is the site of metabolic processes for normal muscle fiber activities
Sarcoplasm
What is the origin of the Pectoralis major
Sternum and clavicle
The ____ discs that anchor the sarcomere on either end in skeletal muscle are absent from smooth muscle cells
Z
Acetylcholine moves across the synaptic cleft by ____
diffusion
Place the events that occur at a neuromuscular junction in order
1. Nerve signal arrives at synaptic knob 2. Calcium enters and binds synaptic vesicle 3. ACh is released via exocytosis into the synaptic cleft 4. ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate
Place the stages of cross-bridge cycling in order
1. calcium binds troponin; myosin binding site uncovered 2. cross-bridge formation 3. power stroke 4. release of myosin head by ATP 5. reset of myosin head
Which of the following events does not occur during skeletal muscle relaxation?
ACh binds its receptor on the motor end plate.
Energy to drive the myosin movement in the sliding filament process is provided in the form of ____.
ATP
Which of the following proteins are found within a sarcomere?
Actin, Connectin
What is the origin of the Rectus femoris
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Muscle cells are said to have what characteristic because they can respond to stimulation from the nervous system?
Excitability
What is the action of the diaphragm?
Expands thoracic cavity for inhalation
Stretching a muscle
Extensibility
What is the action of the gluteus maxiums
Extension and lateral rotation at hip
T/F: A muscle fiber that is partially shortened can produce a contraction stronger than the contraction it can produce when at its resting length
False
A bundle of muscle fibers
Fascicle
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for shot put?
Fast Glycolytic
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for standing broad jump?
Fast Glycolytic
Which of the 3 skeletal muscle fiber types has the largest diameter and provides both power and speed?
Fast glycolytic
What is the origin of the Gastrocnemius?
Femoral condyles
What is the action of the biceps brachii?
Flexion of elbow; supination
What is the insertion site of biceps femoris?
Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia
The act of shivering is an example of skeletal muscle performing what function?
Heat production
What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus
Iliotibial (IT) band and gluteal tuberosity of femur
What is the origin of the Triceps brachii
Lateral head: posterior and proximal region of humerus Long head: inferior border of glenoid cavity Medial head: Posterior region of humerus
What is the origin of the biceps femoris?
Long head: Ischial tuberosity Short head: Linea aspera
Which proteins function is to dephosphorylate myosin
MLCP
Match each protein with the appropriate filament. (Thick Filament, Thin Filament, or Neither) -Titin
Neither
Match each structure with the connective tissue layer that surrounds it. -Fascicle
Perimysium
In a 1500-meter run, an event that may take about 5 to 6 minutes, ATP is supplied by which energy sources?
Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources
What is the origin of the Rectus abdominis
Pubic bones
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -High myoglobin content
Slow Oxidative
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -Small fiber size
Slow Oxidative
In what part of the neuromuscular junction would each of these be found? (Motor End Plate or Synaptic Knob) -Synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine
Synaptic Knob
Match each protein with the appropriate filament. (Thick Filament, Thin Filament, or Neither) -Myosin -Myosin Heads
Thick Filament
Match each sarcomere region with the filament(s) it contains. (Thick filament, Thin filament, or both) - H Band
Thick Filament
Match each protein with the appropriate filament. (Thick Filament, Thin Filament, or Neither) -Actin -Tropomyosin -Troponin -Binding sites for myosin heads
Thin Filament
Match each sarcomere region with the filament(s) it contains. (Thick filament, Thin filament, or both). -I Band
Thin Filament
If you were studying the neurotransmitter released from axon terminals at a neuromuscular junction, you would be studying
acetylcholine.
