A&P II Exam 4
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? zymogenic cells parietal cells mucous neck cells enteroendocrine cells
enteroendocrine cells
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? intestinal enterogastric cephalic gastric
enterogastric
Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin? amylase chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase enteropeptidase
enteropeptidase
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? histamine epinephrine acetylcholine (ACh) an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
epinephrine
What structure within the long bone is the primary site of bone formation?
epiphyseal plate
the area of a bone that serves as the site of bone growth is known as the
epiphyseal plate
Which is NOT normally be found in the filtrate?
erythrocytes
Female secondary sexual characteristics (libido, pubic and axillary hair, fat distribution pattern, and breast development) are controlled by __________.
estrogens and androgens
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. increase in the production of aldosterone decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma decrease in the production of ADH increase in the production of ADH
increase in the production of ADH
In skeletal muscle fibers, arrival of the pancreatic hormone insulin causes __________.
increased glucose transport into skeletal muscles
Acromegaly is caused by __________.
increased growth hormone levels
Benefits of regular exercise include all of the following, EXCEPT . A. increased plasma levels of HDL (high-density lipoproteins). B. decreased risk of heart attack. C. increased levels of LDL (low-density lipoproteins). D. decreased blood pressure. E. decreased plasma levels of triglycerides. Feedback
increased levels of LDL (low-density lipoproteins)
What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate? insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR excessive NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR excessive NaCl reabsorption due to low GFR insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to low GFR
insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR
Glucagon secretion may be inhibited by __________.
insulin and increase in plasma glucose
The pancreatic hormone that is more prevalent after a meal is __________, whereas the pancreatic hormone more characteristic of the fasting state is __________.
insulin; glucagon
The seminal vesicles secrete a fluid that contains large amounts of __________.
fructose
To achieve coordinated activity within a given section of the small intestine, adjacent smooth muscle cells have
gap junctions
Of the currently known enterogastrones (GI hormones), only one, ___________, stimulates gastric motility and secretion.
gastrin
Hormones secreted directly by the gastrointestinal tract (excluding the secondary organs) include
gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) Insulin is a hormone that may function in a variety of ways. Its primary function is to trigger the facilitated diffusion and uptake of glucose from the blood into target cells. It is not known to have any direct influence on digestion along the GI tract
A high-protein meal stimulates release of __________, which in turn stimulates secretion of
gastrin; hydrochloric acid
GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following? capsular osmotic pressure (OPc) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) blood osmotic pressure (OPg) capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
Each nephron contains a __________, which is a tuft of capillaries, and a __________. glomerulus; renal tubule renal plexus; renal tubule renal plexus and glomerular capsule; glomerulus glomerulus; renal plexus
glomerulus; renal tubule
Amino acids in the diet that are not used to make proteins can be used in __________.
gluconeogenesis
Insulin secretion is stimulated by a rise in the plasma concentration of __________.
glucose and amino acids
The breakdown of glycogen stores from the liver to produce glucose
glycogenolysis
The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules
glycolysis
If female gonadal cortex gonadal medulla Wolffian Duct Mullerian Duct form?
gonadal cortex: ovary gonadal medulla: regresses Wolffian Duct: regresses Mullerian Duct: Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/2 of vagina (AMH absent).
If male gonadal cortex gonadal medulla Wolffian Duct Mullerian Duct form?
gonadal cortex: regresses gonadal medulla: testis Wolffian Duct: forms epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle (testosterone present) Mullerian Duct: regresses (AMH present).
Examples of hormones that are released by the hypothalamus include __________.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
In the mature reproductive systems of males and females, the __________ produce the gametes, while the __________ function(s) to achieve the union of two gametes.
gonads; genitalia
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the pressure in the atmosphere. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The release of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary is inhibited by __________.
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone and somatostatin
During pregnancy, progesterone promotes __________.
growth of milk-secreting tissue in the breasts
To achieve a typical female developmental pattern, every cell in a human embryo must __________.
have two X chromosomes, one of which is almost totally inactivated, and be unexposed to fetal androgens
Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by the __________.
heart
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
heart palpitations
In order for a molecule to be considered a hormone, it must meet each of the following criteria except that ________.
hormones are very small, water-soluble molecules
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. in the walls of the tract organs in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen in the pons and medulla in the oral cavity
in the walls of the tract organs
The hormone erythropoietin is secreted by the __________.
kidney
Urine is produced by the
kidney.
Adults do not increase in height. This suggests that adult bones __________.
lack open cartilaginous epiphyseal plates
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid warming the air before it enters protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations humidifying the air before it enters
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
interferons
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
The __________ keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed from the bladder and prevents leaking between voiding. external urethral orifice internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter prostatic urethra
internal urethral sphincter
Testosterone are produced by the __________in testes.
interstitial cells of Leydig
In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum. intestinal cephalic gastric phase reflux
intestinal
During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated? intestinal phase cephalic phase gastric phase
intestinal phase
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? intrapleural pressure atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural presure
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? intrinsic factor gastric lipase pepsinogen HCl
intrinsic factor
After blood becomes oxygenated, it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells
Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney?
loop of Henle
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. loop of Henle glomerular filtration membrane distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
loop of henle
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lungs will inflate lungs will collapse lung volume will stay the same
lungs will collapse
Where do chylomicrons go after they are transported out of the enterocyte, and why do they go there?
lymphatic system, because they are too large to enter into the blood
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? partial pressure of oxygen partial pressure of carbon dioxide number of red blood cells temperature
number of red blood cells
Thyroid hormone is required for the production of beta adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles. Once the beta adrenergic receptors are produced, epinephrine can bind to these receptors, inducing dilation of these tubules. This hormone interaction can be described as __________.
permissive
Phagocytic leukocytes ingest pathogens and foreign particles into __________.
phagosomes
Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"? trachea pharynx esophagus larynx
pharynx
What cells make antibodies?
plasma B cells
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. glucose plasma protein electrolytes hormones
plasma protein
Which part of the brain controls the micturition reflex? medulla oblongata pons cerebrum hypothalamus
pons
Oxytocin is secreted by the ___________.
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Which of the following is not possible? Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure negative pressure in the intrapleural space pressure within the pleural cavity pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Hepatocytes do not ________. produce digestive enzymes process nutrients detoxify toxic chemicals store fat-soluble vitamins
produce digestive enzymes
The function of the goblet cells is to ________. absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
What is the major digestive function of the pancreas? production of digestive enzymes production of bicarbonate ions production of insulin production of glucagon
production of digestive enzymes
What role of the stomach is essential to life? production of VIP production of chyme production of intrinsic factor production of hydrochloric acid
production of intrinsic factor
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells production of intrinsic factor thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells
production of intrinsic factor
The role of the corpus luteum is to secrete __________.
progesterone and estrogen
An increase in the concentration of LH in the blood will result in the secretion of __________.
progesterone and testosterone
Peristalsis differs from segmentation in that peristalsis
promotes net forward movement of the bolus
Shortly before and/or after parturition, uterine contractions are stimulated by __________.
prostaglandins, oxytocin, and stretch of the uterine wall
Mucus functions in
protection and lubrication
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? chloride glucose creatinine protein
protein
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. starches and complex carbohydrates protein and peptide fragments fatty acids simple carbohydrates and alcohols
protein and peptide fragments
In non-pregnant women, the gonadotropins are __________.
protein hormones synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland
In terms of chemical digestion of organic molecules, the stomach mainly digests __________.
proteins
absorptive cells
line the intestinal tract
Bile is produced by the __________. gallbladder stomach liver pancreas
liver
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? lipids proteins carbohydrates starches
liver
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. pancreas spleen stomach liver
liver
Blood from the intestines flows directly to the __________.
liver for filtering
lacteal
wide lymph capillary located in the villus
Ovarian steroids exert negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary reproductive axis __________.
with the exception of a brief phase preceding ovulation
How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood? Respiratory rate will decrease. Respiratory depth will decrease and respiratory rate will increase. Respiratory depth and respiratory rate will decrease. Respiratory rate will increase. Respiratory depth will decrease.
respiratory rate will increase
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. secrete surfactant protect the lungs from bacterial invasion replace mucus in the alveoli trap dust and other debris
secrete surfactant
Bile is
secreted by hepatocytes only
Glucagon is __________.
secreted when plasma epinephrine levels rise
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? stratified squamous epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
With endurance training, muscle mitochondria increase in
size and number
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 is secreted by several organs, one of which is the ______________.
skin
Slow, spontaneous graded depolarizations that occur in the circular layer of smooth muscle in the GI tract are called
slow waves
Chyme is created in the ________. mouth small intestine stomach esophagus
stomach
villi
structures that increase the absorption area of the small intestine
The neuronal networks of the enteric nervous system are found within the
submucosa and muscularis externa
Cortisol has which effects?
suppresses the immune system and influences brain function
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. the smooth muscles of the lung the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because ______. the external urethral sphincter in men is usually closed the internal urethral sphincter in men is usually closed the pH of a man's urine is usually more acidic than a woman's urine the male urethra is longer than the female urethra
the male urethra is longer than the female urethra
T/F All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.
true
T/F Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
true
T/F Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K.
true
T/F Blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach
true
T/F Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
true
T/F Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach
true
T/F Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
true
T/F Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
true
T/F Labored breathing is termed dyspnea
true
T/F Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
true
T/F The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
true
T/F The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
true
T/F The liver is able to regenerate even after 50% of its original mass is lost.
true
T/F The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
true
T/F The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
true
The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. True False
true
Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water. True False
true
Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism? sympathetic nervous system control tubuloglomerular feedback renin-angiotensin mechanism myogenic mechanism
tubuloglomerular feedback
Since most patients with renal failure produce little or no urine, hemodialysis often involves removal of water from the blood. However, side-effects may develop if too much fluid is removed from the blood. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential side-effects? dizziness vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles low blood pressure muscle fatigue
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
Redistribution of blood flow during exercise results from
vasodilation in skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction in viscera
hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air
vibrissiae
What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called? vital capacity tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume
vital capacity
Microbes in the colon can synthesize __________, which is (are) absorbed luminally via
vitamin K; simple diffusion
Hormones known as catecholamines are __________.
water-soluble derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. Henry's law Boyle's law Charles' law Dalton's law
Dalton's law
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct? Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption.
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule
Normal levels of thyroid hormones promote __________.
ATP hydrolysis, Na+/K+ pump activity, and tissue responsiveness to epinephrine
Which of the following is NOT a method of measuring metabolic rate?
ATP production
Which of the following could be classified as a catabolic hormone?
Cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine
Which of the following molecules or processes can be found in both red blood cells and parietal cells in the stomach?
Countertransport of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride (C-) ions. Hydrogen ion (H+) production Carbonic anhydrase enzyme
oose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."
Cushing's disease
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
A patient has a disease that destroys chondrocytes. Which of the following would you expect to find?
Decreased bone length
A patient took high doses of antibiotics to help fight a bacterial infection. However, this treatment also killed helpful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following would you expect?
Decreased digestion of complex carbohydrates and decreased vitamin K, leading to clotting problems
A woman has her ovaries removed, causing her to enter surgical menopause. Which set of hormone levels would you predict?
Decreased estrogen and increased GnRH, LH, and FSH, due to decreased negative feedback
A patient has a tumor in the adrenal cortex that causes hypersecretion of a hormone. Which would you predict?
Decreased immunity and decreased NK activity
Which would you predict in a female patient with anorexia?
Decreased leptin and decreased menses
A patient had a trauma that damaged an endocrine gland, causing decreased hormone secretion. Which of the following would you expect?
Decreased negative feedback and decreased cellular responses
A patient is given a parasympathetic antagonist during surgery. Which would you expect?
Decreased saliva
A patient is born without cytotoxic T cells. Which of the following would you predict to be decreased?
Destruction of virally infected cells
What is the first area that food contacts as it moves from the stomach to the small intestines?
Duodenum
Where in the GI tract would you find chyme, bicarbonate, amylase, bile, lipase, and nucleases?
Duodenum
Parathyroid hormone A. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. B. increases the level of calcium ion in the blood. C. stimulates osteoclast activity. D. increases the rate of calcium absorption. E. All of these answers are correct.
E. All of these answers are correct.
Functional residual capacity
ERV + RV
The concentration of inhibin in the bloodstream is regulated by which of the following?
FSH and GnRH
The time between meals when the body is performing catabolic reactions in order to maintain blood glucose levels
Fasted State
Which of the following nutrients is specifically digested in the mouth, the stomach, and the small intestine?
Fats
The time occurring right after a meal when the body is absorbing macronutrients
Fed State
Which of these reproductive hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Which is NOT a direct function of antibodies?
Forming a membrane attack complex
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa
Which of the following cell types found in the stomach are endocrine cells?
G The stomach lining structures known as gastric pits house G cells that produce the hormone gastrin. Neck cells secrete mucus into the stomach lumen. Chief cells secrete the precursor enzyme, pepsinogen. Parietal cells produce the hydrochloric acid required to activate pepsinogen and convert it to active protein-digesting pepsin. https://kf1.amplifire.com/amp/Resource?path=0bbfedc3-03f9-43b1-9ff1-d2056491b37b/2c/2cdd612a-c825-4cab-af24-c23d549a22ba.jpg&originalFileName=Fig20.5
Which hormone stimulates release of insulin in response to glucose in the intestinal lumen?
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus
Gastric juice does not typically cause a burning sensation within the stomach. But reflux of this gastric juice into the esophagus can cause a burning sensation. One reason why this occurs is that the esophagus ______. secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus is internally lined by epithelial cells that are in direct physical contact with the contents of the esophagus has enzymes that react with stomach acid to cause a burning sensation None of the listed responses is correct.
Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true?
The effector cells of the enteric nervous system include exocrine glands.
Which of the following statements about insulin metabolism is(are) true?
The half-life of insulin in the bloodstream is only a few minutes and insulin is removed from the blood by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
False
The intestinal phase of stomach digestion is triggered by partially digested nutrients filling the pylorus. True/False
loose connective tissue
The lamina propria is composed of ________. dense irregular connective tissue loose connective tissue dense regular connective tissue reticular connective tissue
serosa
The outermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________. muscularis serosa mucosa submucosa
True
The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function. True/False
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
The motor nerves of this pathway are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
The sight of food can trigger a series of events that results in the release of gastric juice. All but one of the following is true in regards to the previous statement. Select the one answer that is not true. The cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata are all involved in processing the stimulatory information. This is an example of a long reflexive pathway. The motor nerves of this pathway are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. This prepares the stomach for food before its arrival in the stomach.
Bulging eyes, the development of goiter, and accelerated metabolism are characteristic of __________ disease, in which the immune system produces __________.
Graves'; antibodies that mimic the action of a hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
Which of the following enzymes produce a product that enters the absorptive cells of the small intestine via simple diffusion?
Lipases
The breakdown of triglycerides using lipases
Lipolysis
If the level of insulin in the blood increases, which of the following will be inhibited?
Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
Which of the following gastrointestinal organs can also be considered endocrine glands?
Liver and pancreas
What is the third phase of the ovarian cycle called, and what occurs during this time?
Luteal phase; transformation of a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum
Which immune-system molecule is involved in cell recognition?
MHC
Which cells function to both ingest invaders and present antigens?
Macrophages
True
Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport. True/False
The four processes of the digestive system include digestion, absorption, secretion, and __________.
Motility
Where in the GI tract would you find all of the following: bicarbonate, amylase, lysozyme, and mucus?
Mouth Amylase and lysozyme are both enzymes found in saliva secreted into the mouth. Bicarbonate is a pH buffer released into the mouth from salivary glands to combine with mucus secretions inside the mouth. Mucus offers binding of the food bolus, surface lubrication and also a protective coating for underlying deeper tissues in the mouth.
In order for an embryo to become male, two hormones must be present: testosterone and __________.
Mullerian-inhibiting substance
Inspiratory capacity
TV + IRV
Vital capacity
TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Which part of the antibody molecule determines the antibody class?
