A&P2 chapter 16
Lymphatic nodules are encapsulated lymphatic organs.
False
which types of immunity is mediated by B cells & the antibodies they secrete?
- humoral immune response
Lymph nodes are located
- in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels
indicate two characteristics of antigens
- they can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids, - they are molecules that can trigger an immune response
lymphatic system
-A vast collection of cells and biochemicals that travel in lymphatic vessels -Contains a network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids -Closely associated with the cardiovascular system
Roles of lymphatic capillaries
-Absorption of dietary fats -Delivery of absorbed fats to the bloodstream -Return of small proteins filtered by blood capillaries to bloodstream -Collection of excess interstitial fluid -Delivery of excess fluid to the bloodstream -Delivery of foreign particles to the lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels are composed of 3 layers:
-An endothelial lining (inner) -Smooth muscle (middle) -Connective tissue (outer)
Interferons
-Block viral replication -act against growth of tumors - stimulate phagocytosis
Major locations of lymph nodes
-Cervical region -Axillary region -Supratrochlear region - Inguinal region -Pelvic cavity -Abdominal cavity -Thoracic cavity
lymphatic organs
-Consist of encapsulated lymphatic tissue -Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
Antigen-presenting cells include:
-Dendritic cells -Neutrophils -B cells -endothelial cells
The function(s) of lymph nodes include:
-Filter lymph -Immune surveillance
Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes
-Filter lymph -immune surveillance
2 primary functions of lymph nodes
-Filter potentially harmful particles from the lymph -Immune surveillance: monitor body fluids via macrophages and lymphocytes
Complement
-Is a group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that stimulates inflammations -attracts phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis
adaptive (specific) defenses
-Known as immunity -More specific and precise, targeting specific antigens -Carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules
Name the cells included in the mononuclear phagocytic system.
-Macrophages -Monocytes -eosinophils -lymphocytes
Macrophages
-Monocytes that leave the blood -which can be free or fixed in tissue
Phagocytosis
-Removes foreign particles from the lymph - in red blood vessels and the tissues of the spleen, liver or bone marrow remove particles from blood -the most active cells are neutrophils and monocytes -chemicals from damaged tissue attract these cells to the injury
Macrophages engulf and digest
Foreign substances, damaged cells, and debris
Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever (with bacterial infection), stimulates T and B cell differentiation
Tumor necrosis factor
Lymphocytes attack
Various pathogens in lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Walls are similar to veins, but thinner
a B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane - bound antigen receptors what is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor?
activation of B cell
what immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, aggulination, & lysis of the pathogens
activation of complement
if the barrier defenses & other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ________, will try to eliminate it
adaptive, or specific, defenses
the type of antigen that triggers an allergic reaction is called an
allergens
the class of immunoglobulin called IgE is involved with which of the following
allergic reactions
T cells are activated when they with antigens that are attached to the surface of _________ - presenting cells
antigen
tonsils and appendix
are composed of lymphatic nodules (compact masses of lymphatic tissue)
Collectins
are proteins that protect against many bacteria, yeast and some viruses
on an antibody molecule where is the antigen-binding site?
at the variable region
Tissue fluid =
blood plasma - plasma proteins
one branch of the immune system uses antibodies to fight pathogens, while the other branch called _________ immunity, used cells for immune attack
cellular
activated T cells are responsible for the ________ immune response
cellular ( cell-mediated)
Along with the red bone marrow, the lymph nodes are
centers for lymphocyte production
Adaptive (specific) defenses
different mechanisms to fight each type of pathogen
an abnormal elevation in body temperature is called _________
fever
hair traps infections agents associated with the skin providing a _______ line of defense against pathogens
first
Tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______.
forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries
fever is part of the ________ defenses of the body
innate
what cells type has receptors on their surfaces that enable them to recognize nonself antigens
lymphocytes
When monocytes migrate out of the bloodstream & into the tissues, they become cells called __________
macrophages
phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called ______ engulf & destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered
macrophages
Valves in lymphatic vessels
prevent back flow
what is the term for the activation of B cells of T cells that occurs upon first exposure to a specific antigen
primary immune response
which type of immune response is slower to produce antibodies upon exposure to antigens
primary immune response
red pulp
red blood cells, lymphocytes, macrophages
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
red bone marrow
When donor tissues do not match the recipient, this results in a reaction called tissue
rejection
The ______ receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, and thorax, and from the right upper limb.
right lymphatic duct
what acts as a "mechanical barrier" to entry into the body
skin
After being activated a B cells forms a clone. What does this mean?
the B cell proliferates, making many copies of itself
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
unencapsulated lymphatic tissue of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
the type of preparation that produces artifically active immunity against the injected substance is called a(n) ___________
vaccine
Thymus functions
-houses lymphocytes -differentiates thymocytes in T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
- A tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues -small population of lymphocytes -very different from B-cells and T-Cells that provide defenses -defend against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called Perforins, that lyse cells membranes -also enhance infammation
Spleen functions
- Houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged red blood cells, and cellular debris from the blood, contains lymphocytes.
describe phagocytes
- a process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell
3 functions of lymphatic system
-Transports excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces, and returns it to the bloodstream -Absorbs lipids from digestive system, and transports them to the bloodstream -Defends the body against diseases
species resistance
-a species is resistant to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible -refers to fact that certain species are resistant to diseases that affect other species - certain species do not have the appropriate temperature of chemical environment for a particular pathogen to survive and proliferate
indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG
-activated complement proteins -can cross the placenta -effective against bacteria, viruses, & toxins
An activated B cell proliferates, giving rise to a clone of B cells. Of these cells, some become __________ and some become __________.
