A&P II: Chapter 23 Review

About how many nephrons are in a kidney?

1.2 million

In young females, the glomerular filtration rate is about ______ mL/min.

105

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs about _____% of the glomerular filtrate.

65

__________ increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of aquaporins.

Antidiuretic hormone

__________ have relatively short nephron loops that dip only slightly into the outer medulla.

Cortical nephrons

True or false: The left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it.

False - The right kidney is lower than the left because the liver is on the right.

Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What is the result of renal autoregulation?

The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.

What does the urinary system excrete?

a broad variety of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, and water

What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?

a nephron

Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? (select all that apply) a. Chloride b. Water c. Glucose and amino acids d. Potassium ions e. Sodium ions

a. Chloride, d. Potassium ions, e. Sodium ions

What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? (select two from below) a. Creatinine b. Urea c. Bicarbonate d. Phosphates

a. Creatinine and b. Urea

What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? a. Macula densa b. Mesangial cells c. Efferent arteriole d. Juxtaglomerular cells e. Glomerular capsule

a. Macula densa, b. Mesangial cells, d. Juxtaglomerular cells

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? a. The reabsorption of water and salts b. The production of renin c. The excretion of nitrogenous wastes d. The transport of glucose

a. The reabsorption of water and salts

Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? (select all that apply) a. The surface area available for filtration b. The level of hydration c. The amount of sodium in the blood d. Permeability of the filtration membrane

a. The surface area available for filtration, and b. Permeability of the filtration membrane

Renal clearance is the net effect of which of the following? (select all that apply) a. Tubular secretion b. Glomerular filtration c. Tubular reabsorption d. Metabolic deactivation e. Dietary intake

a. Tubular secretion, b. Glomerular filtration, c. Tubular reabsorption

the outermost connective tissue covering of an organ

adventitia

The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting what structure?

afferent arteriole

Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ______.

aquaporins

How do most nitrogenous wastes originate?

as byproducts of protein catabolism

The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______.

autoregulation

Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? (select all that apply) a. Epinephrine b. Antidiuretic hormone c. Angiotensin-converting enzyme d. Aldosterone e. Natriuretic peptides

b. Antidiuretic hormone, d. Aldosterone, e. Natriuretic peptides

Which are parts of a renal tubule? (select all that apply) a. Glomerulus b. Distal convoluted tubule c. Glomerular capsule d. Nephron loop e. Proximal convoluted tubule f. Collecting duct

b. Distal convoluted tubule, d. Nephron loop, e. Proximal convoluted tubule, f. Collecting duct

orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed

bilirubin

How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure?

by regulating water and sodium output

How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood?

by regulating water output

Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? a. Mesangial cells b. Macula densa cells c. Granular cells d. Podocytes

c. Granular cells

Which describes the urethra? a. It conveys urine from the kidneys to the bladder. b. It conveys urine from the renal papillae to the renal pelvis. c. It conveys urine from the bladder out of the body.

c. It conveys urine from the bladder out of the body.

Which of the following describes the ureters? a. They convey urine from the renal papillae to the renal pelvis. b. They convey urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body. c. They convey urine from each kidney to the bladder.

c. They convey urine from each kidney to the bladder.

What is the role of the collecting ducts? a. To absorb glucose b. To release renin if urine flow drops too low c. To adjust the concentration of urine d. To transport Na, K, and chloride into the ECF to increase its osmolarity

c. To adjust the concentration of urine

What does the respiratory system excrete?

carbon dioxide, small amounts of other gases, and water

The volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is completely removed in one minute is called renal __________.

clearance

Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the __________ duct.

collecting

a segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream; penetrates the medullary pyramid

collecting duct

The outer layer of the renal parenchyma is called the renal __________.

cortex

Most nephrons are __________ nephrons.

cortical

Which describes the location of the kidneys? a. In the lower thorax b. In the pelvic cavity c. In the peritoneal cavity below the intestines d. Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3

d. Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3

What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

decreased blood pressure (reason: The end result of the renin-angiotensin mechanism is increased blood volume and vasoconstriction. These things increase blood pressure. So, the stimulus that activates the mechanism would be a decreasing blood pressure.)

A decreased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.

decreased; increased (reason: Decreased GFR means less blood plasma will become filtrate and urine.)

Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys __________ the rate of urine production.

decreases

anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

desmosomes

the muscle that contracts to expel urine

detrusor

increased output of urine

diuresis

The __________ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.

efferent

The __________ carries blood out of a gloerulus.

efferent arteriole

The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called __________.

excretion

What is the fluid of the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called?

filtrate

The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular __________.

filtration

The digestive system eliminates __________ residue (which is not part of excretion).

food

In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?

from the tubular fluid into the blood

In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form __________.

glomerular filtrate

The fluid in the capsular space; is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of proteins

glomerular filtrate

a tuft of capillaries; only one portion of the renal corpuscle

glomerulus

anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane

hemidesmosomes

If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur.

high

The color of urine varies based on the body's state of __________.

hydration

Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood __________ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood.

hydrostatic

An increased GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.

increased; decreased (reason: Increased GFR means more blood plasma will become filtrate and urine.)

How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?

it increases the BP

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the __________ apparatus.

juxtaglomerular

smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole; dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin

juxtaglomerular cells

15% of nephrons are what kind?

juxtamedullary

Which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?

juxtamedullary nephrons

If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur.

low

epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop; monitor tubular fluid

macula densa cells

cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries; dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries

mesangial cells

structures that increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells

microvilli

Filling of the bladder stimulates stretch receptors that, in turn, trigger what reflex?

micturition

The process of urination, or voiding urine is called ______.

micturition

Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation.

myogenic

The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what?

obligatory water reabsorption

What is a urine output of less than 500 ml/day called?

oliguria

decreased urine output

oliguria

The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal __________.

plexus

Fluid intake, diabetes, and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or __________.

polyuria

excessive urination

polyuria

The kidneys lie against the __________.

posterior abdominal wall

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular ______.

reabsorption

Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called ______.

renal columns

Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what?

renal tubule

What structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct?

renal tubule

What four organ systems carry out excretion?

respiratory, integumentary, digestive, and urinary

the wrinkles in the urinary bladder lining

rugae

During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by what process?

solvent drag

muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis

the bladder

The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what?

the concentration of urine

What is tubular secretion?

the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid

What segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier?

the nephron loop (Reason: It has two limbs with fluid flowing in opposite directions (countercurrent) and it "multiplies" the salinity of the medulla by acting salt to the ECF.)

What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called?

tight junctions

The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called __________ feedback.

tobuloglomerular

The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the ______.

trigone

T or F: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins.

true

fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule

tubular fluid

Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by what process?

tubular secretion

The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a __________.

ureter

The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ______, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin.

urochrome

The __________ recta within the medulla of the kidney acts as a countercurrent exchanger.

vasa

the capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron; reclaims reabsorbed substances, such as water and sodium ions

vasa recta

What does the integumentary system excrete?

water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea in sweat

What does the digestive system excrete?

water, salts, carbon dioxide, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other metabolic waste