The Fc region
duodenum
The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine. jejunum colon ileum duodenum
visceral peritoneum
The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal organs. parietal peritoneum mesentery visceral peritoneum omenta
villi, and microvilli
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches villi, and microvilli the vast array of digestive enzymes the rugae and haustra
Two cell cultures, culture A and culture B, containing a combination of epithelial cells and adipocytes, were cultured in a medium containing 5% serum, containing all of the enzymes and signaling molecules found in the blood plasma needed to keep the cells alive in vitro. In addition, culture A was supplemented with a constant supply of glucose, while culture B was supplemented with glucose every eight hours. These two different cultures were maintained for one week under these conditions and observed daily for changes in metabolic rate and cell size. How will the size of the adipocyte differ between culture A and culture B after one week?
The adipocytes in culture A would be larger than those in culture B.
Aldosterone is a __________, and is secreted by the __________.
mineralocorticoid; adrenal cortex
Calcium has several important roles, including its role as a signaling molecule, its involvement in tight junctions, and neuronal excitation. What other important physiological role does calcium have?
Coagulation
Type II cells
Composed of cuboidal cells.; secrete a fluid containing surfactant
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. M D A E
A
Thymosin is secreted by the __________, which is a __________ endocrine organ.
thymus; primary
Triiodothyronine is another name for __________, which is secreted by the __________.
thyroid hormone; thyroid
Calcium levels in the blood may be affected by secretions from the __________.
thyroid, parathyroid, and skin
Metabolism-stimulating hormones of the __________ gland are lipophilic molecules, and the synthesis of the hormones in this gland is the only place in the body where __________ serves an important function.
thyroid; iodine
GI contractions that are sustained for minutes or hours are called __________ contractions.
tonic
In the secondary hypersecretion of a hormone, __________.
too much hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary or hypothalamus
The largest metabolic reserves for the average adult are stored as
triglycerides
Which of the following structures are found within the chylomicron?
triglycerides cholesterol protein
Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption. True False
true
Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer. True False
true
Despite the fact that the kidney's intrinsic controls work to maintain a constant GFR, in some situations the body's extrinsic controls will work to override these intrinsic controls in order to maintain systemic blood pressure. True False
true
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT it A. removes unnecessary catecholamines from circulation. B. replenishes oxygen bound to myoglobin. C. restores ATP and phosphocreatine levels. D. metabolizes lactate.
removes unnecessary catecholamines from circulation.
The filtration membrane includes all except ________. glomerular endothelium renal fascia podocytes basement membrane
renal fascia
Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism? sympathetic nervous system controls tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism renin-angiotensin mechanism myogenic mechanism
renin-angiotensin mechanism
The actions of glucocorticoids promote an increase in the plasma concentration of __________.
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT fatty acids amino acids glucose
Normal tissue growth __________.
requires thyroid hormones
Paneth cells ________. secrete enzymes that kill bacteria secrete hormones secrete bicarbonate ions secrete digestive enzymes
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
Given the chemical nature of free fatty acids and monoglycerides, how are these absorbed across the epithelial border of the small intestine?
simple diffusion
An example of a feedforward endocrine reflex in the digestive system is the _________
stimulation of insulin release by GIP, preventing a rise in plasma glucose
Estrogens __________.
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT inhibit GnRH secretion during the early to mid-follicular phase induce the expression of LH receptors on granulosa cells increase LH and FSH release during the late follicular phase
The growth of tissues can be affected by __________.
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT insulin thyroid hormone estrogen
Secondary endocrine organs include __________.
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT kidney heart and kidney liver heart
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. at least 3 micrometers thick between 5 and 6 micrometers thick 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
Match the nutrients on the left with the location in the GI tract where digestion of each nutrient begins: 1. carbohydrates a. mouth 2. lipids b. stomach 3. proteins c. duodenum
1-a, 2-a, 3-b
Match a numbered event on the top with a lettered event from the uterine cycle on the bottom (some events may be used more than once): 1) corpus luteum 2) estrogen and progesterone both low 3) Graafian follicle 4) LH surge a) menstrual phase b) proliferative phase c) secretory phase
1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-b
Babies born to a mother with gestational diabetes may be born __________.
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT larger than normal and prone to develop type II diabetes later in life larger than normal prone to develop type II diabetes later in life hypoglycemic
Reproductive organ development in the female embryo is stimulated by __________.
ALL ANSWERS ARE INCORRECT testosterone estrogen Mullerian-inhibiting substance FSH estrogen and FSH
The primary dentition consists of __________ teeth. 20 10 16 32
20
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 35 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 60 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4
3,6,2,1,5,4
It takes approximately ________ of aerobic exercise to begin mobilizing fats from adipose tissue.
30 minutes
Which of the following organs produces and releases steroid hormones?
Adrenal cortex, gonads, placenta
How can an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril be effective as an antihypertensive? ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less atrial natriuretic peptide to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing vasodilation in the blood vessels.
ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.
Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts? renin aldosterone both ADH and aldosterone ADH
ADH
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
ADH (vasopressin)
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate? ADH - high; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min) ADH - low; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) ADH - low; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min) ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct? ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules. ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland. ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney. ADH would increase urine volume.
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine? ADH - low; 600 mOsm (urine) ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine) ADH - high; 600 mOsm (urine) ADH - high; 100 mOsm (urine)
ADH- low; 100 mOsm (urine)
The functions of the liver include
ALL dysfunctional or aged red blood cell destruction cholesterol synthesis protein synthesis hormone secretion hormone secretion, protein synthesis and dysfunctional or aged red blood cell destruction
Which of the following hormones affect metabolism?
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT Cortisol Glucagon Growth hormone
Which of these reproductive hormones is released in both males and females?
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT Dehydroepiandosterone Inhibin Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone
Which of the following may occur in non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD)?
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT Down-regulation of insulin receptors A decrease in the number of glucose transporters A decrease in insulin secretion
Which of the following influences the amount of prolactin released by anterior pituitary cells?
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT Prolactin-releasing hormone Prolactin-inhibiting hormone Dopamine
Which of the following statements about the pancreas are true?
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT The exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. Beta cells secrete insulin. The exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and beta cells secrete insulin. Delta cells secrete somatostatin.
Thyroid hormones __________.
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT are regulated by negative feedback increase oxygen consumption are lipophilic can promote glycogenolysis are lipophilic, increase oxygen consumption, and are regulated by negative feedback
Endocrine pathologies can occur through excess secretion, inadequate secretion, and what other mechanism?
Abnormal target cell response
What is another name for the fed state that occurs after a meal is consumed?
Absorptive state
The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.
All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing. The mouth, pharynx and esophagus all take part in swallowing. The involuntary portion of swallowing takes place in the pharynx. The voluntary phase of swallowing takes place within the mouth. The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.
Which of the following statements about amino acid-derived hormones is true?
Amino acid-derived hormones can be transported by being dissolved in plasma or bound to carrier proteins.
What are the main molecules used for gluconeogenesis?
Amino acids
Put the events of parturition in the correct order: a) Cervix dilates to about 10 cm. b) Amniotic sac breaks. c) Fetus enters birth canal. d) Placenta is expelled.
Amniotic sac breaks. -> Cervix dilates to about 10 cm. -> Fetus enters birth canal. -> Placenta is expelled.
Which of the following cortisol hypersecretion scenarios points to an example of a primary endocrine disorder?
An adrenal tumor-induced increase in cortisol, followed by decreased CRH, leading to decreased ACTH
Which of the following statements about the male reproductive tract is(are) true?
An erection is produced by an increase in mucus contraction in the penis and even a small rise in testicular temperature can affect the survival of mature sperm.
Which of these androgens is secreted by both the adrenal cortex and the testes?
Androstenedione
Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine? vitamins A and E vitamins C and D B complex and D vitamins B complex and K vitamins
B complex and K vitamins
A person with blood type B should be able to receive a successful blood transfusion from a donor of which blood type(s)?
B or O but no other types
Which vitamin must be complexed with intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? B12 K C A
B12
To which method of contraception does a contraceptive sponge belong?
