A&P II - Chapter 16
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. A) TH B) ACTH C) GH D) ADH
A) TH
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen
A) the heart
15) Hypersecretion of growth hormone. A) Addison's disease B) Acromegaly C) Diabetes mellitus D) Pituitary dwarfism E) Graves' disease
Acromegaly
18) Hypersecretion of growth hormone. A) Cushing's disease B) Myxedema C) Acromegaly D) Cretinism
Acromegaly
14) Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex. A) Addison's disease B) Acromegaly C) Diabetes mellitus D) Pituitary dwarfism E) Graves' disease
Addison's disease
21) The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction. A) Thyroid B) Adrenal medulla C) Hypophysis D) Parathyroid E) Pancreas
Adrenal medulla
Which organ does not have hormone production? A) heart B) kidney C) liver D) skin
C) liver
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. A) synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty C) secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH D) hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
ACTH ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D) is not a tropic hormone
B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. A) blocking the action of growth hormone B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released C) antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin D) slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers B) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
TRUE or FALSE: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Although glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.
TRUE
24) Produces the bodyʹs major metabolic hormones A) Thyroid B) Adrenal medulla C) Hypophysis D) Parathyroid E) Pancreas
Thyroid
1. Answer: D (Ovaries) 2. Answer: B (Posterior Pituitary Gland) 3. Answer: E (Testies) 4. Answer: C (Adrenal Glands) 5. Answer: A (Hypothalamus)
Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 1) Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. 2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. 3) Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics. 4) Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. (Adrenal Glands) 5) Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? A) extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone B) an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP C) second-messenger systems D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? A) Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. B) High calcium levels cause bone resorption. C) Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood
D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) all of these are signs
D) all of these are signs
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C) not responding to a feedback mechanism D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles
D) bones and skeletal muscles
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) aldosterone B) insulin C) secretin D) cortisol
D) cortisol
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system
D) direct control of the nervous system
Hormones often produce multiple products in the cell; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) proteins D) hormones
D) hormones
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation
D) humoral stimulation
ADH ________. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol
D) is inhibited by alcohol
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) ions B) deactivators C) nucleotides D) second messengers
D) second messengers
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) adrenal medulla B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) thymus gland
D) thymus gland
TRUE or FALSE: Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.
FALSE - diminish/depress the immune responses
TRUE or FALSE: Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin.
FALSE - follicle cells of the THYROID produce calcitonin
TRUE or FALSE: Addison's disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids only.
FALSE - glucocorticoids AND mineral corticoids
TRUE or FALSE: The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.
FALSE - lowers blood sugar levels
TRUE or FALSE: Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.
FALSE - targeting muscles directly
TRUE or FALSE: Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.
FALSE - the MOST abundant
TRUE or FALSE: The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.
FALSE - the thyroid
TRUE or FALSE: Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.
FALSE -involves steroidal hormones
11) An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland. A) Addison's disease B) Acromegaly C) Diabetes mellitus D) Pituitary dwarfism E) Graves' disease
Graves' disease
20) The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. A) Thyroid B) Adrenal medulla C) Hypophysis D) Parathyroid E) Pancreas
Hypophysis
16) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults. A) Cushing's disease B) Myxedema C) Acromegaly D) Cretinism
Myxedema
22) Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. A) Thyroid B) Adrenal medulla C) Hypophysis D) Parathyroid E) Pancreas
Pancreas
23) Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue. A) Thyroid B) Adrenal medulla C) Hypophysis D) Parathyroid E) Pancreas
Parathyroid
12) Hyposecretion of the growth hormone. A) Addison's disease B) Acromegaly C) Diabetes mellitus D) Pituitary dwarfism E) Graves' disease
Pituitary dwarfism
19) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants A) Cushing's disease B) Myxedema C) Acromegaly D) Cretinism
Cretinism
17) Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex. A) Cushing's disease B) Myxedema C) Acromegaly D) Cretinism
Cushing's disease
Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation D) controls milk production
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
TRUE or FALSE: The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone.
FALSE - calcatonin & parathyroid-hormone
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. A) binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei B) exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism C) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure D) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
A) binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D) by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity C) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen D) increasing blood pressure
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) enzyme B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal
A) enzyme
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
Leptin is secreted by ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts
B) adipocytes
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol
B) aldosterone
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) chlorine
B) calcium
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin
B) epinephrine
Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine
C) cortisol
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) cellular inhibition C) down-regulation D) metabolism of protein kinases
C) down-regulation
Which of the following is *not* a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone
C) epinephrine
Eicosanoids do not include ___________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins
C) hydrocortisones
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop
C) hypophyseal portal system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothing -- all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are nonspecific
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) the cell's sensitivity reaction B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a reaction to a stressor
C) up-regulation
13) Hyposecretion of the pancreas. A) Addison's disease B) Acromegaly C) Diabetes mellitus D) Pituitary dwarfism E) Graves' disease
Diabetes mellitus
TRUE or FALSE: Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin.
FALSE - - type I