In a neuromuscular junction, what enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?
acetylcholinesterase
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ______ ions needed to initiate muscle contraction
calcium
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase resides in the synaptic _____
cleft
As a result of muscle fiber contraction, thick filaments in neighboring sarcomeres move ______.
closer together
The amount of additional oxygen that must be inhaled in order to restore pre-exercise levels is called oxygen ______
debt
The synaptic knob of the neuron is a(n) _____ of an axon
expanded tip
A motor neuron transmits the effect of a nerve impulse to the muscle fiber at a neuromuscular _______
junction
Which are characteristics of glycolytic fibers?
low concentration of myoglobin, white
The vascular supply to slow oxidative muscle fibers is ______ extensive than that of fast glycolytic muscle fibers.
more
although muscle fibers obey the all-or-none principle, the force of muscle contraction can be varied depending on how many ______ units are used
motor
Skeletal muscle fibers are ________
multinucleate
If you were studying the functions of skeletal muscle, you would be studying all of the following except: protecting internal organs. movement. holding the head erect. production of blood cells. helping maintain a constant body temperature.
production of blood cells.
A contracting skeletal muscle fiber typically shortens as all of its _____ shorten in length
sacromeres
Within a myofibril, Z discs separate the functional units known as
sacromeres
At the end of contraction, when the stimulation from the nerve impulse ceases, calcium ions are pumped back into the ____
sarcoplasmic reticulum
A nerve impulse travels through an axon to its ________
synaptic knob
Which of the following connects muscle to bone?
tendons
The component of a muscle fiber that quickly transports a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber is called the
transverse tubule (T-tubule).
When a muscle fiber is in a relaxed state, the ______ molecules cover the G-actin active sites, preventing interaction between thick filaments and thin filaments
tropomyosin
Which proteins function is to bind calcium
Calmodulin
Anchoring point between intermediate filaments and the sarcolemma
Dense plaque
Which proteins function is to phosphorylate myosin
MLCK
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for triathlon?
Slow Oxidative
Match each sarcomere region with the filament(s) it contains. (Thick filament, Thin filament, or both) -M Line
Thick Filament
Where is the origin of the diaphragm?
Xiphoid process, lower ribs, and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae
In a concentric isotonic contraction, the tension produced is ______ than the resistance
greater
A muscle cell obtains ATP in the short term via what process?
Anaerobic respiration
The typical skeletal muscle fiber contains several components that facilitate the production of ATP. Check all that apply. -Mitochondria -Myoglobin -Myosin -Glycogen
-Mitochondria -Glycogen
Which is a characteristic of skeletal muscle from the selections below? -Contains intercalated discs -Under autonomic nervous control -Multinucleated -Lack of striations
-Multinucleated
Select the characteristics of slow-twitch muscle fibers. Check all that apply. -Few capillaries are present. -These fibers are also known as white fibers. -Myoglobin is present in high concentration -Mitochondria are numerous in these fibers.
-Myoglobin is present in high concentration -Mitochondria are numerous in these fibers.
Select all that are true regarding a resting muscle fiber. -The charge difference across the sarcolemma is zero. -There is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm. -Chemically gated ion channels are open. -Voltage-gated ion channels are closed.
-There is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm. -Voltage-gated ion channels are closed.
Receptors in the motor end plate bind with the neurotransmitter ________ released from the synaptic knob
acetylcholine
Acetylcholine moves across the synaptic cleft by ________
diffusion
The motor end plate has folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface areas adjacent to the ____
synaptic knob
Place the steps of cross-bridge cycling in order: -Release of myosin head -Cross-bridge formation -Power stroke -Reset myosin head
1. Cross-bridge formation 2. Power stroke 3. Release of myosin head 4. Reset myosin head
What muscle cells function is to store calcium ions needed for muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the insertion of the Rectus femoris
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell has a specific name and is known as
sarcoplasm
Type I muscle fibers contract more ______ than type IIa and IIb muscle fibers
slowly
The H band is more lightly shaded because only ____ filaments are present
thick
The H-band (or H-zone) is more lightly shaded because only _______ filaments are present
thick
Check all that are proteins of thin filaments. -Myosin -Actin -Troponin -Titin (connectin) -Tropomyosin
-Actin -Troponin -Tropomyosin
What are the events involved in smooth muscle contraction? Check all that apply. -Initiated by Ca2+ binding to intracellular calmodulin -Troponin activates tropomyosin -Ca2+/calmodulin complex activates MLCK -Activated MLCK to activate myosin ATPase
-Initiated by Ca2+ binding to intracellular calmodulin -Ca2+/calmodulin complex activates MLCK -Activated MLCK to activate myosin ATPase
In which activities are muscles in an isometric contraction? -jumping jacks -sitting up very straight -doing push ups -holding a yoga pose -pushing on a locked door -abdominal crunches
-sitting up very straight -holding a yoga pose -pushing on a locked door
Place the events involved in muscle contraction in the correct order. -Myosin heads attach to actin and form crossbridges. -Calcium ions are moved back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by ATP-driven pumps. -Myofilaments passively return to their original state. -ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate, initiating a muscle impulse. -A cyclic "attach, pivot, detach, return" event occurs. -A nerve impulse causes acetylcholine (ACh) release at a neuromuscular junction. -Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose active sites.
