A&P II Exam 4 (Ch 22-26)
Which hormone is secreted when chyme, expecially when it's rich in lipids and partially digested proteins, enters the duodenum?
CCK
Which mineral requires calcitriol and PTH for its absorption by the digestive tract?
Ca 2+
What are the forces opposing filtration at the glomerulus?
Capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
Each year, individuals die of carbon monoxide poisoning. Which of the following is not true regarding carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide levels must rise to over 10% of the inhaled air to threaten life.
Put the regions of the stomach in the order through which food and chyme would pass.
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
What is the correct sequence of parts in the colon moving from the small intestine to the anus?
Cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum
The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?
Cholecystokinin and secretin
When any of your body cells becomes infected with a pathogen, to what protein do the foreign peptides become attached that initiates the immune response?
Class I MHC proteins
Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is false?
Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.
How is a sensitized B cell activated?
Contact with a helper T cell
Which of the following statements is not true regarding cortical nephrons?
Cortical nephrons account for approximately 15 percent of all nephrons.
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning aging and the digestive system?
Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the body's inability to effectively rid itself of water.
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the teeth?
Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of spongy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness.
What are the two major ways that the body carries out the immune response against a specific antigen?
Direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies
What parts of the kidney make up the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?
Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole
In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
What cells in the digestive epithelium produce hormones that help regulate the digestive tract?
Enteroendocrine cells
Which of the following allows a pregnant mother to provide oxygen to her developing baby?
Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin.
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
GIP
Which peptide hormone causes the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islets?
GIP
Which of the following happens during external respiration?
Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood
Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?
Gastroenteric reflex
What are the blood vessels found in the renal corpuscle that produce filtrate?
Glomerular caplillaries
Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in both initiating the swallowing reflex as food passes by the uvula and helping to coordinate the peristalitic waves of the esophagus?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Which cell is needed to activate B cells?
Helper T cells
Which of the following is not properly matched regarding results from an urinalysis?
High bilirubin levels (bilirubemia) can indicate malfunctioning of the kidney.
What class of antibody is found on the plasma membrane of B cells to help in sensitization?
IgD
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
What class of antibodies is responsible for anaphylaxis?
IgE
Which class of antibody is involved in triggering inflammation?
IgE
A fetus gains most of its immunity from __________.
IgG antibodies that cross the placenta from its mother
Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class?
IgM
The primary response first produces what class of antibodies?
IgM
Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen?
IgM
Which type of antibody is secreted first after the arrival of an antigen?
IgM
Which of the following is/are NOT characteristic of the secondary immune response?
IgM levels much higher than IgG levels.
Which statement is correct?
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Which of the following occurs during expiration?
Increase in intrapulmonary pressure
Which of the following is not associated with aging?
Increase in smooth muscle tone leading to stronger peristaltic contractions
Which of the following is not an effect of advanced age on the urinary system?
Increase in the GFR
Which of the following is NOT an integrated response of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?
Increased blood pressure increases respiration rate and depth.
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system?
Increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature
Which body systems are part of the immune system?
Integumentary, lymphatic, and digestive
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
Introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma
The sympathetic division of the nervous system has which of the following effects on the kidney?
It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.
Which statement about the respiratory membrane is true?
It contains the fused basement membranes of an alveolus and capillary.
Which of the following statements is true of blood arriving from the pulmonary arteries?
It has a lower PO2 and a higher PCO2 than alveolar air.
Which of the following statements about the blood-air barrier is not true?
It includes pneumocytes type II and alveolar macrophages.
During quiet breathing, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. What effect does this have on the thoracic cavity?
It increases the volume and decreases the pressure of the thoracic cavity.
Which of the following is NOT true of the spleen?
It is a vital organ and one cannot live without it.
Which of these is NOT a property of countercurrent multiplication?
It is opposed by the vasa recta.
Which of the following statements about peritonitis is not true?
It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver?
Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile.
If a person contracts pneumonia, inflammation occurs in the lobules of the lung, causing fluid leakage into the alveoli. Which of the following best describes the effect this has on gas exchange.
As the alveoli fill with fluid, air cannot reach the alveolar surface and gas exchange cannot occur, compromising the function of the respiratory membrane.
The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?
B12
The PO2 in the blood that travels through a pulmonary vein and enters the left side of the heart is approximately __________.
100 mm Hg
In a person with normal blood pressure, what is the average glomerular filtration rate?
125 mL / min
Of the 1500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed?
1300 mL
Each lung contains about __________ alveoli, giving the lungs a spongy appearance.
150 million
If oxygen makes up 20.9% of air and the atmospheric pressure is 751 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere?
157 mm Hg
What percentage of the transport of carbon dioxide molecules is bound to hemoglobin?
23%
There are __________ pairs of nasal conchae.
3
Put the following structures in order: bronchiole respiratory bronchiole primary bronchus tertiary bronchus secondary bronchus alveoli
3-5-4-1-2-6
There are __________ lobes in the right lung and __________ lobes in the left lung.
3; 2
Which of the following is correct for adult dentition?
4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side
Vital capacity in males averages __________.
4.8 L
If the respiratory rate is 10 breaths per minute and the tidal volume is 500 mL, what is the respiratory minute volume (VE)?
5 L per minute
The average pH of normal urine is about __________.
6.0
Total lung volume in males averages __________.
6.0 liters
Each day, the digestive system secretes approximately _____ liters of fluid into the digestive tract.
7.2
What is the average composition of fecal waste material?
75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, and 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains
When PO2 is 100 mm Hg in pulmonary veins, hemoglogin is ______ percent saturated with oxygen, whereas when the PO2 is 40 mm Hg in pulmonary arteries, hemoglogin is ______ percent saturated with oxygen.
