A&P Test I
(Ch 1) From the upper left to the lower right, list the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.
(From left to right, top to bottom:) Top: Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region Middle: Right lumbar (flank) region, Umbilical region, Left lumbar (flank) region Bottom: Right iliac (inguinal) region, Hypogastric (pubic) region, Left iliac (inguinal) region
(Ch 1) List and explain the levels of organization in a living thing.
1) Atoms and molecules 2) Cells 3) Tissues 4) Organs 5) Organ systems 6) Organism 7) Microbiome
(Ch 4) Name the three primary structures of a neuron and explain the function of the nerve cell processes.
1) Cell body 2) Axon: carries nerve impulse away from cell body 3) Dendrite: carries nerve impulse towards the cell body
(Ch 1) Name the major areas that are included in the axial portion of the body.
1) Cranial cavity 2) Spinal cavity 3) Thoracic cavity (mediastinum, pleural cavities) 4) Abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
(Ch 1) Name the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity. What structures does each name contain?
1) Cranial cavity: contains brain 2) Spinal cavity: contains spinal cord
(Ch 4) Name and briefly describe the functions of the four main types of tissue.
1) Epithelial tissue: forms sheets that cover or line the body 2) Connective tissue: provides structural and functional support 3) Muscle tissue: contracts to produce movement 4) Nervous tissue: senses, conducts, and processes information
(Ch 4) Name and describe the primary connective tissues.
1) Fibrous: loose fibrous, adipose, reticular, dense fibrous 2) Bone: compact, spongy 3) Cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic 4) Blood
(Ch 2) List the major types of chemical bonds.
1) Ionic bonds: when one atom donates electrons to fill another's outer shell 2) Covalent bonds: when two atoms share electrons 3) Hydrogen bonds: when oppositely charged ends of molecules electrically attract each other
(Ch 1) Describe the process used to form scientific theories.
1) Make an observation 2) Ask a question 3) Form a hypothesis 4) Make a prediction 5) Do an experiment 6) Analyze the results 7) Report results
(Ch 1) List two organs of the mediastinum, two organs of the abdominal cavity, and two organs of the pelvic cavity.
1) Mediastinum: trachea, heart, blood vessels 2) Abdominal cavity: liver, stomach, gallbladder, intestines 3) Pelvic cavity: lower colon, rectum, urinary bladder
(Ch 4) Name the two types of nervous tissue cells. Which is a conductive cell type, and which acts as a support cell?
1) Neuron: acts as the conductive cell 2) Glia: supportive and connective cells
(Ch 3) Describe the structure of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
1) Plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer layered with proteins 2) Cytoplasm: internal fluid of cells. Contains the cytoskeleton which maintains cell shape and structure. 3) Nucleus: double membraned, contains DNA strands
(Ch 3) List the functions of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
1) Plasma membrane: serves as the boundary of the cell. Serve as identity markers for other cells, receptor molecules for certain proteins, or transporters to move substances in and out of the cell. 2) Cytoplasm: serves as the interior environment of each cell. 3) Nucleus: contains DNA, which dictates cell growth among other things
(Ch 2) Briefly describe the structure of each of these: protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid.
1) Protein: large molecules composed of amino acids 2) Lipid: triglycerides (3 chains + 1 head), phospholipids (two chains + glycerol), steroids (ring structures). Do not dissolve in water. 3) Carbohydrate: carbon and water. monosacchiarides, disacchiarides, polysacchiarides. 4) Nucleic acids: composed of nucleotides. DNA, RNA, ATP.
(Ch 2) Name and define three kinds of particles within an atom.
1) Protons: positively charged 2) Neutrons: neutral charge 3) Electrons: negative charge
(Ch 3) Name the function of the ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrosome, centrioles, microvilli, cilia, and flagella.
1) Ribosome: Synthesize proteins 2) ER: Rough ER transports proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids 3) Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages substances from ER 4) Mitochondria: ATP synthesis, powerhouse of cell 5) Lysosome: Breaks apart large molecules 6) Centrosome: Organizes cytoskeleton 7) Centrioles: Organizes and moves chromosomes during cell reproduction 8) Microvilli: Increases surface area of membrane for better absorption 9) Cilia: Detects conditions outside of cell 10) Flagella: "Tail" of sperm cell, propelling it
(Ch 1) Name and explain the three planes of the body.
1) Sagittal plane: divides body into L/R halves 2) Frontal plane: divides body into anterior/posterior halves (front/back) 3) Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into upper and lower portions
(Ch 1) List the three parts of a negative feedback loop and give the function of each.
1) Sensor: detects change 2) Control center: activates the effector 3) Effector: affects the controlled condition
(Ch 4) Name and describe the three muscle tissues.
