A&P - Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance
__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are used to build larger molecules.
Anabolism
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2→ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
T/F: A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.
False
__________ is the conversion of acetyl CoA into ketone bodies.
Ketogenesis
__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
LDLs
Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells?
carbohydrates
Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body? vitamins: act as coenzymesproteins: structural materials in the bodycarbohydrates: hormoneslipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes
carbohydrates: hormones
Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways?
cholesterol
Which hormone promotes protein catabolism?
cortisol
Which of the following occurs when water is released (lost) during a reaction?
dehydration synthesis
Although both conditions share the common characteristic of elevated body temperature, hyperthermia is technically different from fever because ______.
fever is a condition in which there is a change in the body's temperature set-point
The energy stored in ATP comes from which of the following?
food molecules
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which enters the mitochondrion. There, it is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Electron carriers bring electrons from the first three steps to the electron transport chain, and ATP is made.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.
mitochondria; aerobic
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion All of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion.
Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? oxygen (O2)water (H2O)ATPcarbon dioxide (CO2)
oxygen (O2)
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
process that produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.
Where does the process of segmentation occur?
small intestine
Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because ______.
the rate of exergonic reactions is increased
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
to regenerate ATP
__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities.
The basal metabolic rate
How is ATP used in our bodies?
The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration
Growth and repair involve primarily what type of reactions?
anabolic - Anabolic reactions are building reactions.
Which of the following contains the most energy that can be used to make ATP? 1 gram of fat1 gram of muscle1 gram of carbohydrate1 gram of protein
1 gram of fat
Part B Energy for Cell Work Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?
ATP
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?
ATP
Which of these happens during the postabsorptive state?
Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range.
__________ is the key hormone regulator of the postabsorptive state.
Glucagon
Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description? Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description? glycolysis: anaerobic respiration anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller onescitric acid cycle: aerobic pathway Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures
Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures Submit
Which major process involves the removal of water from intestinal contents?
absorption
Part A - Stages of cellular respiration Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the stages of cellular respiration.
glucose
Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration.
glucose + O2 yields CO2 + H2O + ATP
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.
Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation?
hypothalamus
The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______.
ketosis
Which of the following is NOT catabolic?
lipogenesis
How would you classify chewing food?
mechanical breakdown
T/F: Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant.
true
Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________.
urea; liver
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched in regards to BMR (basal metabolic rate)?
younger age: lower BMR