97.5, 75
What percentage of total oxygen (O2) that is transported in the blood is carried within red blood cells?
98.5%
Which of the following is not true of a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
A PE results from damage to the parietal pleura.
What is the Bohr effect?
A decrease in saturation of hemoglobin due to a decrease in pH
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport?
A given carrier protein normally works equally well transporting in both directions
Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?
A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.
Regarding adaptive immunity, what is meant by a clone of cells?
A population of cells sensitive to a specific antigen
Which of the following is not correct regarding a pyelogram?
A pyelogram only allows the bladder to be visualized but not the ureter or structures of the kidney.
Which of the following best describes the carina?
A ridge separating the two primary bronchi
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Active secretion occurs primarily in the collecting duct.
Which of the following is not true regarding water soluble vitamins?
All water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed across the digestive epithelium.
What is the benefit of the stomach having rugae?
Allowing the expansion of the lumen
Which of the following cell types is responsible for the phagocytosis of particles or pathogens that reach the alveoli?
Alveolar macrophages
Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?
An adult contracts a streptococcus infection and recovers in a couple of weeks.
CD4 T cells respond to what kind of foreign antigen?
Antigens presented by class II MHC proteins
What is the correct sequence of events in moving a bolus of food to the stomach?
Bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; esophageal peristalsis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter
How is oxygen most often carried in the blood?
Bound to heme in hemoglobin
Which of the following statements concerning respiratory centers in the brain is INCORRECT?
Brain centers controlling respiration are found only in the medulla oblongata.
Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
C
The male urethra is divided into three segments. Which of the following is the correct order that urine passes through the urethra?
Prostatic, membranous, spongy
Which of the following accurately describes what happens at the alveoli?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli across the blood air barrier and enters pulmonary capillaries.
Which portion of the nephron contains cuboidal cells covered with microvilli?
PCT
Which portion of the nephron reabsorbs most of the important nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids as well as any plasma proteins?
PCT
Which of the following occurs during the defecation reflex?
Parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements.
What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What is the specific term for moving air into and out of the lungs?
Pulmonary ventilation
Regulation of blood volume is an important function of the urinary system. Which of the following is NOT involved with the regulation of blood volume?
Regulation of glucose levels
Which of the following statements concerning inflammation and response to injury is INCORRECT?
Released histamine decreases capillary permeability and decreases blood flow through the area.
Which of the following occurs first when there is a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate?
Renin is released from cells of the juxtaglomerular complex.
Which of the following is not true of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
SIDS has no genetic factor involved
Which of the following does not properly describe tooth structure?
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix simiar to bone called enamel.
Which of the following is not accurate concerning urinary reflexes?
When urine is being stored, afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder stimulate sympathetic outflow causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincters to relax.
The trachealis is __________.
a band of smooth muscle connecting the ends of tracheal cartilages that regulate its diameter
Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce __________.
a condition called cholelithiasis
With an increase in skeletal muscle activity and an increase in body temperature, you should expect to see __________.
a decrease in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation in the tissues
All of the following characteristics are true of carrier-mediated transport processes except that _______________.
a given carrier protein can typically work in both directions
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
The fibrous capsule is __________.
a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney
Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule DCT and the collecting duct causing __________.
a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
Natural Killer cells react in predictable ways. Put the following steps in order to describe the actions of an activated NK cell. A. Recognition and adhesion B. Section of perforins C. Lysis of the abnormal cell D. Realignment of Golgi apparatus
a, d, b, c
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
absence of ADH
The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called
absorption
A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following except
absorption of water in large intestines
Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract?
absorption, excretion, disgestion
A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is
active transport
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as
acute epiglottis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
adaptive immunity
The pneumotaxic and apneustic centers __________ the respiratory rhythmicity centers.
adjust the output of
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________.
adult spleen
Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.
afferent arterioles
Cortical radiate arteries branch to form __________, which enter __________.
afferent arterioles; glomeruli
Each lymph node has many ____________ but only one ______________.
afferent lymphatics; efferent lymphatic
Which of the following diseases is caused by a retrovirus that targets helper T cells and is contracted by intimate contact with the body fluids of infected individuals?
aids
What is the most important factor in determining airway resistance?
airway radius
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?
alderostone
Pancreatic juice is __________.
alkaline
Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.
all are correct
Interferons __________.
all are correct
Reabsorption and secretion at the kidneys involve __________.
all are correct
Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________.
all are correct
The functions of the urinary system include which of the following?
all are correct
The kidneys are __________.
all are correct
The primary functions of intestinal juices include which of the following?
all are correct
The segments of the nephron distal to the renal corpuscle are responsible for __________.
all are correct
What effect does constricting the efferent arteriole have on the filtration process?
all are correct
What is the importance of the mesenteries?
all are correct
What is the stimulus that leads to the release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?
all are correct
Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?
all are correct
Which of the following are characteristics of free macrophages and microphages?
all are correct
Why would you not be able to swallow a completely dry food bolus?
all r correct
The cartilages that reinforce the trachea are C-shaped for all of the following reasons except to _________________.
allow a change in diameter to increase the pitch of sound produced by the larynx
Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except
allowing nutrient and gas exchange.
The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility __________.
along the entire length of the small intestine
Which type of interferon is produced by a virus-infected cell, stimulates natural killer cells, and enhances resistance to viral infection?
alpha interferon
The primary function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate __________.
alveolar ventilation
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
alveoli
Following a protein-rich meal, which of the following conditions may be noticed?
aminoaciduria
Which of the following is correct concerning the net movement of ions?
ammonia is secreted
Which of the following is NOT a brush border enzyme?
amylase
In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.
amylase; starch
Imagine that you go to the doctor with a sore throat, perhaps caused by strep throat. The doctor feels the lymph nodes in your neck. Why are they enlarged?
an active infection is present
When an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is __________.
an autoimmune disorder
Dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.
an elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
Bile acts as __________.
an emulsifier
A disorder in which the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues is known as an __________.
an immunodisorder
All of the following are age-related changes in the urinary system except ________________.
an increase sensitivity to ADH leading to an increase in water and sodium retention
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____________.
