A&P test 24&25

the outermost portion of the kidney is called the renal___

cortex

the factor favoring filtrate formation at the gloerulus is the

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)

a fenestrated squamous epithelium can be observed in this structure within the kidney

glomerulus

list the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop

Normal constituents of urine do not include ________.

glucose

the juxtamedullary nephrons

have a nephron loop that penitrates deep into the renal medulla

the renal artery enters the kidney at this indented area

hilum

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

after completing a marathon

hyponatremia, very low extracellular sodium ion concent.

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.

impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

increase in the production of ADH

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?

increased respiratory rate and depth

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduce the amount of filtrartion

alcholol acts as a diuretic because it

inhibits the release of adh

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

the glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body that it

is drained by an efferent arteriole

the juxtaglomerulas appaertus

is found where the most distal part of the accending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in

the regulation of sodium

is linked in blood pressure

which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption

it is a purely passive transport process

which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex

its macula densa cells produce aldosterone

which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults

kidney function deceases due to kidney atrophy

which of the choices below is the salt level monitoring part of the nephron

mascula densa

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

metabolic acidosis

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

metabolic alkalosis

Glycosuria is characteristic of ________.

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

which of the following is present in normal urine

urobilinogen

the nephron loops of the jux. nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder like blood vessel called the..

vasa recta

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________.

vasoconstriction

the renal corpuscle is made up of...

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH

select the correct statement about the nephrons

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal tubule (pct) contain so many mitochondria

a great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT

nephrons consist of the renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. the renal corpuscles are located in the___ of the kidney.

a or b

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.

a rise in plasma osmolality

which of the following is not associated with renal corpuscle

a vasa recta

the thin segment of the nephron loops descending limb

aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

which of the following hormone is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrate in the extracellular fluid

aldosterone

which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes

amount of body fat

which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electro. reabsorption and secretion

angiotension II and aldosterone

the ___ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney

arcuate

the kidneys are stimulated to produce renin

by a decrease in the blood pressure

kidney stones are also know as renal

calculi

the macula densa cells respond to

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

many nephrons empty into

collecting duct

the function of angiotension II is to

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

the desending limb of the nephron loop

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the med...

blood flows from the peritubular capillary to the renal vein through this sequence of vessels

cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein

which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convolute tubule

creatine

the presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following

damage to the filtration membrane

which of the following below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method

electrolyte levels

which of the following choices below is not a function of the urinary system

eliminates solid, undigested waste and excretes carbon dioxide ,water, salts and heat

micturition is a synonym for what

emptying the bladder

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?

estrogen

the function of the urinary system include

excreting nitrogenous waste, maintaining electrolyte balance and maintaing acid base and fluid balance

which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsinic and extrinsic controls of the kidney

extrinsic controls have the greatest effernt on systemic blood pressure while internic controls have greater effect on GFR

what is true about the process for making urine?

filtration occurs in the glomerular capsule

During filtration in the nephron, substances move ________.

from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsular space

tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move...

from the peritubular capillary into the nephron

as urine is formed it flows through the collecting ducts to enter, in order, the following structures

minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

which of the following directly enclose the papilla of the renal pyramid

minor calyx

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________.

most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed

the mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the

nephron loop

name the structure in the kidney that produces urine

nephrons

the mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is

osmosis

The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

plasma protein

These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.

podocytes

the single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is...

potassium ion conentrate in extracellular fluid

In which segment of the nephron would you find cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria?

proximal

..... indicates the pressure of white blood cells or other pus constitutions in the urine

pyuria

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria o9f the heart.the infulence of this hormone is to

reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water

the movement of fluids between cellular componets

regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

urine is formed by three processes. in which process do filtrate componets...... the body and move from the nephron into the blood

tubular reabsorption

the filtration membrane includes all except

renal fascia

a falling in blood ph and a rising partital pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumoniua or emphysema indicates

respiratory acidosis

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?

respiratory alkalosis

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

slightly higher

freshly voided urine

smells slightly aromatic

the bodys water volume is closley tied into the level of which of the following ions

sodium

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?

systemic blood pressure will go up

what is true about the urethral sphincters

the internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control

which of the following acts as a trigger for the initiation of the micturation

the stretching of the bladder wall

select what is correct about ureters

the ureters are capable of perist. like that of the gastrointeinal tract

hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane ......

the volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

they increase the surface area and allow for greater volume of filtration components to be reabsorbed

the urinary bladder is composed of..........epithelium

transitional