1) Skeletal muscle tissue: attaches to bones, control is voluntary; striations are visible under microscope 2) Cardiac muscle tissue: composes heart wall; cannot control contractions 3) Smooth muscle tissue: no cross striations, found in blood vessels
(Ch 4) Name and briefly describe the structure and function of the three epithelial tissues.
1) Squamous: cells are flat and scalelike 2) Cuboidal: cells are as tall as they are wide like a cube 3) Columnar: cells are taller than they are wide like a column
(Ch 1) List four conditions in the cell that must be kept in homeostatic balance.
1) Temperature 2) Acid level (pH) 3) Fluid volume + pressure 4) Oxygen concentration
(Ch 2) Describe how a solvent and a solute differ.
A solute is the substance being dissolved. The solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.
(Ch 2) Describe the function of ATP in the body.
ATP transfers energy from nutrient molecules to power work within the cell.
(Ch 2) Describe the difference between alkalosis and acidosis.
Acidosis refers to low blood pH. Alkalosis refers to high blood pH.
(Ch 2) Explain how an acid and a base differ.
An acid has a high H+ concentration and low OH- concentration. A base has a low H+ concentration and a high OH- concentration.
(Ch 2) Define an electrolyte (ion)
An electrically charged atom
(Ch 1) Define anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. Physiology is the study of the function of those structures within the body.
(Ch 2) Briefly state the principal functions of each of these: carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid.
Carbohydrate: source of energy, stores energy Protein: form structures of the body, carry signals and perform functions Lipid: stores energy, forms and stabilizes cell membranes Nucleic acids: contains the genetic code (DNA), copies it (RNA), transfers energy to power work (ATP)
(Ch 3) Name an important event that occurs in mitosis during interphase.
Cell growth; replication of chromosomes
(Ch 3) Explain the difference between chromatin granules and chromosomes.
Chromosomes are coiled DNA molecules that are coiled around chromatin granules.
(Ch 2) Define the terms organic compound and inorganic compound.
Compounds composed of molecules that contain C-C/C-H covalent bonds; any compound that is not organic
(Ch 2) Briefly describe the importance of DNA in the body.
DNA contains the genetic code for making proteins.
(Ch 3) Describe the process of transcription.
DNA unwinds, one strand becomes mRNA, serving as a copy of a gene from DNA. The mRNA passes from the nucleus to the ribosomes and ER.
(Ch 3) Describe the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis.
DNA: creates proteins during synthesis rRNA link to a set of mRNA to transcribe the mRNA into amino acids
(Ch 2) Define enzymes and explain the importance of enzymes in the body.
Enzymes are chemical catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions in the body.
(Ch 3) Define gene and genome.
Gene is a specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome. Genome is the all the DNA in a human body.
(Ch 3) Describe the process of translation.
In the ribosomes, the mRNA is read and then translated into amino acids.
(Ch 3) Describe the functioning of the ion pump and explain the process of phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
Ion pumps use carrier proteins to move particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Phagocytosis: Movement of large particles or cells into cell by trapping it in membrane Pinocytosis: Movement of fluid or dissolved molecules into cell by trapping it in membrane
(Ch 2) Define an energy level.
Levels of electrons around the nucleus, varying in distance from the nucleus . The farther the orbital from the nucleus, the higher the energy level.
(Ch 1) Explain the difference between the terms lower extremity, thigh, and leg.
Lower extremity: very inferior of body, ankle, feet, toes Thigh: superior to leg, above kneecap Leg: inferior to thigh, below kneecap
(Ch 2) Explain the concept of pH.
Measures the H+ concentration in a solution to determine how acidic or basic the solution is.
(Ch 3) List the function of the nucleus and nucleolus.
Nucleus contains the DNA; the nucleolus makes ribosomes.
(Ch 3) Describe the processes of osmosis, diffusion, dialysis, and filtration.
Osmosis: passing of water through a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion: movement of particles through a membrane from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient). Dialysis: passing of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane
(Ch 3) List and briefly describe the four stages in active cell division (mitosis).
Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, chromatids attach at centromere, and nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear. Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid. Chromosomes align at center of cell. Anaphase: Centromeres break apart. Chromosomes move away from center. Telophase: The nuclear envelope and nuclei appear. The cytoplasm and organelles divide equally into two cells.
(Ch 1) Describe the anatomical position.
Standing erect with arms at the sides with the palms forward.
(Ch 4) Describe ECM and how it may affect the function of tissue.
The ECM (extra-cellular matrix) is composed of macromolecules that provide physical and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
(Ch 2) Describe a chemical bond.
Two or more atoms bond in order to make the atoms more stable.
(Ch 2) Identify the most abundant compound in the body.
Water (H2O)
(Ch 3) Explain the importance of cellular reproduction.
Without cellular reproduction, the human body will experience no growth. It is by cellular reproduction that the human body is able to grow and develop and achieve its various functions.