1. A nerve impulse causes acetylcholine (ACh) release at a neuromuscular junction. 2. ACh binds receptors on the motor end plate, initiating a muscle impulse. 3. Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose active sites. 4. Myosin heads attach to actin and form crossbridges. 5. A cyclic "attach, pivot, detach, return" event occurs. 6. Calcium ions are moved back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by ATP-driven pumps. 7. Myofilaments passively return to their original state.
Position the following items in order of decreasing size. Tropomyosin Fibers Sacromere Fascicle Ca2+ Troponin Myofilament F-actin
1. Fascicle (Largest) 2. Fibers 3. Myofibril 4. Sarcomere 5. Myofilament 6. F-actin 7. Tropomyosin 8. Troponin 9. Ca2+ (Smallest)
Acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft is needed so that ______ will not continuously stimulate the cell to contract.
ACh
Match each sarcomere region with the filament(s) it contains. (Thick filament, Thin filament, or both) -A Band
Both
Check all that are characteristics of cardiac muscle. Cells are long and cylindrical. Cells are short and branching. Cells have multiple nuclei at the periphery of the cell. Cells have one or two nuclei in the center of the cell. They are composed of thick and thin filaments. The functional contractile unit is the sarcomere.
Cells are short and branching. Cells have one or two nuclei in the center of the cell.
Action potentials in the center of the fiber radiating to the ends
Conductivity
Actively resisting the separation of two bones
Contractility
Pulling two bones closer together
Contractility
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -Anaerobic
Fast Glycolytic
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -Easily fatigued
Fast Glycolytic
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -Fast ATPase activity
Fast Glycolytic
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -High glycogen content
Fast Glycolytic
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for baseball pitching?
Fast Glycolytic
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for football?
Fast Glycolytic
The two types of muscle contraction are: a. ________ contraction (when a muscle contracts but does not change length) and b. _____ contraction (when a muscle contracts and does change length)
Isometric; Isotonic
In what part of the neuromuscular junction would each of these be found? (Motor End Plate or Synaptic Knob) - Acetylcholine receptors
Motor End Plate
In what part of the neuromuscular junction would each of these be found? (Motor End Plate or Synaptic Knob) - Acetylcholinesterase
Motor End Plate
Thick myofilaments are composed of bundles of what protein molecule?
Myosin
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -Many mitochondria
Slow Oxidative
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. (Fast Glycolytic or Slow Oxidative) -Red
Slow Oxidative
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for Tour de France cycling?
Slow Oxidative
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for long distance swimming?
Slow Oxidative
If gene therapy in the future would allow one to artificially alter the expression of muscle fibers for athletic success, which increase in fiber types would make the most sense for marathon running?
Slow Oxidative
In what part of the neuromuscular junction would each of these be found? (Motor End Plate or Synaptic Knob) -Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
Synaptic Knob
During relaxation, passive tension in _______ is released.
connectin
A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one Z _____ to the next
disc
The point where a motor neuron meets a skeletal muscle fiber is called the _________ junction
neuromuscular
The amount of additional oxygen that must be inhaled following exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions is called
oxygen debt.
At the ends of muscles, the connective tissues merge to form a __________, which attaches the muscle to other structures.
tendon
The diameter of a muscle fiber will predict
the amount of power it can generate.
The epimysium of a muscle surrounds _______
the entire skeletal muscle