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which is produced in the capillaries of the lungs
Alveolar capillaries are primary sources of __________.
angiotensin-converting enzyme
In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection.
antibodies
Newborns gain their immunity initially from
antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother
A measure of antibody level in the plasma is
antibody titer
An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by __________.
antigen
The small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is suffused with lymphoid nodules is the __________.
appendix
Lymphoid tissues __________.
are dominated by lymphocytes and lack a distinct boundary
Peyer patches __________.
are lymphoid nodules located in the ileum
CD4 and CD8 markers __________.
are used in the process of costimulation, a necessary activity for the activation of T cells
Many American children of the 1950s suffered terribly from the polio virus until the Salk and Sabin vaccines were developed. These vaccines introduced inactivated viruses into the bodies of the vaccine recipients. The type of immunity conferred through this method is called __________.
artifically induced active immunity
The intentional introduction of antigenic materials into the body is called __________.
artificially acquired active immunity
We all got vaccinated when we were younger. What type of adaptive immunity develops from a vaccination?
artificially acquired active immunity
When a person is bitten by a rabid dog, by what means do medical personnel attempt to prevent infection by the rabies virus?
artificially acquired passive immunity
Air enters the respiratory passageways when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the __________.
atmospheric pressure
What type of immune disorder is characterized by antibodies that attack one's own body cells and tissues?
autoimmune disorder
Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the immune system?
b cells are more receptive to antigens
Which of the following statements about B cells is INCORRECT?
b cells can attack and kill cells infected with viruses
The main classes of lymphocytes include ____________ .
b cells, t cells and nk cells
Modifications in respiratory rhythm are modified by all of the following except ____________ .
baroreceptors senstivie to blood PH changes
Carbon dioxide is most often transported __________.
bicarbonate ions
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood primarily as __________.
bicarbonate ions
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
The fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the
bile duct
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface
The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria?
biotin vitamin K vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid
Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphocytopoiesis in the __________.
bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
What skeletal muscles are needed during forceful expiration?
both internal and external oblique, and internal intercostals
Which of the following is a function of the stomach?
both mechanical breakdown of food and production of intrinsic factor
A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure. This will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false?
both statements are true
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts
Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the __________.
both the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
What is the most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation?
breathing slowly and deeply
The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus.
brunner glands
The tracheal cartilages are __________.
c shaped
Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal
calculi
The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.
capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
About 23% of CO2 attaches to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules resulting in a molecule called ________________.
carbaminohemoglobin
Which macromolecules begin being digested in the oral cavity?
carbohydrates and lipids
The atmospheric gas that best dissolves in plasma is __________________.
carbon dioxide
To which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect?
cardia
Excretion of waste products occurs with the all of the following body systems except _________.
cardiovascular
Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?
cecum
T cells are responsible for __________.
cell-mediated immunity
When you walk into a Mexican restaurant and smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered?
cephalic phase
Which of the following is an example of a local factor that regulates gas transport and alveolar function?
changes in lung perfusion
Phagocytes are attracted or repelled by chemicals through a phenomenon called _________.
chemotaxis
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
Which of the following is not a factor that affects the oxygen saturation rate of hemoglobin?
chloride ion concentration
Each of the following substances is secreted by the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) EXCEPT __________.
chloride ions
Triglycerides coated with proteins create complexes known as __________.
chylomicrons
Which of the following products of digestion is NOT taken up by capillaries in the small intestine?
chylomicrons
The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________.
circular folds
Incisors are used for __________.
clipping or cutting
The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.
competence
The antigen-antibody complex may result in __________.
complement activation attraction of phagocytes agglutination
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
When local carbon dioxide levels increase, bronchioles __________.
constrict
Parasympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles.
constriction of
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?
contraction increases airway resistance
The parasympathetic division of the ANS causes __________ of airways' smooth muscle; therefore, resistance is __________.
contraction; increased
In which region of the kidney would you find the renal corpuscles?
cortex
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
cortex
To which vessels does blood flow immediately after it passes through the arcuate arteries?
cortical radiate arteries
A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called
costimulation
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
cotransport
What type of transport occurs when two chemical substances cross the membrane in the same direction, bound to the same carrier, in the process of reabsorption?
cotransport
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
cotransport with Na and K ions
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of
countertransport
If you put marbles in your mouth, which cranial nerve monitors receptors that detect their presence and causes the salivary reflex?
cranial nerve V
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.
creatine clearance
Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and is used for tearing and slashing?
cuspids
Which of the following is not a route by which complement gets activated?
cytokine pathway
What are colony-stimulating factors?
cytokines that stimulate the production of blood cells in bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymph organs and tissues
The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.
cytotoxic T
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.
cytotoxic T
What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells?
cytotoxic T cell
A cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which of the following?
cytoxic reaction
Each gas in the atmosphere contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance. This statement is known as _______________ law.
dalton's law
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would
decrease intestinal motility
Why are older people sometimes subjected to recurring episodes of constipation?
decrease smooth muscle tone
Depression of the immune system due to chronic stress would not cause __________.
decreased incidence of cancer
To which of the following would the immune system not respond?
decreased levels of blood flow to the kidneys
Antibodies are able to cause the elimination of an antigen in the all of the following ways except _________________ .
decreased opsonization
Which change in the blood chemistry causes an increase in respiration?
