A&P II: Chapter 22 Review

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expieration

residual volume (RV)

rapid breathing

tachypnea

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

1

How many lobes make up the left lung?

2

How many second bronchi does the right lung have?

3

How many lobes make up the right lung?

3 - superior, middle, and inferior

A normal inspiratory reserve volume in males would be ______ mL of air, and in females it would be ______ mL of air.

3000; 2100

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?

4

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Air flows in or out of the lungs based on differences in pressure. The greater the resistance, the slower the flow will be at a given pressure. In general, fluids and gases tend to take the path of least resistance. Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?

More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

__________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

Tidal

What is the respiratory membrane?

a thin membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value? a. Inspiratory reserve volume b. Expiratory reserve volume c. Residual volume d. Tidal volume

a. Inspiratory reserve volume

What is the expiratory reserve volume (in mL) of a healthy individual?

1100 mL

What is the residual volume (in mL) of a healthy individual?

1200

__________ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.

COPDs

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

a malignant form of lung cancer that originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

adenocarcinoma

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many __________ of the lungs.

alveoli

Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex? a. Anterior b. Superior c. Inferior d. Medial

b. Superior

ridges along the nasal cavity; also called turbinates

conchae

the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

T or F: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

false - The anatomical dead space is the total volume of the conducting airways, where gas exchange does not occur. This volume can change. For example, the sympathetic nervous system dilates the airways during exercise.

occurs when a metabolic poison, such as cyanide, prevents the tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

histotoxic hypoxia

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? (select all that apply) a. Medulla oblongata b. Pons c. Fornix d. Corpora quadrigemina

a. Medulla oblongata and b. Pons

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below. a. Nostrils b. Nares c. Choanae d. Vestibule

a. Nostrils and b. Nares

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? Choose two of the options below. a. Vocal cords b. Vestibular folds c. Vocal folds d. Vestibular ligaments

a. Vocal cords and c. Vocal folds

an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35

acidosis

an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45

alkalosis

due to anemia and the resulting inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen

anemic hypoxia

cessation of breathing

apnea

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

at the capillary networks of the tissues

The auditory tubes open in the __________. a. oropharynx b. nasopharynx c. laryngopharynx

b. nasopharynx

The __________ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

base

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below. a. Partial pressure of oxygen b. Lung compliance c. Diameter of the bronchioles d. Intrapleural pressure

c. Diameter of the bronchioles and d. Intrapleural pressure

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following? a. smoke and dust in the air b. oxygen levels c. pH d. carbon dioxide levels

c. pH

The central __________ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

chemoreceptors

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the __________.

choanae

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate what?

coughing

a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia

cyanosis

Where is the trachea located? a. Lateral to the mediastinum b. Posterior to the esophagus c. Superior to the larynx d. Anterior to the esophagus

d. Anterior to the esophagus

According to the image, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? a. CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma b. CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas c. CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes d. Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

d. Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing? a. vocal cords b. vocal ligaments c. tracheal cartilages d. vestibular folds

d. vestibular folds

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? a. Tertiary bronchi b. Trachea c. Terminal bronchiole d. Secondary bronchiole e. Alveoli

e. Alveoli

a COPD degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange caused by long term inhalation of cigarette smoke

emphysema

relaxed, quiet breathing

eupnea

Movement of air out of the lungs is called __________.

expiration

The __________ reserve volume represents the amount of air that can be expelled after the tidal volume.

expiratory

deep/excessive breathing

hyperpnea

a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

hypocapnia

What type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

hypoxemic hypoxia

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called __________.

hypoxia

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called __________.

inspiration

results from inadequate blood circulation, as in congestive heart failure

ischemic hypoxia

The __________ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

term that refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus

lobe

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

medulla and pons of the brainstem

The __________ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

What gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

nitrogen

What are the four predominant components of inspired air?

nitrogen (78.6%), oxygen (20.9%), water vapor (0.5%), and carbon dioxide (0.04%)

Although the intercostal muscles contribute to the enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage, they only produce about about __________ of the pulmonary airflow.

one-third

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

pleura

Pleurae are what type of membrane?

serous

the least common (10-20% of lung malignancies) but most dangerous form of lung cancer, named for clusters of cells that resemble oat grains, originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly to other organs

small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

most common form of lung cancer, originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

squamous-cell carcinoma

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

superior and inferior

The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are __________.

superior, middle, and inferior

a fiber tract that connects structures within the limbic system

the fornix

structure the conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi

trachea

T or F: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

true

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus: Left or Right?

Right, because the left primary bronchus is narrower and more horizontal than the right primary bronchus so foreign objects are less likely to lodge in this bronchus.

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? a. Diaphragm b. Erector spinae c. Intercostal muscles d. Scalene muscles

a. Diaphragm

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below. a. Diaphragm b. Pectoralis major and minor c. Sternocleidomastoid d. Rectus abdominis e. Intercostals f. Scalenes

a. Diaphragm and e. Intercostals

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane. (select all that apply) a. Endothelial cell of capillary b. Type I (squamous) alveolar cell c. Type II (great) alveolar cell d. One shared basement membrane e. Two separate basement membranes

a. Endothelial cell of capillary, b. Type I (squamous) alveolar cell, d. One shared basement membrane

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following? a. producing speech b. absorbing oxygen c. filtering the air d. detecting odors

a. producing speech

the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

alveolar gas exchange

term that refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange

anatomical dead space

Which best describes what happens during exhalation? a. The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out b. The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out c. The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out d. The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out

b. The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

Each __________ __________ is ventilated by a different segmental (tertiary) bronchus.

bronchopulmonary segment

Which of these occurs during exhalation? a. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure decreases. b. Lung volumes remain constant and air expands. c. Lung volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure increases. d. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

d. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the __________ reserve volume.

expiratory

the volume of air that a person can exhale with maximum effort following a normal, tidal exhalation

expiratory reserve volume

the volume of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval

forced expiratory volume

the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval

forced expiratory volume (FEV)

an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

hypercapnia

the anterior nasal apertures

nares/nostrils

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the __________ system.

respiratory

the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells

systemic gas exchange

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?

tertiary bronchus

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of what?

the bronchioles

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

the heme group

What are the 9 functions of the respiratory system?

1. gas exchange (O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air) 2. communication (speech and other vocalization) 3. olfaction (smell) 4. acid-base balance (helps control pH by eliminating CO2) 5. blood pressure regulation (lungs help produce angiotensin II) 6. platelet production (> 1/2 made in lungs by megakaryocytes) 7. blood and lymph flow (breathing creates pressure gradients that promote flow) 8. blood filtration (by the lungs) 9. expulsion of abdominal contents (breath-holding and abdominal contraction help expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, and childbirth)

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect? a. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration. b. More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures. c. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. d. The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues.

c. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

The __________ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory