A&P II: Chapter 23 Review
About how many nephrons are in a kidney?
1.2 million
In young females, the glomerular filtration rate is about ______ mL/min.
105
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs about _____% of the glomerular filtrate.
65
__________ increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of aquaporins.
Antidiuretic hormone
__________ have relatively short nephron loops that dip only slightly into the outer medulla.
Cortical nephrons
True or false: The left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it.
False - The right kidney is lower than the left because the liver is on the right.
Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What is the result of renal autoregulation?
The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.
What does the urinary system excrete?
a broad variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water
What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?
a nephron
Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? (select all that apply) a. Chloride b. Water c. Glucose and amino acids d. Potassium ions e. Sodium ions
a. Chloride, d. Potassium ions, e. Sodium ions
What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? (select two from below) a. Creatinine b. Urea c. Bicarbonate d. Phosphates
a. Creatinine and b. Urea
What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? a. Macula densa b. Mesangial cells c. Efferent arteriole d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Glomerular capsule
a. Macula densa, b. Mesangial cells, d. Juxtaglomerular cells
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? a. The reabsorption of water and salts b. The production of renin c. The excretion of nitrogenous wastes d. The transport of glucose
a. The reabsorption of water and salts
Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? (select all that apply) a. The surface area available for filtration b. The level of hydration c. The amount of sodium in the blood d. Permeability of the filtration membrane
a. The surface area available for filtration, and b. Permeability of the filtration membrane
Renal clearance is the net effect of which of the following? (select all that apply) a. Tubular secretion b. Glomerular filtration c. Tubular reabsorption d. Metabolic deactivation e. Dietary intake
a. Tubular secretion, b. Glomerular filtration, c. Tubular reabsorption
the outermost connective tissue covering of an organ
adventitia
The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting what structure?
afferent arteriole
Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ______.
aquaporins
How do most nitrogenous wastes originate?
as byproducts of protein catabolism
The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______.
autoregulation
Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? (select all that apply) a. Epinephrine b. Antidiuretic hormone c. Angiotensin-converting enzyme d. Aldosterone e. Natriuretic peptides
b. Antidiuretic hormone, d. Aldosterone, e. Natriuretic peptides
Which are parts of a renal tubule? (select all that apply) a. Glomerulus b. Distal convoluted tubule c. Glomerular capsule d. Nephron loop e. Proximal convoluted tubule f. Collecting duct
b. Distal convoluted tubule, d. Nephron loop, e. Proximal convoluted tubule, f. Collecting duct
orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed
bilirubin
How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure?
by regulating water and sodium output
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood?
by regulating water output
Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? a. Mesangial cells b. Macula densa cells c. Granular cells d. Podocytes
c. Granular cells
Which describes the urethra? a. It conveys urine from the kidneys to the bladder. b. It conveys urine from the renal papillae to the renal pelvis. c. It conveys urine from the bladder out of the body.
c. It conveys urine from the bladder out of the body.
Which of the following describes the ureters? a. They convey urine from the renal papillae to the renal pelvis. b. They convey urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body. c. They convey urine from each kidney to the bladder.
c. They convey urine from each kidney to the bladder.
What is the role of the collecting ducts? a. To absorb glucose b. To release renin if urine flow drops too low c. To adjust the concentration of urine d. To transport Na, K, and chloride into the ECF to increase its osmolarity
c. To adjust the concentration of urine
What does the respiratory system excrete?
carbon dioxide, small amounts of other gases, and water
The volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is completely removed in one minute is called renal __________.
clearance
Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the __________ duct.
collecting
a segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream; penetrates the medullary pyramid
collecting duct
The outer layer of the renal parenchyma is called the renal __________.
cortex
Most nephrons are __________ nephrons.
cortical
Which describes the location of the kidneys? a. In the lower thorax b. In the pelvic cavity c. In the peritoneal cavity below the intestines d. Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3
d. Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3
What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
decreased blood pressure (reason: The end result of the renin-angiotensin mechanism is increased blood volume and vasoconstriction. These things increase blood pressure. So, the stimulus that activates the mechanism would be a decreasing blood pressure.)
A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.
decreased; increased (reason: Decreased GFR means less blood plasma will become filtrate and urine.)
Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys __________ the rate of urine production.
decreases
anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
desmosomes
the muscle that contracts to expel urine
detrusor
increased output of urine
diuresis
The __________ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.
efferent
The __________ carries blood out of a gloerulus.
efferent arteriole
The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called __________.
excretion
What is the fluid of the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called?
filtrate
The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular __________.
filtration
The digestive system eliminates __________ residue (which is not part of excretion).
food
In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?
from the tubular fluid into the blood
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form __________.
glomerular filtrate
The fluid in the capsular space; is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of proteins
glomerular filtrate
a tuft of capillaries; only one portion of the renal corpuscle
glomerulus
anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur.
high
The color of urine varies based on the body's state of __________.
hydration
Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood __________ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood.
hydrostatic
An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.
increased; decreased (reason: Increased GFR means more blood plasma will become filtrate and urine.)
How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?
it increases the BP
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the __________ apparatus.
juxtaglomerular
smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole; dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin
juxtaglomerular cells
15% of nephrons are what kind?
juxtamedullary
Which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?
juxtamedullary nephrons
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur.
low
epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop; monitor tubular fluid
macula densa cells
cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries; dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries
mesangial cells
structures that increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells
microvilli
Filling of the bladder stimulates stretch receptors that, in turn, trigger what reflex?
micturition
The process of urination, or voiding urine is called ______.
micturition
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation.
myogenic
The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what?
obligatory water reabsorption
What is a urine output of less than 500 ml/day called?
oliguria
decreased urine output
oliguria
The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal __________.
plexus
Fluid intake, diabetes, and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or __________.
polyuria
excessive urination
polyuria
The kidneys lie against the __________.
posterior abdominal wall
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular ______.
reabsorption
Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called ______.
renal columns
Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what?
renal tubule
What structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct?
renal tubule
What four organ systems carry out excretion?
respiratory, integumentary, digestive, and urinary
the wrinkles in the urinary bladder lining
rugae
During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by what process?
solvent drag
muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis
the bladder
The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what?
the concentration of urine
What is tubular secretion?
the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
What segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier?
the nephron loop (Reason: It has two limbs with fluid flowing in opposite directions (countercurrent) and it "multiplies" the salinity of the medulla by acting salt to the ECF.)
What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called?
tight junctions
The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called __________ feedback.
tobuloglomerular
The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the ______.
trigone
T or F: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins.
true
fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule
tubular fluid
Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by what process?
tubular secretion
The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a __________.
ureter
The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ______, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin.
urochrome
The __________ recta within the medulla of the kidney acts as a countercurrent exchanger.
vasa
the capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron; reclaims reabsorbed substances, such as water and sodium ions
vasa recta
What does the integumentary system excrete?
water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat
What does the digestive system excrete?
water, salts, carbon dioxide, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other metabolic waste
