A&P II Chapter 16 Endocrine System

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________. PRL TSH CRH ACTH

ACTH

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary? Prolactin ADH Somatostatin TSH

ADH

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? cortisol angiotensin II aldosterone ADH (vasopressin)

ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following glands secretes mineralocorticoids? Anterior pituitary Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Posterior pituitary

Adrenal cortex

Which gland produces cortisol? Pineal gland Pancreas Adrenal gland Testis

Adrenal gland

Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones is most likely to lead to high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration)? Aldosterone Unselected Glucagon Unselected Calcitonin Unselected Insulin

Aldosterone

The hormone that helps regulate blood sodium concentration, by stimulating Na⁺ conservation in the kidneys is: Parathyroid hormone Aldosterone Cortisol Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

In response to falling blood glucose levels, which pancreatic islet cell releases glucagon? Alpha cell F cell Beta cell Delta cell

Alpha cell

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water? ANSWER Unselected Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone Unselected Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Unselected Aldosterone and cortisol Unselected Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

____ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell. Endocrine Neuronal Paracrine Autocrine

Autocrine

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop? During childbirth, pressure on the cervix stimulates the release of oxytocin. This causes contractions, and therefore puts more pressure on the cervix. This cycle continues until the baby is born. During blood clotting, chemicals are secreted by wounded tissues that recruit platelets to the area. As the platelets arrive, they secrete more of the same chemicals, recruiting more platelets to the wound. This continues until the wound is clotted. During lactation, as an infant suckles, it stimulates the release of prolactin in the mother. Prolactin causes more milk to be produced for the infant to suckle. This continues until the infant stops breast feeding. Baroreceptors in the arteries send a signal to the brain that the blood pressure is low. The brain sends a chemical signal to the heart to increase its rate of pumping. This continues until the baroreceptors sense a normal blood pressure.

Baroreceptors in the arteries send a signal to the brain that the blood pressure is low. The brain sends a chemical signal to the heart to increase its rate of pumping. This continues until the baroreceptors sense a normal blood pressure.

Which cells produce insulin? Beta cells Follicle cells Parafollicular cells Chief cells

Beta cells

_____ are the major targets of growth hormone. Bone and skeletal muscle The lungs The adrenal glands The blood vessels

Bone and skeletal muscle

In response to rising blood calcium levels, the parafollicular cells of the thyroid will secrete which hormone? Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone T4 T3

Calcitonin

Which of the following hormones acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent? ANSWER Unselected Insulin Unselected Epinephrine Unselected Cortisol Unselected Aldosterone

Cortisol

Which of the following hormones is secreted in response to stress? GnRH Cortisol ADH Insulin

Cortisol

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." pheochromocytoma Addison's disease Cushing's disease

Cushing's disease

Which of the following effects occurs when epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla? Constriction of pupils Decrease in blood pressure Constriction of airway passages Decreased digestive and urinary functions

Decreased digestive and urinary functions

State two ways in which endocrine glands and exocrine glands differ. Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones and other substances into the blood, and exocrine glands have ducts and secrete only hormones on to epithelial tissue. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete products directly on to epithelial tissue, and exocrine glands have ducts that secrete products into the blood. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood, and exocrine glands have ducts that secrete products onto epithelial tissue. Endocrine glands have ducts that secrete hormones on to epithelial tissue, and exocrine glands are ductless and secrete the products into the blood.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood, and exocrine glands have ducts that secrete products onto epithelial tissue.

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? ANSWER correct Unselected Androgens Correct answer YOU WERE SURE AND CORRECT Epinephrine Unselected Aldosterone Unselected Cortisol

Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based? ANSWER Unselected Estrogen Unselected Aldosterone Unselected Epinephrine Unselected Cortisone

Epinephrine

Which hormone is not matched correctly with its action? ANSWER Unselected Leptin - promotes satiety Unselected Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - decreased blood pressure Unselected Melatonin - promotes sleep Unselected Erythropoietin - increases white blood cell formation

Erythropoietin - increases white blood cell formation

Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast? ANSWER INCORRECT Incorrect answer YOU WERE SURE AND INCORRECT Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Unselected Luteinizing hormone (LH) Unselected Progesterone Correct THE CORRECT ANSWER Estrogens

Estrogens

What feature is shared by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)? FSH and LH are tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary and target the gonads. FSH and LH stimulate the release of cortisol. FSH and LH are tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary and stimulate milk production. FSH and LH are tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary and target the thyroid.

FSH and LH are tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary and target the gonads.