Barrier
Which best explains why exercise can help decrease the need for insulin use in people with type II diabetes mellitus?
Exercise up-regulates insulin receptors.
diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.
Both Types
Normal growth is dependent on which of the following factors?
Both adequate diet and genetics
Which of the following hormones is not synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which enzyme converts androgens to estrogens, and where is it found?
Aromatase, found in the ovaries and the testes
Which of the following is a similarity between the spleen and lymph nodes?
Both are sites where foreign invaders are recognized by immune cells.
Which is NOT a similarity between parietal cells and chief cells?
Both regulate gastric acid secretion.
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. the renal pyramid the descending loop of Henle the renal papilla Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. Boyle's law Charles' law Dalton's law Henry's law
Boyle's law
When the level of the glucose pool falls below normal, which tissue is the only one able to access glucose?
Brain
__________is (are) a key component of bile. Its (Their) function is
Bile salts; to emulsify fats during digestion
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? surface tension of water surfactant production pseudostratified ciliated epithelium C-shaped cartilage rings
C-shaped cartilage rings
Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder? gastrin GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) CCK (cholecystokinin) motilin
CCK cholecystokinin
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
CD8
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 cells
If the level of ACTH in the bloodstream decreases, the secretion of which of the following will increase?
CRH
Which hormone in an HPA pathway inhibits hunger and may affect mood?
CRH
A patient has decreased vitamin D. Which hormone would you expect to be decreased?
Calcitriol
Which disease is fought by the immune system as part of its function to recognize and remove abnormal "self" cells?
Cancer
Which of the following statements about how cells regulate their metabolic pathways is false?
Cells regulate metabolism by isolating enzymes within intracellular organisms.
Which of the following polysaccharides cannot be digested in the human GI tract?
Cellulose
catabolism
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. catabolism mastication fermentation anabolism
Which molecules attract phagocytes to the site of an infection?
Chemotaxins
Which of the following is NOT classified as a member of the secretin family of GI hormones?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which of these hormones are secreted by the small intestine?
Cholecystokinin, secretin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
Which statement most accurately describes how the sex of a human embryo is determined?
Embryos with the SRY gene become male; embryos without the gene become female.
Which of the following terms can be associated with bile?
Emulsification and amphipathic
Regulation of the GI tract may involve the ____________ system.
Enteric nervous autonomic nervous endocrine central nervous
are released by the osteoclast to aid in the resorption of bone.
Enzymes and H+
Which of the following is not a peptide hormone?
Epinephrine
Which of the following sequences is listed in the correct anatomical order?
Esophagus > gastric antrum > pyloric sphincter > duodenum > ileum
The walls of the gastrointestinal tract are constituted entirely of smooth muscle, except for which of the following?
Esophagus and anus
Which hormone is the most important regulator of endometrium proliferation during the follicular phase?
Estrogen
Which of the following is a sign of hyperthyroidism?
Exophthalmos
increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________. increase the force of stomach contractions increases stomach emptying decrease the activities of the accessory digestive organs increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
If female Genital tubercle Urethral folds and grooves Labioscrotal swellings
Genital tubercle forms clitoris. Urethral folds and grooves form labia minora, opening of vagina and urethra. Labioscrotal swellings form labia majora.
If male Genital tubercle Urethral folds and grooves Labioscrotal swellings
Genital tubercle: forms glans penis Urethral folds and grooves: form shaft of penis Labioscrotal swellings: shaft of penis/scrotum
Which of the following stimulates hunger?
Ghrelin
Which peptide, secreted by the stomach, increases hunger in humans?
Ghrelin
A 7-year-old patient develops an anterior pituitary tumor that secretes excess hormone. Which of the following would you expect to find?
Giantism
A patient has a problem with signaling in the afferent pathway of the deglutition reflex. Which was affected?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which of the following is NOT a hormone directly required for growth of soft tissue?
Glucagon
The production of glucose from smaller products like lactate and amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
Which of the following carbohydrates can be absorbed in the human GI tract?
Glucose Cellulose is a polysaccharide common to plant-based foodstuffs, which is indigestible in the human body. Lactose and maltose are also examples of carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide sugars bound to one another. Glucose is the correct answer because it is a monosaccharide product of the breakdown of disaccharide sugars such as maltose and lactose.
Which of the following molecules is(are) moved across the apical membranes of intestinal epithelial cells by cotransport mechanisms with sodium?
Glucose and amino acids the apical mucosal membrane associated with the brush border provides simultaneous movement of glucose and sodium. Amino acids are also transported in the same manner to the inside of the cell (cotransport) https://kf1.amplifire.com/amp/Resource?path=0bbfedc3-03f9-43b1-9ff1-d2056491b37b/3e/3e7d997a-17d9-40db-93c7-933429c05e2c.jpg&originalFileName=Fig20.14
A process by which excess glucose is linked together and stored as glycogen in muscle and liver
Glycogenesis
Which pathway is the opposite of gluconeogenesis?
Glycolysis
What is unique about GnRH secretion patterns from the hypothalamus?
GnRH is secreted in a pulsatile manner.
Which hormone released from the hypothalamus regulates gonad function?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Granulosa cells have functions similar to Sertoli cells in which of the following ways?
Granulosa cells act along with FSH to promote gametocyte development and granulose cells secrete inhibin.
A patient is born without a pituitary. Which would you expect to be true of hormone levels?
Increased TRH and decreased thyroid hormones
secretin
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. gastrin histamine ACh secretin
Which statement is true about gamete formation?
Human females are thought to be born with all the primary gametes they will ever have.
Smoking can decrease HDL. Which do you expect in a smoker with decreased HDL?
Increased atherosclerosis and decreased cholesterol in the liver
A student is fasting for religious reasons. Which would you expect?
Increased glycogenolysis and increased lipolysis
Which of the following is an action of growth hormone?
Increased insulin-like growth factor secretion
intestinal
In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum. reflux gastric phase cephalic intestinal
A patient has a disease that destroys cells that secrete cortisol. Which of the following would you expect to find?
Increased CRH and increased ACTH
Which of the following factors does not stimulate insulin secretion?
Increased sympathetic activity
Gastrin
Increases HCl secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle
gastrin
Increases HCl secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle.
Cholecystokinin
Increases output of enzymatic-rich pancreatic juice
cholecystokinin
Increases output of enzymatic-rich pancreatic juice.
Secretin
Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions
secretin
Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions.
What causes the LH surge that occurs during the late follicular phase?
Increasing progesterone and high estrogen increase pituitary responsiveness to GnRH.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease of sugar balance. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system gradually destroys the cells that produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin. Insulin plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. What is its role?
Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood.
Which of the following statements about insulin is false?
Insulin promotes fat degradation.
Which of the following statements about growth hormones is false?
Insulin-like growth factors stimulate growth hormone release by the anterior pituitary.
A patient has a tumor that secretes increased thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]. Which would you expect?
Irritability and weight loss
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. True False
true
What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
It causes the corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone.
What makes the anatomy of the stomach wall unique compared to the other parts of the digestive system?
It has three layers of smooth muscle
What happens to excess glucose in the body?
It is used for lipogenesis.
How does the binding of insulin to its receptor stimulate glucose uptake from the bloodstream?
It stimulates insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the cell membrane.
Which type of blood lipoprotein has been implicated in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which can cause coronary artery disease?
LDL Those relatively rich in lipids but low in protein composition are called VLDLs (very low density lipoproteins). Plasma levels of HDL are generally considered to be the healthier condition (HDL = Healthy cholesterol)
Which of the following is part of the female external genitalia?
Labia majora
Which of the following statements regarding gametogenesis is true?
Meiosis of one stem cell in the female results in the production of one functional gamete.
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Molecules unique to microorganisms
A patient has a gene mutation that does not allow hormones to stimulate the activity of enzymes in the fed state. Based on push-pull control, which do you expect?
More glucose and less glycogen, because insulin cannot activate enzymes
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
Which cells are both granulocytes and phagocytes?
Neutrophils
Segmental bronchi
No exchange of gases occurs here.
Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition. True False
true
Which of the following statements is(are) true about fertilization?