decreased pH
The body of a person living at a high altitude would experience all of the following changes except __________.
decreased respiratory rate
Lower pH __________ the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
decreases
Surfactant __________.
decreases surface tension
According to Boyle's law, if the volume of a sealed container of gases __________, then the pressure in that container __________.
decreases; increases
Contraction of the diaphragm __________ the intrapulmonary pressure, producing __________.
decreases; inhalation
Which of the following is NOT a function of interleukin?
decreasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
Helper T cells secrete cytokines to facilitate all of the following except?
decreasing antibody production
Cells of the immune system influence the CNS and endocrine activity by all of the following interactions except __________.
decreasing the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone
The reflex that occurs in the rectum and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.
defecation reflex
Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?
defense of the body against pathogens and defense of the body against cancer
Which of the following is the term for swallowing?
deglutition
Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________.
dehydration
What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?
detrusor
Which of the following disorders describes the production of very dilute urine as a result of a lack of ADH production?
diabetes insipidus
During quiet inspiration, what muscles does the DRG control?
diaphragm and external intercostals
Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by __________.
diffusion
The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________.
digestion
With regard to local regulation of gas transport, if the PCO2 in the bronchioles increases, the bronchioles __________.
dilate
Sympathetic stimulation leads to __________ the bronchioles.
dilation of
What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid?
distal convolated tubule
Which portion of the nephron is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?
distal convoluted tubule
What is the main stimulus that triggers the defecation reflex?
distension of the rectum
Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling involving the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is
dribbling urination
The bile duct and the pancreatic duct both enter the duodenum at the _____________.
duodenal papilla
Which of the following is NOT a type of fixed macrophage?
dust cells
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of
elastic rebound
Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
electrolyte balance
The primary effects of complement activation include all of the following except?
elevated body temperature
Which of the following is NOT an effect of phagocytic activity?
elevating body temperature to increase body metabolism and potentially limit bacteria and viruses
What disorder is normal to a certain extent in individuals over age 50 but is greatly enhanced by cigarette smoke and other irritants?
emphyesma
Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.
emulsfying
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
What part of the larynx helps prevents food or liquid from getting into the larynx and lower respiratory system?
epiglottis
What substance is administered during an asthmatic attack to decrease resistance by dilating the airways?
epinephrine
Which of the following is not found in the lamina propria?
epithelial tissue
The respiratory mucosa consists of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue
Antibodies do not bind to an entire antigen, but they bind to a specific portion on the exposed surface called a(n) ______________.
epitope
The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity by passing through the ________________ of the diaphragm.
esphogeal hiatus
Countercurrent refers to the __________.
exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions
Which of the following is not a step in the overall digestive process?
excretion
Haustra are
expansible pouches of the colon
What is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus?
expansion for swallowing
Air enters the nasal passages through the __________.
external nares
When you sneeze, air is forcefully exhaled from your nose. As the air exits the nose, what is the last structure the air will pass through?
external nares
Which muscle does NOT increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during forceful inspiration?
external oblique
The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the control of the _________.
external urethral sphincter
The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.
facilitated diffusion
The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides via __________.
facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms
Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the tubular fluid are relatively high?
facilitated transport
Opsonization __________.
facilitates phagocytosis
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of
fats
What component of the food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals?
fats
The CNS affects the lymphatic system by all of the following except __________.
fewer skin disorders, like psorasis during times of stress
Lymph nodes function as __________.
filters and an early warning system
In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries?
filtration
There are some obvious bends in the colon that you don't see in the small intestine. What are the names of these bends?
flexures
The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.
floating kidney
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too.
forced breathing
What is meant by the term nephrolithiasis?
formation of kidney stones
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins are __________.
found in every nucleated cell in the body
The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________.
from glomerulus to glomerular capsule
The paranasal sinuses include the __________ sinuses.
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
Which of the following is not an enzyme found in the brush border of the intestinal microvilli?
fructase
Which of the following is NOT part of the process of external respiration?
gas absorption and release by living cells
Which of the following is not a part of the filtration membrane in the kidney?
glomerular capsule
The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________.
glomerular filtration rate
What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerular wall?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.
glomerulonephritis
The renal corpuscle consists of the __________.
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Stress suppresses the immune response through the action of __________.
gluccocorticoids
Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine?
glucose
Which of the following is NOT found in normal urine?
glucose
When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.
glucose appears in urine
A large connective tissue structure, composed mostly of fat, that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior borders of the stomach describes the ________________.
greater omentum
The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the __________.
greater omentum
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is
greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Which of the following structure(s) form(s) the floor of the nasal cavity?
hard palate
What are the pouches that give the colon its typical appearance?
haustra
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy chain constant segments
How do the nasal conchae affect the nasal cavity?
help clean the air
Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________.
helper T and regulatory T cells
Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.
helper t
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.
helper t
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.
helper t cells
Blood in the urine would be called _____________.
hematuria
Which gas law states that at a given temperature the amount of a particular gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?
henry's law
Which gas law states that the amount of a gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?
henry's law
When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the fluid that has the __________.
higher concentration of solutes
After neutrophils are drawn to an area and they attack debris and bacteria, they undergo activation. Which of the following is NOT released when neutrophils are activated?
histamine
Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following?
histamine, heparine, prostaglandins, and complement proteins
JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?
hoarseness
B lymphocytes are responsible for __________.
humoral immunity
An increase in the PCO2 of arterial blood above normal is called _____________________.
hypercapnia
Dangerously low glomerular fitration rate (GFR), which can lead to acute kidney failure, can be caused by all the of the following except ______________.
hypertension
Which of the following is the result of prolonged aldosterone stimulation?
hypokalemia
What part of the brain brings about changes in respiration when you become very angry?