______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs. ANSWER Unselected Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Unselected Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Unselected Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Unselected Cortisol

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the hormone insulin? Glycogen synthesis Stimulation of cells to uptake and utilize glucose Gluconeogenesis in the liver Synthesis of fat

Gluconeogenesis in the liver

What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus? ANSWER Unselected Amine hormones Unselected Hydrophobic hormones Unselected Hydrophilic hormones Unselected Protein hormones

Hydrophobic hormones

What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus? Amine hormones Protein hormones Hydrophobic hormones Hydrophilic hormones

Hydrophobic hormones

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia Cold temperatures Low basal metabolic rate

Hypocalcemia

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Low basal metabolic rate Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia Cold temperatures

Hypocalcemia

Which of the following effects is not associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)? ANSWER Unselected Increased release of calcium ions from bone Unselected Increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine Unselected Increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys Unselected Increased osteoblast activity

Increased osteoblast activity

Which of the following is not one of the effects of epinephrine? Increase in blood pressure Increase in blood pressure Increased water retention Increase in heart rate

Increased water retention

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin? Increasing blood pressure Increasing solute concentration of the urine Increasing blood glucose levels Increasing solute concentration of the blood

Increasing solute concentration of the blood

What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin? Increasing blood pressure Increasing blood glucose levels Increasing solute concentration of the blood Increasing solute concentration of the urine

Increasing solute concentration of the blood

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels? ANSWER Unselected Insulin Unselected Glucagon Unselected Growth hormone Unselected Cortisol

Insulin

_____ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis. Calcitriol Iodine Iron Calcium

Iodine

Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus? Prolactin Calcitonin Oxytocin Glucagon

Oxytocin

Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth? Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Estrogen Oxytocin

Oxytocin

Which of the following hormones has effects that involve positive feedback loops? Oxytocin Aldosterone Insulin Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

Which gland produces glucagon? Ovary Pancreas Adrenal gland Parathyroid gland

Pancreas

Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions? ANSWER Unselected Pancreas Unselected Anterior pituitary Unselected Adrenal medulla Unselected Thyroid

Pancreas

Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones? Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin Triiodothyronine (T3) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which endocrine organ is controlled by both hormonal and neural communications? Pancreas Pituitary Thyroid Ovary

Pituitary

Which gland produces prolactin? Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Hypothalamus Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship? ANSWER correct Unselected Pineal gland Unselected Thyroid gland Unselected Adrenal gland Correct answer YOU WERE SURE AND CORRECT Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

Which four organs are considered to be neuroendocrine organs? Anterior pituitary gland; pineal gland; adrenal cortex; and hypothalamus Pancreas; thyroid; adrenal medulla; and parathyroid Posterior pituitary gland; hypothalamus; pineal gland; and adrenal medulla Thyroid; posterior pituitary gland; pineal gland; and hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary gland; hypothalamus; pineal gland; and adrenal medulla

Which of the following hormones would not be water-soluble? Steroids Peptides Amines Proteins

Steroids

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of __________. ANSWER Unselected alpha cells Unselected beta cells Unselected chief cells Unselected T lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Which of the following hormones will be elevated in a patient with primary hypothyroidism, which results in a nonfunctional thyroid gland? iodine T3 and T4 TSH CRH

TSH

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? T4 T3 TRH TSH

TSH

Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ? ANSWER INCORRECT Correct THE CORRECT ANSWER Thyroid gland Incorrect answer YOU WERE SURE AND INCORRECT Testes Unselected Pineal gland Unselected Heart

Thyroid gland

Thermoregulation is a function of which of the following hormones? Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid hormones Calcitonin

Thyroid hormones

What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting? ANSWER Unselected Catecholamines Unselected Insulin Unselected Glucagon Unselected Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

Which hormone and the organ that makes it match is incorrect? Melatonin and pineal gland Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid gland Insulin and pancreas Epinephrine and adrenal medulla

Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid gland

What hormone is imbalanced in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism? Growth hormone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Thyroxine

Thyroxine

Leptin is a hormone produced by the ____. ANSWER Unselected thymus gland Unselected ovaries Unselected pineal gland Unselected adipose tissue

adipose tissue

Identify the gland that produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

adrenal cortex

Identify the neuroendocrine organ that produces and releases catecholamines.

adrenal medulla

Insulin stimulates all of the following actions except ANSWER Unselected an increase in blood glucose. Unselected an increase in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, increasing glucose uptake. Unselected glycogenesis. Unselected synthesis of fat from lipids.

an increase in blood glucose.

Identify the adenohypophysis.

anterior pituitary

All the following tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary except ANSWER Unselected follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Unselected thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Unselected antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Unselected adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Insulin is produced by the __________ cells of the pancreas. delta beta acinar alpha

beta

The ____ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin. ANSWER Unselected delta Unselected acinar Unselected beta Unselected alpha

beta

What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland? calcitonin triiodothyronine (T3) parathyroid hormone (PTH) thyroxine (T4)

calcitonin

A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ____. calcitriol cortisol calcitonin cholesterol

calcitriol

Unlike the nervous system, the effects of hormones: are carried out as individual actions to maintain homeostasis. are felt on all cells in the body. are immediate and short-lived. can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effect.

can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effect.