Only sperm that have spent several hours in the female reproductive tract can fertilize an oocyte and the acrosome reaction must occur before fertilization.
During the growth of long bones, which of the following cell types will show increased activity?
Osteoblases, osteoclsts, and chondrocytes
A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Why did the patient stop breathing? The increase in oxygen in his body caused hypoventilation to the extent that breathing was no longer visible to the nurse. The sudden increase in oxygen in his body caused oxygen toxicity, generating huge amounts of free radicals, resulting in profound CNS disturbances, coma, and death. Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed. His arterial PCO2 chemoreceptors had become unresponsive. Declining PO2 levels now act as the stimulus. Increased PO2 levels will prevent this stimulus, and breathing will cease. The high level of oxygen in his body caused hypocapnia, which resulted in an unbalancing of his body's pH, causing his muscular and nervous systems to fail.
Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed.
Which center is located in the pons? expiratory center inspiratory center pacemaker neuron center pontine respirator group (PRG)
PRG
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
Paneth cells ________. secrete enzymes that kill bacteria secrete bicarbonate ions secrete hormones secrete digestive enzymes
Which efferent signaling causes the erection reflex?
Parasympathetic nervous stimulation
chief cells of the stomach
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. chief cells of the stomach parietal cells of the duodenum Brunner's glands goblet cells of the small intestine
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Peristaltic waves are ________. pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract
False
Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine. True/False
Which of the following are part of the body's innate immunity?
Phagocytes
Which of the following statements is false?
Pituitary gonadotropins inhibit GnRH by a long-loop feedback path.
During pregnancy, which of the following secrete estrogen and progesterone?
Placenta and the corpus luteum
What is the primary site of nutrient pools that are available for immediate use in the body?
Plasma
Ellen, a 47-year-old woman who has suffered kidney disease for several years, has been diagnosed with proteinuria. Her legs and feet are so swollen that she has difficulty walking. Her hands and her left arm are also swollen. What is proteinuria, and could this condition be playing a role in her swollen limbs? Proteinuria is when there are excessive levels of protein in the blood, resulting in an increased colloid osmotic pressure. The increased osmotic pressure forces fluid into the tissues, resulting in edema. Proteinuria is a condition in which proteins are actively secreted into the kidneys at the DCT. This decreases the colloid osmotic pressure, causing more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema. Proteinuria is when the liver does not make enough plasma proteins, resulting in a decreased colloid osmotic pressure. This causes more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema. Proteinuria is when there are excessive levels of protein in the blood, resulting in an increased colloid osmotic pressure. This does not relate to the edema seen in this case. Proteinuria is a condition in which large amounts of plasma proteins pass into the glomerular filtrate and are excreted in the urine, decreasing the colloid osmotic pressure. This causes more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema.
Proteinuria is a condition in which large amounts of plasma proteins pass into the glomerular filtrate and are excreted in the urine, decreasing the colloid osmotic pressure. This causes more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema.
Which of the following statements regarding the short and long reflexes that regulate GI function is true?
Reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system are called short reflexes.
Which of the following is the site of spermatogenesis in the testis?
Seminiferous tubules
Which of the following is not true of the Sertoli cells?
Secrete testosterone
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
In males, what is the target of FSH, and what effect does it have?
Sertoli cells; production of paracrine factors
Which of the following molecules are absorbed by the intestinal epithelia by active transport?
Sodium and calcium Both cotransport and countertransport mechanisms are active in accomplishing this at the apical surface. Calcium uptake is regulated in response to bodily needs via active transport in the duodenum and jejunum, and is brought about in two steps.
Which of these hormones is secreted by the delta cells of the pancreas?
Somatostatin
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Stimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCl production
gastric inhibitory peptide
Stimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCl production.
Which of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin?
Stimulating contractions in pelvic muscles before parturition
The total body energy is the sum of energy ingested minus the energy used, plus ____.
Stored energy
Like breathing, which of the following movements can undergo both conscious and reflexive control?
Swallowing, defecation, and chewing
Which of the following digestive functions is (are) regulated by neurons in the medulla oblongata?
Swallowing, vomiting and saliva secretion
A genetic defect causes a fetus to not develop a thymus. Which mature cells would you predict to be low?
T lymphocytes
The thyroid gland secretes __________.
T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (tetraiodothyronine), and calcitonin
During primary hyposecretion of thyroid hormone, which of the following hormone levels are increased?
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
If thyroid hormone levels in the blood become too high, the secretion of which of the following hormones will be inhibited?
TRH and TSH
A baby is born with female external genitalia but has male internal genitalia. After running a few tests, you discover that the levels of 5-α reductase are normal. Which of the following statements best describes a condition that might have caused this?
The developing testis produced too little testosterone during development.
True
The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine. True/False
Which of the following statements is false?
The extra embryonic membranes include the allantois, which secretes amniotic fluid.
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
The function of the goblet cells is to ________. secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
How is iron absorption regulated?
The liver secretes hepcidin, which causes the breakdown of ferroportin.
What is the definition of basal metabolic rate?
The lowest metabolic rate a person can have, usually occurring when he or she is asleep
Which part of the wall of the digestive tract has transporting epithelial cells?
The mucosa
What type of capillaries make up the glomerulus? continuous fenestrated sinusoids vasa recta
fenestrated
How do some people develop an autoimmune disease?
Their immune cells fail to distinguish between self and non-self.
How do goblet cells in the airway contribute to the defense of the body?
They secrete mucus to trap pathogens.
How does a sperm manage to penetrate the corona radiata and the zona pellucida and fertilize an egg?
Through an acrosomal reaction
What are the two primary lymphoid tissues?
Thymus and bone marrow
Which of the following is the best example of negative feedback?
Thyroid hormone (TH) released into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body temperature, inhibiting TH release.
What is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?
To allow mature immune cells to interact with pathogens
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______. in the conducting zone structures of the lungs due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment? Due to the psychological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. Due to the physiological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. TB infection causes damage to the nervous system, resulting in changes in personality and judgment.
due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking medication when they start to feel better
Put the following events and structures in the correct order: a) blastocyst b) placenta development c) implantation d) morula e) zygote
e, d, a, c, b
Regarding spermatogenesis, __________.
each male is born with a finite number of spermatogonia and sperm do not reach maturity until they have passed through the epididymis
Cortisol secretion is highest between ________ and ________.
early morning, noon
Steroid hormones ________.
elicit their physiological effect within the target cell's nucleus by initiating transcription and translation
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? tuberculosis emphysema coryza pneumonia
emphysema
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? crown pulp enamel cementum
enamel
Which form of energy expenditure is the energy used to move molecules from one side of a membrane to the other?
Transport work
__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. Atmospheric pressure Transpulmonary pressure Transthoracic pressure Intraalveolar pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
diabetes, no insulin is produced.
Type 1
diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.
Type 2
gap junctions
Unitary smooth muscle is found in all hollow organs except for the heart. What structure do both heart muscle and unitary smooth muscle share that allows them to contract as a functional group? epimysium gap junctions T tubules caveolae
Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters? substance P norepinephrine VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) ACh (acetylcholine)
VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide
Which pathogen is accurately paired with a key characteristic?
Virus: not able to replicate outside a host cell
What happens when slow wave action potentials reach threshold?