hypothalamus
A decrease in oxygen levels to a tissue is called __________.
hypoxia
The muscular sphincter that guards the opening between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.
ileocecal valve
Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine?
ileum
Peyer's patches are characteristic of the
ileum
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
immunological regulation
NK cells, which contain the proteins perforin and protectin, provide a type of immunity called __________.
immunological surveillance
Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes
immunosupressive
A histological examination of the nephron would reveal simple squamous tissue __________.
in the nephron loop
The fluid in the ascending limb of the nephron loop moves __________ the fluid in the descending limb.
in the opposite direction as
Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?
incisor
All of the following are changes we can expect to see in respiratory performances as we age EXCEPT a(an) __________.
increase in lung compliance
A rise in arterial PCO2 elevates carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce __________.
increase in rate and depth of breathing
The primary effect of secretin is to __________.
increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas
The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.
increase the total surface area for absorption
Which of the following changes does NOT cause decreased efficiency of the respiratory system?
increased compliance
What is the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?
increased conservation of sodium ions and water
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except
increased fluid retention
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the urinary system?
increased sensitivity to ADH
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe
increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.
What is the effect of taking a diuretic?
increased water loss in urine
When the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the lungs __________.
increases
In a bronchiole, the release of histamine by activated mast cells and basophils __________.
increases bronchoconstriction and decreases airflow
The hormone gastrin __________.
increases the activity of parietal and chief cells
If you __________ the pressure of a gas, __________ of those gas molecules can enter into a liquid.
increases; more
Which of the following is not a function of saliva?
increasing dental caries
How does one adjust the pitch of the sound the larynx produces?
increasing or decreasing the tension between the vocal cords
During some infections, you may develop a fever. What is the greatest benefit a fever provides that protects you from infection?
increasing your cell's metabolism
Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?
inflammation
The Hering-Breuer reflexes include which of the following?
inflation relfexes
The active process that occurs when food enters the digestive tract via the mouth is __________.
ingestion
Sympathetic stimulation __________.
inhibits submucoal glands
The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that cannot distinguish between one potential threat and another are called __________.
innate defenses
The fact that people are not subject to the same diseases as goldfish illustrates the presence of __________.
innate immunity
Which of the following is mismatched?
innate immunity - B cells
The parietal pleura is attached to the __________.
inner thoracic body wall, mediastinum, and superior surface of the diaphragm
What body system is NOT adversely affected by inadequate calcium absorption?
integuementary system
Which other body system excretes the same wastes, like urea, that the urinary system excretes?
integuementary system
Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called
interferons
Small proteins released from tissue cells infected with viruses, as well as from activated lymphocytes and macrophages, are called ________________ .
interferons
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration
The pressure inside the respiratory tract at the alveoli is called _________________.
intrapulmonary pressure
The defecation reflex __________.
involves long and short reflexes and involves two positive feedback loops
To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system except __________.
iron
The oropharynx __________.
is a conduit for air and food that extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
A decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure from 50 mmHg to 40 mmHg _____________.
is devastating to kidney function since at 40 mmHg, kidney filtration stops because the net filtration pressure falls to 0 mmHg
The tidal volume __________.
is equal to about 500 mL AND is the total amount of air moving into or out of the lungs when at rest within a single respiratory cycle
The second response to a single antigen __________ the first response.
is stronger and longer lasting
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that
it depends on memory b cells
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary response to antigen exposure?
it does not peak until one-two weeks after the exposure
Which of the following does NOT describe the blood thymus barrier?
it is found in the medulla of the thymus
Which of the following does not accurately describe the spleen?
it is in contact with the right kidney
Which of the following statements about the hilum of the kidney is FALSE?
it is the site o the adrenal glands
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?
it will be displayed on that cell's plasma membrane
Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?
jaundice
A surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the
jejenum
Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss?
jejunum
Which organ in the urinary system produces urine?
kidney
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport?
kidney cells have only one type of carrier on an individual cell.
Fatty acids and lipids are absorbed into the ____________ found in each villus of the small intestine.
lacteal
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
lactose
Which of the following produces, on a daily basis, the least number of the peristaltic contractions that force food through the digestive tract?
large intestine
An error in swallowing is most likely detected by the __________.
larynx
What is the most superior portion of the lower respiratory system?
larynx
Which graph depicts the antibody titer in a first exposure to a foreign antigen?
left graph
After passage through the nephron loop, the filtrate is __________.
less concentrated ( is incorrect idk answer )
What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?
lesser omentum
The walls of the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi contain progressively __________ amounts of cartilage and __________ amounts of smooth muscle.
lesser; greater
Why is diarrhea potentially life-threatening?
loss of water and electrolytes
Adult hemoglobin has an oxygen affinity __________ that of fetal hemoglobin.
lower than
The smallest lymphatic vessels are called __________.
lymph capillaries
Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the __________.
lymph capillaries
The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is
lymph nodes
Which of the following systems is not used to excrete wastes from the body?
lymphatic system
Before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by an antigen presenting cell such as _______.
macrophage
What type of leukocyte functions as an antigen-presenting cell?
macrophage
Particles that reach the alveoli are consumed by __________.
macrophages
The group of tall cells in the distal convoluted tubule that serve as either chemoreceptors or baroreceptors are the __________ cells.
macula densa
Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
mass movements
Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of __________.
mast cells
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
The lingual frenulum __________.
may need to be cut if the condition of ankyloglossia exists is a thin fold of mucous membrane connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
The inner layer of the kidney is the __________.
medulla
In the complement cascade, once C3b is activated and attached to the cell membrane, other complement proteins can form a(n) ________________ .
membrane attack complex
What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chicken pox when he or she is six years old and still be immune to chicken pox at age 45?
memory
B lymphocytes differentiate into __________.
memory and plasma cells
What are the cells found between adjacent glomerular capillaries that can change the diameter of the capillaries and adjust blood flow?
mesengial cells
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesentares
Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called __________.
micelles
When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as
micturtition
Which of the following statements regarding digestive enzymes is not true?
minerals are produced from the enzymatic breakdown of proteins
What type of tooth can have two or three roots and is best suited for helping in mastication by grinding and crushing food?
molar
When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________ and __________.
more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
The peripheral chemoreceptors are __________.
more sensitive to a decrease in PCO2 than to a decrease in PO2
Because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs, __________ oxygen should dissolve in the blood __________.
more; more rapidly
Because of the small diameter of the glomerular capillaries, the blood pressure in the efferent arteriole is __________ that of the pressure in the afferent arteriole.
much higher than
The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems is called __________.