What is the name of the hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla? alpha cells chromaffin cells somatotrophs beta cells

chromaffin cells

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the endocrine system? regulates metabolic reactions maintains fluid balance controls memory and learning promotes growth

controls memory and learning

The outer region of the adrenal gland is called the __________. medulla cortex hypophysis islet of Langerhans

cortex

A patient presents with buffalo hump, weight gain, increased blood pressure, suppression of the immune response, and osteoporosis. The most likely diagnosis will be __________. aldosterone hypersecretion cortisol hypersecretion cortisol hyposecretion aldosterone hyposecretion

cortisol hypersecretion

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased sweating decreased cardiac output decreased insulin secretion decreased or difficulty breathing

decreased insulin secretion

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? cortisol aldosterone ADH (vasopressin) epinephrine

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is not important for fluid homeostasis? aldosterone ADH ANP epinephrine

epinephrine

The _____ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). ANSWER Unselected heart Unselected pancreas Unselected liver Unselected kidney

heart

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? slow heart rate heart palpitations low blood glucose cool, dry skin

heart palpitations

Hypothyroidism results in: low TRH. high TSH. high T4. high T3.

high TSH

Which of the following will cause negative feedback inhibition of the HPA axis? low cortisol levels high cortisol levels high stress low stress

high cortisol levels

Chemical messengers that reach their target cells traveling in blood are called __________. autocrine chemicals second messengers hormones neurotransmitters

hormones

The endocrine system secretes ____ into the blood to be transported to their target cells. receptors calcium neurotransmitters hormones

hormones

Endocrine glands secrete _____ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ____. neurotransmitters; target tissues hormones; neurons hormones; target tissues neurotransmitters; neurons

hormones; target tissues

All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the ________. anterior pituitary hypothalamus thymus thyroid gland

hypothalamus

All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the ________. anterior pituitary thymus hypothalamus thyroid gland

hypothalamus

Identify the part of the diencephalon that produces and releases releasing and inhibiting hormones.

hypothalamus

The _____ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems. hypothalamus thymus gland thyroid gland pancreas

hypothalamus

Which of the following is an effect of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4? increase in the metabolic rate calcium homeostasis inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system fluid homeostasis

increase in the metabolic rate

Thyroxine (T4) functions to ANSWER Unselected increase the general rate of metabolism. Unselected inhibit the rate at which calcium enters body fluids. Unselected reduce the rate of carbohydrate catabolism. Unselected inhibit the activities of the nervous system.

increase the general rate of metabolism.

Low levels of T3 and T4 will cause: increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a positive feedback loop. decreased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop. decreased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a positive feedback loop. increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop.

increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop.

Which of the following is not one of the effects of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)? increased blood calcium concentration increased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys increased calcium absorption in the small intestine increased calcium storage in bones

increased calcium storage in bones

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by all the following factors except increased plasma volume. decreased blood pH. falling blood levels of sodium. rising blood levels of potassium.

increased plasma volume.

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except increasing fat breakdown. stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors. stimulating protein synthesis. increasing the rate of glycogen formation.

increasing the rate of glycogen formation.

What is the function of leptin? stimulates hunger stimulates the body to store lipids induces satiety controls cholesterol homeostasis

induces satiety

Renin is produced by the ____. ANSWER Unselected liver Unselected adrenal cortex Unselected kidneys Unselected adrenal medulla

kidneys

Compared to the effects of the nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________. are faster are mediated by neurotransmitters last longer do not have an effect on homeostasis

last longer

Hyperthyroidism results in: low TSH. high TRH. low T3 and T4. high TSH.

low TSH

The pineal gland produces the hormone __________. calcitonin melatonin oxytocin aldosterone

melatonin

Most hormone secretion is regulated as part of a ________. ANSWER Unselected negative feedback loop Unselected downregulation cycle Unselected nervous system action potential Unselected positive feedback loop

negative feedback loop

Identify the gland that produces insulin and glucagon.

pancreas

The cells that secrete glucagon are located in the: pancreas anterior pituitary adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

pancreas

The hormone calcitonin is produced by the __________ cells of the thyroid. chief follicle parafollicular colloid

parafollicular

Identify the gland that produces and releases a hormone that raises blood calcium levels.

parathyroid

Identify the gland that produces and releases melatonin.

pineal gland

Melatonin is secreted by the ____ to regulate the sleep/wake cycle. ANSWER Unselected thymus gland Unselected pineal gland Unselected pancreas Unselected hypothalamus

pineal gland

Identify the gland that stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

posterior pituitary gland

Which of the following is not a major neurotransmitter used by the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system? serotonin acetylcholine norepinephrine epinephrine

serotonin

Cortisol acts to ANSWER Unselected increase the permeability of capillaries. Unselected stimulate gluconeogenesis. Unselected promote the storage of amino acids in the form of proteins by increasing protein synthesis. Unselected promote the storage of fatty acids in adipose tissue.

stimulate gluconeogenesis.

Which of the following is not one of the effects of cortisol? stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver stimulates lipolysis in fat stimulates the release of amino acids from muscle tissue stimulates the inflammatory response

stimulates the inflammatory response

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium by slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium. blocking the action of growth hormones. antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium.

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium.

In males, FSH prods these organs to produce testosterone.

testes

Which of the following hormones is important for T lymphocyte maturation? thyrotropin thymosin melatonin erythropoietin

thymosin

Identify the gland that is the target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

thyroid