A&P Test 3 Study Guide

How many metatarsals are in the foot?

5

Which of the following joints is cartilaginous?

Synchondrosis

While chewing gum you will ______ the mandible.

elevate and depress

What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences?

Appositional growth

Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Calcitonin

What is the superior portion of the cranial cavity called?

Calvaria

Which of the following is an opening in a bone?

Canal (meatus)

Which canals connect lacunae together?

Canaliculi

Which bones features a prominent line called the linea aspera?

Femur

Place the following steps of bone repair in the correct sequence. 1. The bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone 2. A hematoma fills the gap between bone fragments 3. Osteoblasts build a new bone callus 4. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate the hematoma and a soft callus forms

2, 4, 3, 1

The human body has approximately ____________ bones.

206

Correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone. 3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels. 4. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone. 5. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts.

3, 5, 2, 1, 4

During bone repair, the bony callus may last up to ________________.

3-4 months

How long does bone repair generally take?

6 weeks

How many cervical vertebrae exist in the vertebral column?

7

How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum?

7

Which of the following statements best describes a bursa?

A bursa is a structure filled with synovial fluid and lined with synovial membrane on its inner surface.

Which statement best describes a bursa?

A bursa is a synovial fluid-filled structure lined with synovial membrane on its inner surface.

Which bone feature of the pelvic bone is the articulation site for the femur?

Acetabulum

What part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

Acromion

What is the main function of the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

Aid in motion

Which of the following structures persists for life?

Articular cartilage

The shoulder and hip joints are similar because they are both:

Ball-and-socket joints

In which of the following locations would a gliding movement most likely occur?

Between the intercarpal joints of the wrist

Appositional growth produces:

Bone growth in width

What do ligaments connect?

Bones

What is the largest tarsal bone?

Calcaneus

______ allow for the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and small substances to and from osteocytes trapped within lacunae.

Canaliculi

Which of the following bones is a carpal bone?

Capitate

What fiber is commonly associated with fibrous joints?

Collagen

A patient shows up in the emergency department with the end of the bone protruding through his skin. What type of fracture does he have?

Compound fracture

What depression is found on the medial, anterior surface of the humerus?

Coronoid fossa

What structure is present on the second cervical vertebra (C2 or axis) that allows you to rotate your neck to say "no"?

Dens (odontoid process)

If a break occurs in the shaft of a thigh bone, what part of the bone has been broken?

Diaphysis

Which of the following is a freely movable joint?

Diarthrosis

Which of the following is a functional joint classification?

Diarthrosis

____ is the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones.

Diploë

What movement decreases the angle between the foot and tibia as the toes are pulled up toward the head?

Dorsiflexion

______ forms bone from within a model of hyaline cartilage.

Endochondral ossification

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?

Epiphyseal plate

Which of the following cartilaginous joints is found only in young, growing people?

Epiphyseal plate

Classify these joints to the correct structural classification: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.

Fibrous

Which of the following ligaments does not belong to the coxal joint?

Fibular collateral ligament

What is another name for the vertebral ribs?

Floating ribs

Membranous areas, or "soft spots," seen in the skull of an infant are called:

Fontanels

Which foramen is a feature of the occipital bone?

Foramen magnum

What bone marking is a depression in which another structure fits?

Fossa

Which of the following bone features on the proximal femur is the site of a ligament attachment from the acetabulum?

Fovea capitis

What part of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

Glenoid cavity

Which of the following landmarks is found on the proximal end of the humerus?

Greater tubercle

What part of each metacarpal forms the "knuckle" of your hand?

Head

Which of the following features is typical of a male pelvis?

Heart-shaped pelvic inlet

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the order of events that occur during fracture healing?

Hematoma forms -> soft callus forms -> hard callus forms -> remodeling occurs

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage

What bone serves as an attachment point for muscles but does not articulate with any other bone?

Hyoid bone

Which part of the coxal bone articulates with the sacrum?

Ilium

What three bones fuse during childhood to form the coxal bone?

Ilium, ischium, pubis

Whose bone marrow is mostly red?