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Goblet cells produce __________.
mucus
The cells in the gastric mucosa near the openings of the gastric pits largely specialize in secreting __________.
mucus
What structures comprise the respiratory defense system?
mucus and cilia
The __________ carries trapped particles and mucus toward the pharynx.
mucus escalator
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucusa
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?
muscalaris externa
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.
muscalaris mucusa
Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes __________.
muscular relaxtion and inhibition
The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the __________.
myenteric plexus
What is the name for the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate, where the afferent arterioles adjust their diameter in response to blood pressure changes?
myogenic mechanism
Where is the opening of the distal auditory tube located?
nasopharnyx
Which part of the pharynx is the most superior?
nasopharynx
Hormones of the immune system include all of the following except
natriuretic factor.
Innate defenses include __________.
natural killer cells, which destroy abnormal cells sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin, which aid in blocking the entry of harmful pathogens through the skin pyrogens, the release of which can elevate body temperatures above 37.2°C
Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment?
naturally acquired active immunity
What type of immunity is conferred when a baby receives antibodies from her mother?
naturally acquired passive immunity
Which hormone produced by the heart increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
naturietic peptides
Tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destoyed is called _______________ .
necrosis
Which of the following terms describes the degeneration of tissue cells that have been damaged or destroyed by injury?
necrosis
In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur?
nephron loop
Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments?
nephron loop
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for establishing a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney?
nephron loop
What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?
nephron loop and collecting duct
Urine production begins in the __________.
nephrons
Which of the following conditions does NOT occur as the urinary system ages?
nephrons become more sensitive to ADH
The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is the __________.
net filtration pressure
Which of the following is NOT a class of lymphocyte?
neutrophils
Microphages are phagocytes that circulate in the blood. These include ______________ .
neutrophils and eosanophils
Which gas has the highest partial pressure in the air we breathe?
nitrogen
Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of
nk cells
Which of the following does NOT digest proteins?
nuclease
MHC class II proteins are found __________.
only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the
oropharynx
Which of the following is a part of the upper respiratory system?
oropharynx paranasal sinuses internal nares
Which of the following is NOT an example of carrier-mediated transport?
osmosis
The Hering-Breuer reflexes protect against __________.
overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing
When each hemoglobin molecule binds with four molecules of oxygen, the end product is __________.
oxyhemoglobin
Chemoreceptors on the ventrolateral surface of the medulla respond to changes in the __________.
pH and, secondarily, PCO2
Many visceral smooth muscle networks have rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.
pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger the contraction of entire muscular sheets
The enzyme alpha-amylase that digests polysaccharides is secreted by the __________.
pancreas
Which of the following does NOT digest carbohydrates?
pancreatic lipase
Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the ________ glands.
parotid
Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
parotid glands
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunization
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called __________.
pathogens
All of the following enzymes are produced in the pancreas except ______________.
pepsin
Which of the following enzymes is active at the lowest pH?
pepsin
Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete ________________.
pepsinogen
Chief cells secrete __________.
pepsinogen
Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?
pepsinogen
Cytotoxic T cells attack infected body cells and abnormal cells. What is the chemical they produce to destroy the plasma membrane of these cells?
perforin
Natural killer cells destroy other cells by secreting __________.
perforins
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalisis
Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called __________.
peristalsis
Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.
peritubular capillaries
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
peritubular capillaries
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
peyer's patches
The first line of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is __________.
phagocytes
Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?
phagocytes
Which muscle(s) are responsible for pushing the bolus towards the esophagus?
pharnyngeal constrictors
Which of the following organs or structures is (are) uppermost in the respiratory system?
pharnyx
The adenoid is more formally called the ________________.
pharyngeal tonsil
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
pharynx
Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?
pharynx
What nerve(s), derived from the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense?
physical barriers
What is the name for the type of B cell that synthesizes and secretes large quantities of antibodies?
plasma cells
Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?
plasma cells
The difference between the vestibular folds and the vocal folds in the larynx is that the vestibular folds __________.
play no part in sound production
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
pleurisy
The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the __________.
plicae circulares
The majority of cells in the alveoli are simple squamous epithelial cells called ____________________.
pneumocytes type I
The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation.
pneumotaxic centers
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.
pneumothorax
What are the cells that surround the glomerular capillaries and limit filtration?
podocytes
The respiratory centers of the brain are located in __________.
pons and medulla oblongata
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?
pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas forms bubbles in the blood
If the pressure of a gas in contact with a solution increases, _________.
pressure of gas increases
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the respiratory system?
processing oflactory stimuli
Which of the following is not true of the microbiome?
produce vitamin Cf
Juxtaglomerular nephrons __________.
produces concentrated urine
Which of the following is not a function of the upper respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
producing sound
The renal papilla __________.
projects into the renal sinus
The Hering-Breuer reflex
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.
One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.
protein
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins
In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.
proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
Sixty to seventy percent of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed in the __________.
proximal convolated tubule
In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule.