Voltage-gated calcium channels open in the muscularis externa.
neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
What is a major function of pancreatic juice? acidifying the contents of the small intestine emulsifying fats by breaking them into smaller pieces acidifying the contents of the stomach neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
intrinsic factor
What stomach secretion is needed to produce mature erythrocytes? pepsinogen gastric amylase gastric lipase intrinsic factor
digestion
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. digestion absorption mechanical breakdown secretion
small intestine
Where does the process of segmentation occur? anus small intestine esophagus stomach
Respiratory bronchioles
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.
pylorus
Which area of the stomach adjoins the small intestine? body cardia pylorus fundus
enteropeptidase
Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin? amylase carboxypeptidase enteropeptidase chymotrypsin
segmentation
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth? ingestion digestion segmentation mechanical breakdown
submucosa
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity? submucosa serosa muscularis externa mucosa
mucosa
Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium? muscularis externa submucosa serosa mucosa
muscularis externa
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis? submucosa serosa mucosa muscularis externa
fungiform and circumvallate
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform fungiform and circumvallate palatine and circumvallate circumvallate and filiform
a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
Which of the following constitute a portal triad? a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole the porta hepatis three lobules sharing a common central vein the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins
propulsion: physical breakdown of ingested food in the GI tract
Which of the following functions is NOT correctly matched with its description? propulsion: physical breakdown of ingested food in the GI tract absorption; passage of digested nutrients into the blood or lymph ingestion: intake of food nutrients mechanical breakdown: churning movements in the GI tract
carbohydrates
Which of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion? carbohydrates low acidity peptides distention
production of intrinsic factor
Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine? production of intrinsic factor absorption of water absorption of electrolytes absorption of vitamins
bile
Which of the following is NOT a secretion of the pancreas? nutrient enzymes insulin bile bicarbonate
is longer than the small intestine
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. has pocket-like sacs called haustra does not contain villi is longer than the small intestine exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli
mechanical digestion
Which of the following processes occurs in the stomach? ANSWER: defecation deglutition mechanical digestion absorption
the stomach
Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption? the large intestines the esophagus the liver the stomach
a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
Which of these best describes a lacteal? a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood a deep pocket in the intestinal wall where endocrine and antimicrobial cells are located a projection of the small intestine wall designed to increase surface area special capillaries in the villi designed for absorbing food effectively
a cyanide derivative
Which of these is not a component of saliva? lysozyme defensins metabolic waste a cyanide derivative
small intestine
Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ? liver small intestine large intestine stomach
Which area of the adrenal gland produces cortisol?
Zona fasciculata
Which of the following are diploid cells?
Zygotes and fertilized ovum
Which of the following drugs would you prescribe to Jennifer in order to help her with her condition?
a drug that acts as an inhibitor of the H+ ATP pump
Which of the following statements best describes the bipotential state of a developing fetus?
a stage of development when the internal and external reproductive organs have the potential to be either male or female
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? a system that protects the nephron from some chemicals found in blood a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure a system for diluting urine a system for concentrating urine
a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure
Put the events of lipid breakdown in the correct order, starting with large fat globules: a) large fat globules b) micelles c) chylomicrons d) fat droplets e) monoglycerides
a, d, b, e, c
Which of the following is the direct cause of the bipotential gonad differentiation into the female reproductive organs in a developing fetus?
absence of the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene
Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph
absorption
Processes that occur within the gastrointestinal tract include
absorption secretion motility digestion absorption and digestion
Digestion refers to the
absorption of nutrients in the gut
In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions? islet of Langerhans cells acinar cells duct cells
acinar cells
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults can cause
acromegaly
Testosterone __________.
acts as a paracrine agent in the testes and inhibits its own secretion
Sodium levels in the blood are regulated directly or indirectly by the __________.
adrenal cortex
Epinephrine is involved in the fight-or-flight response. It is secreted by the __________.
adrenal medulla
The endocrine gland that is modified sympathetic ganglia is the
adrenal medulla
Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter? Afferent arteriole diameter would stay about the same. Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease. Afferent arteriole diameter would increase.
afferent arteriole diameter would decrease
The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? afferent arterioles glomeruli efferent arterioles systemic arterioles
afferent arterioles
Saliva does NOT __________. clean the mouth contain carbohydrate-dissolving enzymes aid in the chemical digestion of proteins dissolve food chemicals so that they can be tasted
aid in the chemical digestion of proteins
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction helps limit the spread of local infections
aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. acidosis dysphagia alkalosis ketosis
alkalosis
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
all nucleated cells
Regarding development, __________.
all organ systems are formed in the embryonic period and sex differentiation begins at about 8 weeks gestation
Glucagon is secreted by the __________.
alpha cells of the pancreas
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes atria and alveolar sacs respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
alveolar and capillary wells and their fused basement membranes
Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone? alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces type II alveolar cells secrete a substance called surfactant the pleurae produce pleural fluid type I alveolar cells produce antimicrobial proteins
alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces
Which of the following determines lung compliance? airway opening flexibility of the thoracic cage alveolar surface tension muscles of inspiration
alveolar surface tension
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Bronchioles Nose Bronchi Alveoli Trachea
alveoli
Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange? trachea primary bronchi alveoli terminal bronchioles
alveoli
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? amylase trypsin cholecystokinin gastrin
amylase
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________. an active process; also an active process an active process; a passive process a passive process; an active process a passive process; also a passive process
an active process; a passive process
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
an antigenic determinant
Crypt cells in the small intestine and colon secrete __________ into the lumen.
an isotonic sodium chloride solution
Urinary incontinence may occur if a person has ______. an internal urethral sphincter that is too frequently relaxed an external urethral sphincter that is too frequently contracted an overactive detrusor muscle All of the listed responses are correct.
an overactive detrusor muscle
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II and aldosterone angiotensin I and epinephrine angiotensin II and ADH
andiotensin II and aldosterone
Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin? ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia anemic hypoxia hypoxemic hypoxia histotoxic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
The interaction between the hormones insulin and glucagon can be described as __________.
antagonistic
Which of the following hormones is produced when the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene is present in males?
anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
antibodies and complement proteins
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
antigen-presenting cells
The side that faces the bone matrix
apical membrane of osteoclast
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport appear in the urine be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells be actively secreted into the filtrate
appear in the urine
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. interlobar arcuate lobar cortical radiate
arcuate
Thyroid hormones
are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells
Both testes and ovaries contain the enzyme __________, which converts testosterone to the female sex hormone __________.
aromatase; estradiol
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person? arterial blood carbon dioxide level arterial blood oxygen level arterial blood pH oxygen needs of cells
arterial blood carbon dioxide level
Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords? epiglottis cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage arytenoid cartilages
arytenoid cartilages
What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood? as a bicarbonate ion in plasma dissolved in plasma chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbonic acid in plasma
as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
The nose serves all the following functions except ________. warming and humidifying the air as a passageway for air movement cleansing the air as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
as the direct initiate of the cough reflex
The side that faces the extracellular fluid
basolateral membrane of osteoclast
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients
before food enters the stomach and its triggerd by aroma, sight or thought
Regarding oogenesis, __________.
before puberty, all oocytes are in meiotic arrest and contain 2n chromosomes, after puberty, usually only one primary oocyte per month continues with meiosis and only one of the daughter cells produced in meiosis I continues to develop; the other degenerates
The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following? digestive enzymes such as CCK and secretin bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus intrinsic factor bile
bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? water and small solutes nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea ions, such as sodium and potassium blood cells and large particles
blood cells and large particles
The force for glomerular filtration is the
blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue? pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins bronchial arteries bronchial veins
bronchial arteries
The surface area of the small intestine is increased dramatically by the presence of villi and the
brush border
The mucus present in semen comes mainly from the __________.
bulbourethral glands
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 when the pH of the urine decreases when the peritubular capillaries are dilated by a decrease in the blood pressure
by a decrease in the blood pressure
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? by secreting sodium ions by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions by producing new bicarbonate ions
by secreting sodium ions
Put the following enzymes involved in the digestion of proteins in the correct order: a) trypsin b) carboxypeptidase c) pepsin d) intracellular proteases
c, a, b, d
The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________. renal pelvis; calyces renal pyramids; calyces calyces; renal pelvis renal pyramids; renal pelvis
calyces; renal pelvis
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? canine tooth molar tooth premolar tooth incisor tooth
canine tooth
During exercise, the most significant factor affecting the pH of body tissues is the production of
carbon dioxide
The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach. diaphragm ileocecal valve cardiac sphincter pyloric sphincter
cardiac sphincter
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. mastication fermentation anabolism catabolism
catabolism
The adrenal medulla secretes
catecholamines
goblet cell
cell type specialized to secrete mucus into the lumen of the intestinal tract
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
Anticipating that one is about to eat can trigger the __________ phase of digestion.