Infants

What is the small hole on the maxillary bone located below the orbit?

Infraorbital foramen

Which of the following cartilaginous joints functions primarily in protection and shock absorption of the spinal column?

Intervertebral disc

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is false?

It occurs only at the articular surface.

Which abnormal spinal curvature gives a "hunchback" appearance?

Kyphosis

Dan fell from a ladder and broke his outside ankle. What bone feature sustained the injury?

Lateral malleolus

What best describes cartilaginous joints?

Little, if any, motion

Which of the following organs does not directly regulate blood calcium concentration in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Liver

When considering the classification of bones, which bones are used primarily for movement rather than protection?

Long bones

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Low blood calcium ion levels

What bone features are commonly called the ankle bones?

Malleoli

Which bone is an unpaired facial bone?

Mandible

Which bones house teeth?

Mandible and maxillary bones

What is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with mandible?

Mandibular fossa

Which prominent arch runs along the medial side of the foot from the calcaneus to metatarsals I-III?

Medial longitudinal arch

What type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint?

Multiaxial (triaxial) joint

What is the soft jellylike substance that functions as a shock absorber in an intervertebral disc called?

Nucleus pulposus

Which of the following features is the large hole in the coxal bone?

Obturator foramen

Which skull bone contains a protuberance?

Occipital

What is the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas?

Occipital condyle

Which of the following prominent features on the proximal epiphysis of the ulna can be felt through the skin?

Olecranon

______ is the process of bone formation.

Ossification

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?

Osteoblasts

_____ produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix.

Osteoblasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

Osteoclast

Which type of cell forms the medullary cavity in a fetal bone and removes excess bone at a fracture site?

Osteoclast

The structural units of mature compact bones are called:

Osteons

Which of the following hormones inhibits bone growth?

Parathyroid hormone

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which bone belongs to the axial skeleton?

Parietal

Which pair of bones meets along the sagittal suture?

Parietal bones

Which of the following vertebrae features border the vertebral foramen laterally?

Pedicle

_______ run perpendicular to the osteons.

Perforating canals

What are bones of the fingers and toes collectively called?

Phalanges

Which key feature distinguishes a synovial joint from other joint types?

Presence of a joint cavity

Which of the following factors promotes bone resorption?

Pressure

Which of the following promotes bone resorption?

Pressure

Which bone marking provides a site where bones articulate or to which ligaments and tendons attach?

Projection

Vertebrae of which region are fused in adults?

Sacral vertebrae

Which of the following joints is unique to the thumb?

Saddle joint

What structure on the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland?

Sella turcica

Which joint is associated with the rotator cuff, a group of muscles and their tendons?

Shoulder

What cranial bone articulates with all other cranial bones?

Sphenoid bone

What does the first cervical vertebra (C1 or atlas) lack?

Spinous process

Which bone is not associated with the appendicular skeleton?

Sternum

Which of the following bones articulate with the clavicle medially?

Sternum

Which type of fibrous joint is found between bones of the cranium?

Suture

Due to an accident on the playground, Kayleigh wears a cast to immobilize her elbow. What functional class of joint does this immobilization resemble?

Synarthrosis

Which of the following best represents the functional classifications of joints ranked from least movable to most movable?

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Which of the following is not a subclass of a fibrous joint?

Synchondrosis

What part of the joint cavity lubricates the joint, supplies nutrients, removes metabolic wastes, and absorbs shock?

Synovial fluid

What is the only tarsal that articulates with the leg?

Talus

Geri has pain behind her ear lobe and was diagnosed with mastoiditis. Which bone is affected?

Temporal bone

Which of the following features is not part of the synovial joint?

Tendon sheath

Which of the following statements best describes tendon sheaths?

Tendon sheaths protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints.

What function does the ACL perform?

The ACL prevents the tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur?

Craniostenosis is the premature fusion of one or more skull sutures in an infant. Predict what problem may arise if the skull sutures prematurely ossify during infancy.

The bones of the skull may be deformed and brain development can be restricted when skull sutures prematurely close.