Breathing, which involves the physical movements of air into and out of the lungs, is called __________.
pulmonary ventilation
Fever-inducing agents are called _____________ .
pyrogens
What is the process that can return useful solutes like electrolytes and glucose to the blood?
reabsorption
The proximal convoluted tubule performs all of the following functions except _______________.
reabsorption of approximately 99 percent of the water
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the
rectum
Which structures are classified as primary lymphoid organs and tissues?
red bone marrow and thymus gland
The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to __________.
reduce friction between the parietal and the visceral pleurae
Aldosterone __________ in the proximal convoluted tubule.
regulates potassium and sodium exchange
The functions of the urinary system include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
regulating body temperature
The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________.
regulatory T cells
As blood flows toward the alveoli, it is directed toward lobules in which the PO2 is __________.
relatively high
Mast cells do all of the following except __________________ .
release and produce antibodies
Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation?
release of pyrogens to cause a fever
The spleen __________.
removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation and initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens
Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney?
renal artery
In which region would you find interlobar arteries?
renal column
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle
The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 180 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.
renal corpuscle
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
renal failure
Which of the following is a dense, fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures?
renal fascia
In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?
renal medulla
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis
The kidneys are protected by all of the following except the ______________.
renal pelvis
What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that leads to the ureter?
renal pelvis
The plasma concentration at which a specific substance or ion begins to appear in the urine is called the ________________.
renal threshold
The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine.
renal transport
Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?
rennin
Lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm drains into the _________.
right lymphatic duct
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
Why can't a little boy throwing a temper tantrum harm himself by holding his breath?
rising levels of CO2 will quickly force him to breathe
When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called __________.
rugae
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
One of the functions of the urinary system is to help in the regulation of pH. How does the nephron correct an acidosis condition in the blood?
secreteting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3 -
Which process in the formation of urine removes chemicals from the blood and puts them into the urine and is not driven by blood pressure?
secretetion
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells can destroy a target cell by each of the following processes EXCEPT __________.
secreting antibodies that destroy cell membranes
Which of the following is not true of the parotid glands?
secretions empty along the lingual frenulum
From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is __________.
serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the __________.
small intestine
The bronchioles have walls dominated by __________.
smooth muscle
Accidently sending fluid up out of the nose happens when the ________ fails to close off the ________.
soft palate, nasopharnyx
The digestive tract motility and secretions are controlled by a complex set of mechanisms. Which of the following is NOT a normal way the digestive tract functioning is controlled?
somatic motor neurons
D cells release ________, which inhibits the release of gastrin.
somatostonin
T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed
specificity
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral border of the stomach, is the __________.
spleen
Lymphoid organs include which of the following?
spleen and tonsils
All three complement activation pathways involve the ______________ .
splitting the inactive C3 protein to activated C3b and C3a proteins
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
stratifed squamous
What type of epithelium makes up the oral mucosa?
stratified squamous
Respiratory reflexes are modified by __________.
stretch receptors found in the lungs baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid sinuses chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2 and O2 levels
Which layer of the digestive tract contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner?
submucosa
Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and contains a nerve plexus?
submucosa
Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a lack of __________.
surfactant
The lining of the alveolus is coated with an oily secretion called __________.
surfactant
Colloid osmotic pressure is the osmotic pressure resulting from ___________.
suspended proteins in the blood
Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to __________.
synthesize and secrete antibodies
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
t cells
Adaptive responses __________.
target a specific antigen each time it is activated
Which accessory organ of the digestive system does not produce any enzymes or digestive secretions?
teeth
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal cords?
temperature of vocal cords
Residual volume is the volume of air __________.
that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
What factor does not affect the efficiency of diffusion at the blood air barrier?
the % of nitrogen in the atmosphere
When an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with __________.
the activation of specific T cells and B cells
Alveolar ventilation is __________.
the amount of air reaching the alveoli in one minute
The enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, is secreted by __________.
the brush border of the small intestine
What occurs if food particles or liquids happen to touch the surfaces of the vestibular folds or the glottis?
the coughing reflex is triggered
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Net filtration pressure can be measured as __________.
the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure
All of the following help with gas exchange at the blood air barrier except ______________ .
the fact that oxygen and carbon dioxide are water soluble gases
Which of the following is NOT a reason why gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient?
the gases are water soluble
How does the mucosa of the distal rectum compare with that of the colon and the cecum?
The colon and the cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the distal rectum is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium because the rectum is next to the opening to the exterior of the body.
Which of the following statements about the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups is most correct?
The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing, and the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups function via reciprocal inhibition.
The urinary filtrate first enters __________.
the glomerular (Bowman) capsule
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane?
the interstitial space between the alveolus and a distal capillary
When CO2 diffuses into the blood, it is quickly combined with water to form carbonic acid. Which of the following is not true regarding this important reaction?
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is found in the plasma.
If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?
The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
The olfactory region of the nasal cavity includes all of the following but one. Which structure is NOT part of the olfactory region?
the nasal bones
Which of the following interactions is not true?
The integumentary system provides vitamin B needed for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
Which of the following statements about the pleura is (are) FALSE?
The intrapleural pressure will rise above intrapulmonary pressure during forceful inspiration.
Which part of the kidney functions as an endocrine organ to produce erythropoietin and the enzyme, renin?
The juxtaglomerular complex
Which of the following is one of the physiological adaptations that occur in the human body at very high altitudes?
The kidney releases EPO to stimulate an increase in hematocrit.
Which of the following occurs during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
The larynx elevates, and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx.
Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?
The loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles
Which of the following statements concerning the micturition reflex is FALSE?
The micturition reflex is controlled by neurons in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
Which statement about the nasopharynx is true?
