A&P II; Exam 1 - Endocrine System and Blood

What is the difference between a granulocyte and an agranulocyte?

Granulocytes contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules, and Agranulocytes lack obvious granules

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? Which are agranulocytes?

Granulocytes- Neutrophil,Eosinophil, Basophil Agranulocytes- Lymphocyte, Monocyte

List and describe the three ways that hormones interact with one another at a target cell; give examples of each.

Permissiveness- One hormone cannot exert its full effect without the presence of another hormone (lack of thyroid hormone delays reproductive development) Synergism- More than one hormone exerts the same effect at the target cell; and their combined effects are amplified (Both glucagon and epinephrine cause the liver to release glucose into the blood. Combined effort is about 150% of what is released by the individual hormone) Antagonism- One hormone opposes the action of another (Insulin lowers blood glucose, while glucagon raises blood glucose)

What is the difference between a steroid hormone and an amino acid-based hormone?

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and amino acid-based hormones are water soluble. This means steroid hormones can pass through the plasma membrane and attach to receptors inside the cell whereas amino acid-based hormones cannot pass through the plasma membrane so they have to attach to receptors on the outside of the cell. Steroid based hormones use direct gene activation and amino acid-based hormones use indirect gene activation.

1. Compare and contrast the anterior and posterior pituitary o How are each connected to the hypothalamus? ♣ o What is the role of each in the synthesis of hormones? ♣ o Which tissue type comprises each? ♣

Anterior Pituitary Gland- connected to the hypothalamus via the Hypophyseal Portal System. Regulated by the hypothalamic secretion of releasing and inhibiting hormones to the Adenohypophysis. Made up of glandular tissue Posterior Pituitary Gland- connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. Hormones are stored in the axon terminals and release when neurons fire. made up of neural tissue derived from a down-growth in the brain

Understand and describe the different modes of cell communication

Autocrine Signaling- Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them Paracrine Signaling- Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them Endocrine Signaling- Long distance chemical signal; travel in blood or lymph

Describe the internal and external anatomy of the thyroid gland

External Anatomy: butterfly shaped gland located in the anterior of the neck on the trachea, just inferior to the larynx; Isthmus- median tissue mass that connects the two lateral lobes Internal Anatomy: composed of hollow, spherical follicles-- follicular cells surround the follicles and secrete thyroid hormone-- central cavity of follicles contains colloid

Describe each of the leukocyte disorders

Leukemia- Overproduction of abnormal WBC's Infectious Mononucleosis- highly contagious viral disease, excessive number of lymphocytes

Be able to describe each leukocyte type, and discuss its function

Neurophil- Multi lobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules; Most numerous, bacteria slayers Eosinophil- Bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules; lead counter-attack against parasitic worms Basophil- Bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules; contain histamine which cause inflammation and attract other White Blood Cells Lymphocyte- Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm; T cells directly fight against virus-infected cells and tumor cells and B cells give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies that are released into the blood. Monocyte- Kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm; Differentiate into macrophages that are actively phagocytic, and they are crucial to the body's defense against viruses, certain intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections such as tuberculosis.

Who are the universal blood donors?

O

What are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin and ADH

What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

PRL, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH

List the characteristics of blood

Sticky, opaque fluid; metallic taste/smell; PH of 7.35-7.45

Describe hemostasis

Stopping bleeding

Describe the anatomy of the pituitary gland

The pituitary glad is made up of two parts. The Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) and the Posterior Pituitary Gland. The Adenohypophysis is made up of glandular tissue and the posterior pituitary gland is made up of neural tissue. The Posterior Pituitary gland and the infundibulum together are called the neurohypophysis.

What is a tropic hormone? Give some examples.

Tropic hormones are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. Some examples are TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH.

Describe the structure of an erythrocyte, and discuss how structure is related to its function.

Biconcave, anucleate disc; Its structure gives it a large surface area that allows gases to pass easily to and from the cell. Also with no nucleus or organelles no oxygen is being used, all of it is transported to the tissue.

Define hormones

Chemical substances secreted by the cells into the extracellular fluids

Describe the anatomical and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

- The Hypothalamus is connected to the Pituitary Gland by a stalk called the infundibulum. The hypothalamus acts as the governor and tells the pituitary gland what to do.

Be able to describe target cell specificity

-Hormones circulate to all tissues but only activate cells referred to as target cells -Target cells must have specific receptors to which the hormone binds -These receptors may be intracellular or located on the plasma membrane

List and describe the ways in which hormone activity is regulated

-Presence of a receptor for that hormone -blood levels of the hormone -relative numbers of receptors for the hormone on or in the target cells -affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Discuss the Rh blood groups o What does it mean to be "+" or "-"

'+' indicates the presence of the D antigen '-' indicates the absence of the D antigen

Who are the universal blood recipients?

AB

Discuss the ABO blood types o What are the antigens? ♣ o Where are the antibodies? When do they form? ♣ o What is agglutination? ♣

Agglutination is the clumping of particles