The structure indicated by arrow #2 contains ________. The large white arrow on the image indicates an osteon.

The cellular extensions of mature bone cells in such a way that the cells connect with other, similar cells

Why do men wear belts, when women typically don't need to do that?

The iliac ala do not flare in men, but they usually do in women.

Which of the following is an obvious difference between a male and female skull?

The mandibular angle of the male skull is closer to 90 degrees, and that of the female skull is generally greater than 90 degrees.

What bones meet at the lambdoid suture?

The occipital bone and parietal bones

Which of the following characteristics make lumbar vertebrae easy to recognize?

Thicker and shorter pedicles and laminae

Which vertebrae resemble the head of a giraffe?

Thoracic

What are the two primary curvatures seen in the vertebral column of a fetus?

Thoracic and sacral

What unique feature is present only on cervical vertebrae?

Transverse foramina

What bones form the forearm (antebrachium)?

Ulna and radius

What type of joint allows motion around only one axis?

Uniaxial

Which vitamin is important for the synthesis of collagen?

Vitamin C

Which of the following is the bony projection at the bottom of the sternum?

Xiphoid process

Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae?

Zone of proliferation

Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

Zygomatic

Which of the following is not a cranial bone?

Zygomatic bone

What is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as "cheekbones"?

Zygomatic bones

All the following structures are part of a synovial joint except:

a bursa.

Synovial fluid can be found in all the following structures except:

a symphysis

Joints are classified functionally by their _____ and structurally by their _____.

amount of motion; anatomical characteristics

Joints that have just slight movement are functionally classified as ______.

amphiarthroses

A symphysis is a(n) ______.

amphiarthrosis

A syndesmosis is a(n) _______.

amphiarthrosis

A joint cavity consists of _______________________________.

an articular cartilage, an articular capsule, and synovial fluid

Flexion and extension are types of __________.

angular movements

The ___ ligament in the knee joint prevents hyperextension.

anterior cruciate

As a result of males producing more testosterone at puberty, __________.

appositional bone growth increases

The thickness of bones increase as an individual grows into adulthood by ______________.

appositional growth

Synovial joints are entirely encased in dense fibrous connective tissue that extends from the periosteum of one bone to another. This structure is called the _____.

articular capsule

Exposed bone surfaces within a joint cavity are lined with _______.

articular cartilage

In bones that have ceased to grow in length, the only cartilage that remains is the ____ on the epiphyses of bones.

articular cartilage

Synovial joints allowing movement around two axes are known as ______ joints.

biaxial

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of _______________.

blood vessels and nerve fibers

The weight-bearing structure of a vertebra is the __________.

body

The anterior cruciate ligament anchors the tibia bone to a __________.

bone

For a person who starts running for exercise, __________.

bone deposition exceeds bone resorption

When blood calcium levels rise above normal, osteoclast activity is inhibited by the hormone ___.

calcitonin

The main minerals bone stores are ____________________.

calcium and phosphorus

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for ________________.

calcium, phosphate, and lipids

Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of __________.

calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K

Wrist bones are known as __________.

carpals

A greenstick fracture occurs primarily in _____________.

children

A ____ fracture results when the bone is shattered into multiple fragments.

comminuted

A ___ joint allows flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction, but not rotation.

condylar

The rounded end of a bone that is used for articulation is called a __________.

condyle

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the __________.

diaphysis

The main central shaft of a long bone is called the ______.

diaphysis

All the following structural classifications apply to joints except:

diarthrosis

The innermost surface of bone has a lining known as the _____.

endosteum

All the following events occur during intramembranous ossification except

enlargement of the medullary cavity.