The nasopharynx contains ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The nasopharynx begins at the internal nares. The nasopharynx contains the opening to the auditory tubes.
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
Which of the following is NOT true of the physical barriers that are part of the innate defenses?
the skin contains phagocytic cells called Kupffer cells that can destroy bacteria
The two positive-feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________.
the stretch receptors in the rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system
Which of the following statements concerning the thymus is INCORRECT?
The thymus reaches its greatest size after 25 years.
In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the
the variable segments of both the light and heavy chains.
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
thick secretions that are difficult to transport
The majority of lymph fluid in the body returns to the venous circulation via the __________.
thoracic duct
Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?
thoracic duct
Which cartilage of the larynx contains the structure commonly known as the Adam's apple?
thryoid cartilage
The hormone that is important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defense is ________________.
thymosin
T cells originate and complete their development in the __________
thymus
What is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages that form most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
What is the name of the large, shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
Which respiratory volume represents the amount of air you move into and out of your lungs during quiet breathing?
tidal volume
What is the cytokine that slows the growth of a tumor and kills sensitive tumor cells?
tnf
The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded __________.
to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus
Cells of the immune system usually ignore antigens found in the body. This is called __________.
tolerance
While our immune system is fully prepared to fight foreign antigens, our T cells and B cells normally do not attack self-antigens. What is this property of adaptive immunity called?
tolerance
________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
tolerance
Which oral structure(s) is/are responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase?
tongue
Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________.
tonsils
________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
tonsils
Which of the following lymphatic structures do NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern?
tonsils and spleen
Which type of epithelial tissue is not seen in the respiratory mucosa?
transitional epithelium
he mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of __________.
transitional epithelium
The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?
transititional
The chloride shift occurs in order to
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
When referring to reabsorption of molecules in the kidney, Tm is the abbreviation for __________.
transport maximum, the number of available carrier proteins in the renal tubules
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
transporting oxygen to the tissues
The collecting system __________.
transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine
The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________.
trigone
Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show
tumor-specific antigens
The left lung has __________ lobe(s), whereas the right lung has __________ lobes.
two; three
Which of the following organic wastes is generated by the catabolism of amino acids?
urea
________ is the most abundant organic waste.
urea
What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
ureter
Contraction of the muscular bladder forces urine out of the body through the __________.
urethra
Which part of the urinary system in the male is shared with the reproductive system?
urethra
Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine?
urinary bladder
The dangling process that aids in keeping food out of the nasopharynx is known as the
uvula
Peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies transmit impulses to the central nervous system via the _______________ nerve.
vagus
The antigen-binding sites are found in the __________.
variable segments
The capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called __________.
vasa recta
Our immune system's ability to attack and defend us from any antigen at any time is a property of adaptive immunity called __________.
versatility
The maximum amount of air moved in and out during a single breath is __________.
vital capacity
Total lung capacity can be calculated as _______________ .
vital capacity plus the residual volume
Which of the following molecules are directly absorbed into the intestinal mucosa without the need for ATP?
vitamin D
Which parts of the larynx are involved in the production of sound?
vocal folds
Which respiratory rhythmicity center(s) directly activates inspiratory muscles during forced breathing?
vrg
What is the benefit of the rich vascularization of the upper respiratory system?
warming and help humidify the inspired air
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person
was recently infected with the mumps
What is perhaps the most important function of the large intestine?
water reabsorption
The collecting ducts perform all of the following functions except _________________.
water reabsorption under the control of atrial naturetic peptide
The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary preparation but that may require special transport mechanisms are __________.
water, electrolytes, and vitamins
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp
Enhanced phagocytosis by a coating of antibodies and complement on the antigen is called __________.
opsonization
The enhancement of phagocytosis is called ______________ .
opsonization
AIDS is an example of __________.
an immunodeficiency disease
Which cells are involved in immunological surveillance?
natural killer cells
Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the digestive system?
Stronger peristaltic contractions, resulting in diarrhea
In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense?
Stimulation and coordination of inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
During internal respiration, the exchange of the respiratory gases takes place between which of the following?
The systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells
Which of the following is not associated with hypoventilation?
During hypoventilation, blood pH increases.
In which of the conditions would oxygen release from hemoglobin be increased?
During the run of the Iron Man Triathlon on a hot, humid day.
Which of these values would you expect to DECREASE in an individual with asthma or pneumonia?
More than one of these choices would be affected by asthma or pneumonia.
Which process is NOT involved in the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach?
Movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid.
What is the order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, starting with the layer in contact with the food?
Mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa
What is the formula for net filtration pressure?
NFP = NHP - BCOP
Which of the following is an countertransporter found in the renal tubules?
Na+ / H +
Which of the following statements about the trachea is FALSE?
Stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system decreases the diameter of the trachea, thus making it more difficult to breathe.
Which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?
Stomach distension and gastrin release
Blood enters each kidney through the renal arteries. What is the order in which blood travels from the renal artery to the glomeruli?
Segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries
Which of the following statements concerning the nephron loop and its function is FALSE?
Sodium and chloride are pumped out of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop.
Which of the following is not true of red blood cells?
The production of BPG increases as red blood cells age.
What is the main difference between the conducting portion of the respiratory system and the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
The respiratory portion does gas exchange.
Which of the following statements about the functions of the respiratory system is not true?
The respiratory system removes CO2 and adds O2 to the atmosphere.
What happens in the respiratory system if pneumocytes type II are not functioning properly or are destroyed?
The surface tension would make the alveoli smaller and cause them to collapse upon exhalation.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding the BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test?
Urea is created in the liver from the breakdown of carbohydrates.
What is the hormone secreted by the small intestine that dilates capillaries in the small intestine area?
VIP