cephalic
If your stomach starts growling when you smell french fries, this is an example of __________ phase control of gastrointestinal function.
cephalic
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. chemical digestion mechanical digestion absorption secretion
chemical digestion
HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen? chief parietal G cells paracrine (also known as enteroendocrine cells)
chief
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. parietal cells of the duodenum Brunner's glands goblet cells of the small intestine chief cells of the stomach
chief cells of the stomach
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? cholecystokinin gastric inhibitor peptide gastrin secretin
cholecystokinin
The common precursor for all steroid hormones is __________.
cholesterol
A cell that forms cartilage is called a(n
chondrocyte
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. action of the epiglottis ciliated mucous lining in the nose abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa porous structure of turbinate bones
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
class II MHC proteins
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage distribute hormones throughout the body carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
complement proteins
Type I cells
composed of simple squamous epithelium; The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and these cells
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes temperature is lower at higher altitudes basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
__________ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine. Colitis Diarrhea Constipation Irritable bowel syndrome
constipation
The function of angiotensin II is to ________. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure decrease the production of aldosterone decrease arterial blood pressure decrease water absorption
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
After ovulation, follicular cells remaining in the ovary become a __________ ; if fertilization occurs, then __________ maintains this ovarian structure through the first trimester of pregnancy.
corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotropin
Which hormone(s) increase(s) in concentration in the plasma during exercise?
cortisol and catecholamines
Hormones that can have an effect on glucose levels in the blood include __________.
cortisol, insulin, and glucagon
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
decreased insulin secretion
The initial change in heart rate at the onset of exercise is due to
decreased parasympathetic activity
Which of the following processes occurs only in the large intestine? absorption defecation deglutition mechanical digestion
defecation
Test results showed that a 22-year-old woman with delayed puberty did not respond to injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, but she responded normally to injected gonadotropins and to injected estrodiol. Her disorder is most likely due to a __________.
defect in the anterior pituitary gland
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. coma diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus diabetic acidosis
diabetes insipidus
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? diaphragm and internal intercostals diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique
diaphragm and external intercostals
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. active transport diffusion osmosis filtration
diffusion
Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into simpler units
digestion
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. absorption digestion secretion ingestion
digestion
Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is false?
The support cells of the neurons within the ENS are more similar to the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system than to astroglia of the brain.
Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time, and (2) regulated by hormones? distal convoluted tubule ascending limb of the loop of Henle descending limb of the loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
Motility in the small intestine is increased by
distension and gastrin
Chemicals that enhance urinary output are called __________. secretagogues countercurrent multipliers diuretics countercurrent exchangers
diuretics
An excessive urine output is called anuria. True False
false
If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine. True False
false
T/F As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).
false
T/F Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
false
T/F Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid
false
T/F The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins
false
T/F The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.
false
The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH. True False
false
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to both solutes and water. True False
false
The leading cause of chronic renal disease is hypertension. True False
false
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation? a lemon fear the thought of food nausea
fear
The Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules require stimulation from __________ in order to __________.
follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone; support spermatogenesis
The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the __________ phase.
follicular
The penetration of an oocyte by a sperm cell __________.
follows the acrosome reaction and triggers events that cause block to polyspermy
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. length of the vocal folds force with which air rushes across the vocal folds thickness of vestibular folds strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Which of the following is a peptide hormone characteristic?
forms a hormone-receptor complex on the cell membrane
At the end of meiosis, there are __________.
four daughter cells with n x 1 chromosomes
Which of the following molecules can be found within the membrane or interior of a micelle?
free fatty acids monoglycerides diglycerides cholesterol phospholipids bile salts
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
humoral immunity
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. hydrochloric acid mucin rennin pepsinogen
hydrochloric acid
The parietal cells of the stomach synthesize and secrete __________, and its chief cells synthesize and secrete
hydrochloric acid; pepsinogen
Enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule
hydrolysis
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? gravity colloid osmotic pressure of blood hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by the __________.
hypothalamus
Hypocapnia causes ______. the level of bicarbonate ions in the blood to rise hypoxia an increase in VRG activity hyperventilation
hypoxia
the __________ is the last segment of the small intestine. colon jejunum duodenum ileum
ileum
Termination of growth activity at the epiphyseal plates occurs __________.
in long bones as they respond to sex steroid hormones released at puberty
Which statement is correct? Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.
in the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in RBCs
Jennifer is a 20-year-old female who has been suffering from many small fractures in her hip. Her doctor performs some tests and finds that she has a significant reduction in her bone density. Which of the following might be causing Jennifer's loss in bone density?
increased osteoclast activity
Because fats are excluded by aqueous solutions, they are difficult to digest. Fat droplets entering into the small intestine need to be modified so that they don't join together and form larger, indigestible structures. Bile salts found in bile secreted by the liver keep the fat droplets apart in small, stable structures that can be more easily accessed by digestive enzymes. What is the role of bile?
increases the surface area of fats so that they are easier to digest
Cortisol affects metabolism by __________ gluconeogenesis, increasing __________ of skeletal muscle protein, and __________ lipolysis.
increasing; degradation; increasing
Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth? absorption mechanical digestion segmentation ingestion
ingestion
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______. increases the activity of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis increases the activity of the parasympathetic division of the ANS inhibits muscle tone in the anal sphincters inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. increases the rate of glomerular filtration increases secretion of ADH is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells inhibits the release of ADH
inhibits the release of ADH
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins is the first site where absorption takes place is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place is the only place where fats are completely digested
initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
innate external defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
innate internal defenses
Thyroid hormone contains the mineral
iodine
The acrosome __________.
is a lysosome-like vesicle that contains enzymes essential for fertilization
Hemoglobin is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. has five subunits. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. is found in blood plasma. is the site of cellular respiration.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems is drained by an efferent arteriole is impermeable to most substances has a basement membrane
is drained by an efferent arteriole
Blood flow to the erectile tissue of the penis __________.
is increased by activity in parasympathetic neurons
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. does not contain villi exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli has pocket-like sacs called haustra is longer than the small intestine
is longer than the small intestine
GH
is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein
Progesterone __________.
is secreted by the corpus luteum and promotes the secretory uterine phase
The first event that occurs after ovulation is that the ovulated egg __________.
is swept by currents in the peritoneal fluid created by the cilia of the fimbria into the fallopian tube
What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule? hypotonic - 100 mOsm hypertonic - 1200 mOsm hypertonic - 600 mOsm isotonic - 300 mOsm
isotonic- 300 mOsm
Female reproductive function is different from males in that __________.
it is cyclical reproductive capacity ceases in middle age only a limited number of gametes are produced in a lifetime (all of the above)
In the mouth, amylase digests starch to __________, which is further digested to __________ in the small intestine by the action of the enzyme __________.
maltose; glucose; maltase
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling? matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level matching the amount of blood flow through the body to the amount of oxygen in the air sacs matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to pO2 and pCO2 values in the blood
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
Conditions inside the GI tract are monitored by
mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors
The swallowing center in the brain, which coordinates the muscular reflexes, is located in the
medulla oblongata
The swallowing center in the central nervous system that coordinates the muscular reflexes is located in the
medulla oblongata of the brain stem
What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body? Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes medullary respiratory centers pontine respiratory centers oxygen levels in the blood
medullary respiratory centers
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. serosal lining lamina propria mesenteries mucosal lining
mesenteries
Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process? glomerular filtration micturition tubular secretion tubular reabsorption
micturition
Which are most closely regulated by the body?
motility and secretion
Chemical digestion of food starts in the __________.
mouth
The innermost tissue layer of the alimentary canal is the __________. mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa
mucosa
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularies externa, and serosa
The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the
myenteric plexus
Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)? sympathetic nervous system control and the renin-angiotensin mechanism myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback tubuloglomerular feedback and the renin-angiotensin mechanism myogenic mechanism and sympathetic nervous system control
myogenic mechanism and tubloglomerular feedback
The time period when humans can be said to have "bipotential gonads" ends __________.
near the end of the second month of gestation, due to the presence or absence of the SRY gene product
An endocrine organ's release of a hormone can be effectively controlled by ________.
negative feedback loop mechanisms
Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney? renal corpuscle renal pelvis renal pyramid nephron
nephron
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would decrease net filtration would increase net filtration would not be altered
net filtration would decrease
What is a major function of pancreatic juice? acidifying the contents of the stomach emulsifying fats by breaking them into smaller pieces acidifying the contents of the small intestine neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach
The majority of leukocytes in the blood are __________.
neutrophils
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules. The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult. Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.
normally all the glucose is reabsorbed
In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are
not filtered.
