A&P Metabolism and Nutrients

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin

B6

Brown fat

Brown fat functions in nonshivering thermogenesis. Brown fat is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. Brown fat is found in infants. Brown fat contains a rich vascular supply.

Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and

bulimia

The major anion in body fluids is

chloride.

The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another is called

conduction

A balanced diet should

contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. include adequate substrates for the production of energy. provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. contain adequate amounts of water.

The trace element needed for hemoglobin synthesis is

copper.

Each cytochrome contains

a metal ion.

All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting,

epinephrine levels rise. shivering thermogenesis occurs. nonshivering thermogenesis occurs. blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins

For adults there are 8

essential amino acids

Which of the following individuals would lose heat the fastest in a cold room?

a newborn infant

Lipogenesis generally begins with

acetyl-CoA.

Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following

age. body weight. gender. genetics.

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

folic acid (folate).

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout.

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons

growth and repair store nutrients produce secretions structural maintenance

Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids?

growth hormone

Someone with a total cholesterol level between 200 and 239 mg/dl should

have annual checkups. lose weight if overweight. reduce the amount of saturated fat in the diet. modify their diet.

The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 \rm \mu m chylomicrons

are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in

increased levels of urea in the blood. ketosis and a decreased blood pH. lipid metabolism. increased gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for

ion transport. muscle contraction. protein synthesis. glycogen synthesis.

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

iron.

A T4 assay is used to

obtain an index of metabolic activity.

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the

phosphate ion

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the

postabsorptive state.

Reactions within the mitochondria

provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

pyridoxine (B6).

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of

radiation.

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?

36 ATP

What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?

60

The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following

removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes. increasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain. the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms. ionization of hydrogen atoms.

BMR

represents the minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake, alert individual

The major cation in extracellular fluid is

sodium.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle.

During the absorptive state,

the liver forms glycogen.

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is

thiamine.

Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the Electron Transport System?

2 ATP

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than

20 percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

The essential fatty acids are

linoleic acid and linolenic acid.

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called

low-density lipoproteins

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism.

During starvation

muscle proteins are used as an energy source.

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea.

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

vitamin A.