A&P Test 2 Study Questions

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

They extend from lacunae to lacunae. They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions. Nutrients pass through them.

Which statements characterize osteocytes?

They maintain bone matrix. They reside in lacunae.

The formation and development of bone is ______

ossification

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.

red blood cells

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called ________ bone.

spongy

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.

80%

When a muscle fiber contracts, which parts of the sarcomere maintain a constant length throughout contraction?

A band

Rickets is caused by a vitamin ___ deficiency.

D

In order, the steps of fracture repair are:

Fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, bone is remodeled.

Which statements characterize endosteum?

It contains osteoblasts, it is active during bone repair, and it lines medullary cavities

Which statements correctly describe compact bone?

It forms the external walls of a long bone. It is solid and relatively dense

Which statements characterize articular cartilage?

It functions to reduce friction in joints. It is composed of hyaline cartilage. It covers an epiphysis.

Which statements characterize periosteum?

It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones.

Which statements describe the matrix of bone?

It is composed of organic and inorganic substances. It is harder than the matrix of cartilage.

Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?

Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix. Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone.

Deep invaginations of sarcolemma are called ______.

T-tubules

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?

They contain blood vessels. They contain nerves. They are a cylindrical channel.

A tropomyosin molecule is a short, thin, twisted filament that covers small sections of the ______ strands.

actin

Each myosin head in a thick filament can bind to the protein in a thin filament called ____________.

actin

Which of the following proteins are found in a thin filament?

actin

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called ______.

articular cartilage

The end of a long bone is covered with ______.

articular cartilage

Acting as levers for movement is a function of ______.

bones

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

calcitonin

Functionally, troponin provides a binding site for ______ ions.

calcium

Most of the body's reserves of ______ and phosphate are stored and released by bone.

calcium

Bone formation requires ______.

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.

canaliculi

Spongy bone is also called ______.

cancellous bone

The long tails of the myosin molecules in the thick filaments point toward the ______ of the filament.

center

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.

central canal

Rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called external ________ lamellae.

circumferential

What are rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone called?

circumferential lamellae

Which is an organic component of bone?

collagen fibers

Flat bones have surfaces composed of ______ bone with internally placed ______ bone.

compact; spongy

The external surface of short bones consists of ______ bone while the interior consists of ______ bone.

compact; spongy

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.

concentric lamellae

Bone is a type of ______ tissue.

connective

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its _______.

diaphysis

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through _______ ossification.

endochondral

The motor neuron axon travels through the epimysium and perimysium and enters the ______, where it delivers a nerve impulse to an individual ______.

endomysium; muscle fiber

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.

endosteum

Lengthwise bone growth is complete when ______.

epiphyseal lines form

The expanded end of a long bone is called the ______.

epiphysis

In a transverse section of a muscle, you can see that each skeletal muscle is actually composed of many ____________, which are bundles of muscle fibers.

fascicles

The sternum is an example of a(n) ______ bone.

flat

Skull Bones are what type of bone?

flat bones

Bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a(n) ____________ for the entire body.

framework/support

The semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers and is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone is the ____________ substance.

ground

What part of a myosin molecule does ATP bind to?

head

The process of blood cell production is called ________ .

hematopoiesis

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.

hydroxyapatite crystals

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.

increase blood calcium levels

When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.

increases

Calcium is required for ______.

initiation of muscle contraction, blood clotting, stimulation of the heart

Bones that do not fit into the long, short, or flat categories are called _______ bones.

irregular

Vertebrate bones are what type of bone?

irregular bones

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

it contains parallel lamellae. It contains no osteons

Bones of the skeleton function as a system of _______ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.

levers

Based on shape, the most common type of bone is the ______ bone.

long

Which bones are greater in length than width?

long bones

Osteocytes are ______.

mature bone cells

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

maxilla, mandible, flat bones of the skull

What is the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?

medullary cavity

Another name for the calcification of bone is _________.

mineralization

Neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called ______ neurons.

motor

The sarcoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of long, cylindrical structures called __________ that extend the length of the cell.

myofibrils

Muscle fibers contain cylindrical structures called myofibrils, which are composed of ______.

myofilaments

Myofibrils consist of bundles of short ______.

myofilaments

Thick myofilaments are composed of bundles of ____________ protein molecules.

myosin

Where a motor neuron axon terminal and a muscle cell meet is called a ___________ junction.

neuromuscular/synaptic

An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?

organic component

Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?

organic components

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.

osseous

Bone resorption is a function of ______.

osteoclasts

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

osteoclasts

Calcitonin is produced by the _________ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______.

periosteum

The mineral called ________ stored within bone, is a component of ATP and phospholipids.

phosphate

The diaphysis of a long bone is the site of the formation of the ______ ossification center.

primary

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the _________ ossification center; it is the first major center of bone formation.

primary

Osteoblasts function to ______.

produce osteoid

Which is a function of bone?

protection of organs

The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the _________ epiphysis.

proximal

The organic components of bone provide

resistance to stretching

An internal membrane complex in skeletal muscle cells that is similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells is called the sarcoplasmic ____________.

reticulum

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ______________.

sarcolemma

The cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell has a specific name and is known as ___________.

sarcoplasm

The diaphysis of a bone is the ______ of a bone.

shaft

The wrist bones are examples of ______.

short bones

A thick cordlike structure that attaches a muscle to a bone is called a(n) ______.

tendon

Long bones include ______.

the bones of the palm, the bones of the toes, the bones of the fingers, and the thigh bone

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

they are rings of bone tissue. They contain collagen fibers. Their numbers vary among osteons.

In a muscle cell at rest, the myosin heads of a thick filament point ______ the sarcomere.

toward the ends of

The deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers as a network of narrow membranous tubules are called ___________.

transverse tubules

If the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell is flooded with calcium ions, to which protein will they bind?

troponin

True or false: By age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped.

true

Endochondral ossification forms most bones of the ______.

upper and lower limbs

In intramembranous ossification, newly formed bone that is immature and not well organized is called ______.

woven bone

In adults, the medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow.

yellow