-antigen-presenting cells -memory cells -cytotoxic cells
Defensins
-are peptides produced by neutrophils and other granulocytes -they cripple microbes, by making openings in cell membrane or walls
Chemotaxis
-chemicals from damaged tissue attract these phagocytic cells to the injury
Pathogens
-disease causing agents -bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms like Protozoa, and spores of multicellular organisms like fungi
Chemical barriers
-distinct type of lymphocytes that secretes performing that lyes virus- infected cells and cancer cells
Lymphatic trunk
-drain lymph from the lymphatic vessels -Named for the regions they serve: Lumbar, Intestinal, intercostal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and juglar
Lymphatic collecting ducts
-drain lymph from trunks -Thoracic duct (large) and right lymphatic duct. (Small)
Lymph nodes functions
-filter foreign particles and debris from lymph -house lymphocytes that destroy foreign particles in lymph -house macrophages that engulf and destroy foreign particles and cellular debris carried in lymph
Innate (nonspecific) defenses
-general defenses -protect against many types of pathogens
list four cardinal signs / symptoms of inflammation
-heat -edema -pain -redness
list three characteristics to interferon
-hormone like peptide -produced by lymphocytes & fibroblasts -block viral replication
which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses
-lymphocytes -macrophages
Lymphatic capillaries:
-microscopic, closed-ended tubes -Networks parallel blood capillaries through out the body -thin-walled. -walls formed from simple squamous epithelium -tissue (interstitial) fluid enters lymphatic capillaries; fluid is now called Lymph -merge into lymphatic vessels
A primary immune response due to the exposure to a live pathogen would result in ____________ acquired ________________ immunity
-naturally -active
indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production
-occurs in red bone marrow -occurs throughout life
Lymph drainage is important for what functions
-provisions of nutrients to tissue cells -Transport of foreign particles from tissue fluid to lymph nodes
Thymus
-soft, bilobed gland -in mediastinum -divided into lobules -lobules contain lymphocytes derived from progenitor cells in red bone marrow. -most cells are inactive; called they coyotes -some cells mature into functional
Spleen
-the largest lymphatic organ in the body -located in the upper left part of abdominal cavity -resembles large lymph nodes -contains venous sinuses filled with blood
mechanical barriers
-unbroken skin and mucous membranes prevent the entrance of some infectious agents. -fluids wash away microorganisms before they can firmly attach to tissues -considered the first line of defense ( all other non-specific defenses are part of the second line of defenses)
Peyer's patches
Are aggregates of lymphatic nodules found in ileum (distal part of small intestine)
Filter lymph from upper limbs, mammary glands, upper wall of abdomen, wall of thorax.
Axillary lymph nodes
Mononuclear phagocytic system (reticuloendothelium)
Consists of monocytes and macrophages of the body
Filter lymph from scalp, face, nasal cavities, and pharynx.
Cervical lymph nodes
Antimicrobial substances; bind to sugar groups on pathogen; enhance phagocytosis
Collectins
Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
Colony-stimulating factors
Group of proteins that, when activated, stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis
Complement
The term "immune system" refers to the fact that many cells of lymphatic system provides both
Defense against disease and permanent immunity against future infections
Antimicrobial substances that put holes in pathogen cell membranes
Defensins
For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor. Xenograft
Different species
For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor. Isograft
Identical twin
Enzymes
In body fluids provide a chemical barrier to pathogens
Thymus is located
In the mediastinum posterior to the upper portion of the body of the sternum
Spleen is located
In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, inferior to the diaphragm.
Filter lymph from lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, external genitalia.
Inguinal lymph nodes
Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells
Interferons
Released by virally infected cells; protects nearby uninfected cells
Interferons
Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation
Interleukins
The filtering of lymph and the initiation of immune responses to foreign material are functions of what organ(s)?
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic pathway
Lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymph nodes > larger lymphatic vessels > lymphatic trunks > lymphatic collecting ducts > subclavian veins in thorax
This flow chart diagrams the series of structures involved in lymphatic drainage. Indicate the correct order of vessels.
Lymphatic capillary -> afferent lymphatic vessel -> lymph node -> efferent lymphatic vessel -> lymphatic trunk -> collecting duct -> subclavian vein
Muscle activity influences the
Movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels
Innate (nonspecific) defenses
Protect against many pathogens, regardless of the pathogen type
For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor. Allograft
Same species
For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor. Autograft
Self
Filter lymph from hands and wrists
Supratrochlear lymph nodes
Name the lymphatic system organ that shrinks and becomes non-functional with age.
Thymus
Which are the lymphatic organs of the oral cavity and pharynx?
Tonsils
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Which leave thymus to provide immunity
as a part of the innate defenses, many pathogens that are ingested are destroyed by _______ within the stomach
acids
Thymosins
hormones produced in thymus; stimulate T cell maturation
the antibody - mediated immune response is also known as the _______________ immune response
humoral
the general term for an exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen is ______________
hypersensitivity
proteins that are present in plasma & body fluids that bind to antigens are called
immunoglobulin
in addition to circulating in the blood, T cells & B cells reside in the ___________ tissues & organs
lymphatic
White pulp
lymphocytes
Some of the precursors to lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and travel to the lymphatic organ called the ___ gland, where they specialize into T lymphocytes
thymus
T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow then finish their maturation in the _______
thymus
name the encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta & poster to the sternum
thymus gland
what is inflammation
tissue response to injury or infection