When the cartilage at the epiphyseal plate stops dividing, the bony structure that forms is known as the _____.

epiphyseal line

A fracture at the ______ can quite possibly have lifelong consequences, such as differences in limb length.

epiphyseal plate

Damage to the _________ in a long bone of a young person might cause the bone not to lengthen properly.

epiphyseal plate

The ________ is the enlarged, rounded end of a long bone.

epiphysis

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located at the ____.

epiphysis

Membranous areas, or "soft spots," seen in the skull of an infant are called __________.

fontanels

When you walk up the stairs your hip and knee joints _____________ to lift your body weight.

extend

All of the following bones are formed by intramembranous ossification except the

femur

The largest and strongest bone in the body is the __________.

femur

In the knee joint, the medial meniscus is __________.

fibrocartilage

Thin, broad bones are classified as __________.

flat bones

Thin, broad bones should be classified as:

flat bones

The elbow and knee joints are similar in that their primary motions are __________.

flexion and extension

Joints perform all the following functions except:

generate heat.

Bones perform all the following functions except ______________.

generate impulses

It is important for a _____ to be a synarthrosis because we want our teeth to have stability in the mandible.

gomphosis

Appositional growth produces __________.

growth in width

The palatine bone contributes to the structure of the __________.

hard palate

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as __________.

hematopoiesis

All of the following components are associated with the organic matrix except

hydroxyapatite

Increasing mechanical stress will cause bone to become stronger by ________________.

increasing deposition of mineral salts

Whose bone marrow is mostly red?

infants

If the _____ is destroyed, bone would become flexible and unable to resist compression.

inorganic matrix

Bone remodeling involves all of the following factors except:

intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

The skull and clavicle form through ________________.

intramembranous ossification

Ligaments that are found within the articular capsule are known as _____.

intrinsic ligaments

Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone

is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.

The largest, most complex diarthrosis in the body is the _____________.

knee joint

Osteoblasts become surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and become trapped within a _____.

lacuna

Bone lengthens by _____ growth and thickens by ____ growth.

longitudinal; appositional

The ______________ is the superior part of the sternum.

manubrium

In anatomical position, the ulna is __________ to the radius.

medial

Joints moving in one or more planes but that do not move around an axis are known as ____.

nonaxial joints

The most common type of inflammation of the joints is _____.

osteoarthritis

Bone deposition is performed by ____, whereas bone resorption is performed by ____.

osteoblasts; osteoclasts

Bone resorption requires the activity of __________.

osteoclasts

Bone cells that are surrounded by bone matrix and are located with lacunae are ____.

osteocytes

Which sequence is correct for the of development of mature bone cells?

osteogenic cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes

The structural units of mature compact bone are called __________.

osteons

Shaking your head "no" while talking to a small child is the result of a _____ joint between the axis and the atlas.

pivot

The gliding motion of the wrist uses ________ joints.

plane

A ballerina who stands on the tips of her toes is performing __________.

plantarflexion

If you stand on tiptoes to reach something on a top shelf, you are performing ______________ at the ankle.

plantarflexion

The thumb is the __________, whereas the great toe is the __________.

pollex; hallux

In ______, the bone turns around itself.

rotation

What bones form the pectoral girdle?

scapula and clavicle

Bones located within a tendon are classified as _____ bones.

sesamoid

Bones that are roughly cubed-shaped are classified as _____ bones.

short

The most freely movable joint in the human body is the ________ joint.

shoulder

All the following functions are associated with synovial fluid except:

stability

The type of joint found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae is classified as a _____.

symphysis

Two types of cartilaginous joints are _______________________.

symphysis and synchondrosis

Joints that are diarthroses and have a cavity are classified as ______ joints.

synovial

The distal end of the fibula articulates with the __________.

talus

The carotid canal is an opening found on the ___________ bone.

temporal

The zygomatic process is a projection on the _____________ bone.

temporal

Out of the numerous factors that influence bone growth and remodeling, ______ do (does) not.

the amount of fibrocartilage available

The unhappy triad is an injury involving _________________________.

the medial collateral ligament, the medial meniscus, and the anterior cruciate ligament

All the following structures are associated with the shoulder joint except:

the radioulnar ligament.

The patellar ligament connects the patella to the ____________.

tibia

Spongy bone is made up of a branching framework called ____.

trabeculae

The function of yellow bone marrow is __________.

triglyceride storage

All of the following factors will affect osteoblast and osteoclast activity except:

yellow bone marrow.

Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of _________________.

yellow marrow to red marrow

The stacked chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division within the

zone of proliferation.