In order to survive, every individual must inherit at least __________.
one X chromosome
Events occurring during puberty may include __________.
onset of menstruation, onset of gametogenesis, and development of secondary sexual characteristics
A cell that creates calcium phosphate crystal to replace cartilage is known as a(n)
osteoblasts
A cell that secretes acid and is responsible for bone resorption is known as a(n
osteoclast
Mature, less active bone cells are called
osteocytes
Estradiol is secreted by the __________.
ovaries
Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the __________.
ovaries
After birth, a hormone important in promoting lactation is __________.
oxytocin
The hormones secreted from the hypothalamic nerve terminals in the posterior lobe of the pituitary include __________.
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
Gastric motility is inhibited by
pain and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) Gastric motility refers to the collective activities of smooth muscle in the stomach. These activities not only move food through the stomach and onward, but are also associated with the mixing and blending of food with enzymes and other secretions involved in digestion in the stomach.
Which is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas
intestinal crypt
paneth cells are found here
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? serous cells mucous neck cells parietal cells chief cells
parietal cells
In the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ________.
parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas
The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall. omenta parietal peritoneum mesentery visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? the temperature partial pressure gradient solubility in water molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? partial pressure of carbon dioxide blood pH temperature partial pressure of oxygen
partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? alveolar surface tension lung compliance airway resistance partial pressure of oxygen in the air
partial pressure of oxygen in the air
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is __________. swallowing segmentation churning peristalsis
peristalsis
Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube
peristalsis
Movements that propel the luminal contents forward into the GI tract include
peristalsis and swallowing Not segmentation. Why? Segmentation is a similar process in terms of the effector tissues causing it (i.e., smooth muscle layers in the GI tract) but, functionally speaking, these contractions and relaxations do not actually propel the luminal contents. It mixes and blends the contents of the luminal tract to promote chemical reactions between food molecules and the chemicals acting to break them down and then to promote absorption
Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur? proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct glomerulus distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the
proximal tubule.
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system? pulmonary ventilation and external respiration pulmonary ventilation and internal respiration pulmonary ventilation and transport of respiratory gases external and internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order? external respiration; internal respiration; transport of respiratory gases pulmonary ventilation; external ventilation; internal ventilation; transport of respiratory gases pulmonary respiration; external ventilation; transport of respiratory gases; internal ventilation; pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;
pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;
The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as
relatively nonspecific.
Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant? rising CO2 levels arterial pH low CO2 level low oxygen level
rising CO2 levels
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? acidosis resulting from CO2 retention rising blood pressure arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg rising carbon dioxide levels
rising blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? routing air and food into proper channels filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air
routing air and food into proper channels
Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine to increase surface area? rugae villi circular folds microvilli
rugae
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. facilitated diffusion secondary active transport countertransport passive transport
secondary active transport
An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl? CCK (cholecystokinin) GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) gastrin secretin
secretin
Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions? secretin gastrin GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) motilin
secretin
The secretion of pancreatic juice is stimulated by
secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and H+ ions in the duodenum
Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as
secretion.
Trace the path of a sperm cell from the testes to the outside world: a) vas deferens b) urethra c) seminiferous tubules d) epididymis e) ejaculatory duct
seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? parietal cells and glial cells goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells serous cells and mucous cells cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
serous cells and mucous cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx? serving as part of the respiratory zone providing a patent airway voice production routing air and food into the proper channels
serving as part of the respiratory zone
A person usually stops growing in height after adolescence because __________.
sex hormones stimulate closure of the epiphyseal plate and chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plates die
The cephalic phase of digestion can be initiated by the
sight and smell of food, and sounds associated with food preparation
Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________. small intestine liver stomach large intestine
small intestine
Peyer's patches are found in the
small intestine
Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ? liver large intestine small intestine stomach
small intestine
Cholecystokinin is secreted by the __________.
small intestines
Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________. potassium water sodium glucose
sodium
The testes are outside of the abdominal cavity because __________.
sperm production is impaired at the normal body temperature found in the abdominal cavity
The __________ circulation includes all of the major abdominal arteries that serve the digestive organs. peritoneal hepatic portal splanchnic visceral
splanchnic
Hyposalivation can be treated with a drug that ______. binds to adrenergic receptors in salivary gland serous cells is sympathomimetic stimulates muscarinic receptors in salivary gland serous cells mimics the action of epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medullae
stimulates muscarinic receptors in salivary gland serous cellls
An example of a feedforward endocrine reflex in the digestive system is the
stimulation of insulin release by GIP, preventing a rise in plasma glucose
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers? interneurons of the enteric nervous system parasympathetic postganglionic fibers sympathetic postganglionic fibers both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
sympathetic postganglion fibers
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by
symport with sodium
Alveolar duct
terminates in alveoli
The presence or absence of __________ determines whether an embryo will develop into a male or female.
the SRY gene
High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______.
the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle starts with __________ and ends with __________.
the beginning of menstruation; ovulation
Obesity can lead to diabetes because
the cells of an obsese person become resistant to insulin and fat cells secrete hormones that lead to insulin resistance. In an obese person the number of fat cells is dramatically higher and the cells become resistant to insulin. Since fat cells secrete hormones that lead to insulin resistance, this is a plausible association of cause and effect.
If fertilization does not occur, __________.
the corpus luteum degenerates and menstruation occurs
During inhalation, air moves up the trachea. the diaphragm relaxes. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur? The extrusor muscle must relax. The external urethral sphincter must open. The internal urethral sphincter must open. The detrusor muscle must contract.
the extrusor muscle must relax
A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who has previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statement explains the presence of the glucose in the urine? Some glucose is always present in the urine. The individual exceeded the transport maximum. The individual is glucose intolerant. The individual has diabetes mellitus.
the individual exceeded the transport maximum
Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______. the infection has stimulated increased lacrimal fluid secretion by the lacrimal glands the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts the paranasal sinuses are blocked with excess mucus All of the listed responses are correct
the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts
Which statement is FALSE? A. The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products. B. Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men. C. The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries. D. As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment. I E. The urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single urethra.
the kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
the pressure of gas in your lungs in inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs
Hormones can alter target cell operations by controlling ________.
the rates of enzymatic secretions, the transmembrane transport of chemical substances, and the process of gene expression and protein synthesis
Penile erection is always or usually associated with __________.
the release of nitric oxide and descending input from higher brain centers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach? The stomach has three layers of muscle in the muscularis tunic. The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates. The stomach produces a double-layered coat of alkaline mucus. The stomach mucosa is folded into rugae.
the stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydates
Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? the volume of filtrate created at the glomerulus per liter of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute the volume of urine leaving the kidneys per minute the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute
the volume of the filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.
there are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge
The appendix contains masses of lymphoid tissue and therefore has leukocytes capable of attacking bacteria present in the appendix. But during appendicitis, bacteria trapped in the lumen of the appendix are not effectively attacked because ______. these bacteria are resistant to attack these bacteria are not resistant but they are immune to attack by the leukocytes there is an inadequate blood supply to the appendix wall feces provide protection to the bacteria
there is an inadequate blood supply to the appendix wall
Steroid hormones have a longer half-life than peptide hormones because __________.
they are transported by carrier proteins in the blood and they can be stored temporarily in fat tissue and are protected from degradation
Impacted wisdom teeth is a problem that is never observed in children because ______. their teeth are generally too small to become impacted the childhood lengthening of their jaw bones provides all of the deciduous teeth with lots of room to erupt through the gums they lack third molar teeth their wisdom teeth fall out before there is any opportunity for them to become impacted
they lack third molar teeth
