A&P2 Chapters 22 'The Respiratory System' & 25 'The Digestive System' Combined
What is the most important chemical stimulus for respiration?
pH
Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2? A. 597 mm Hg?
0.3 mm Hg
The larynx is composed of ________ cartilages.
9
Normally the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of ____mmHg, a Pco2 of _____ mm Hg and a pH of _____.
95; 40; 7.4
A hepatic triad consists of __________.
A bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein
Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 to 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?
A venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood
Carbon dioxide is transported by all of the following means except?
Carbonate
The enzyme that catalyzes the first step reaction in HCl production by gastric parietal cells is called __________.
Carbonic anhydrase
Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?
Carbonic anhydrase
The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers?
Central chemoreceptors
The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________.
Central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
The law that states a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature is?
Charle's law
Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________.
Chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called __________.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
_____ is a lung disease marked by s reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion and thick sputum?
Chronic bronchitis
What factors could produce bronchoconstriction?
Cold air, histamines, asthma, and airborne irritants
Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?
Dalton's
_____ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of it's individual gases?
Dalton's Law
Partial pressures determine diffusion rate and gas exchange
Dalton's law
Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly producing a syndrome called?
Decompression sickness
Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?
Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well
Vital capacity consists of
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
The openings to the nostrils are the:
External nares.
The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the ________.
Larynx
The vocal folds are located in the?
Larynx
Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?
Left main bronchus
The __________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed.
Liver
The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________.
Liver; cholesterol
The respiratory system contains a total of five______.
Lobes
The swallowing center is located in the __________.
Medulla oblongata
The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called ________.
Mesenteries
The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________.
Mesenteries
The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ________.
Mesentery
The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ___________.
Mesentery
Lipids are transported to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells by __________, and are then processed into __________.
Micelles; chylomicrons
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________.
Mouth; stomach
The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the __________.
Muscularis externa
Defecation is controlled by a ________.
Myenteric reflex and a spinal reflex
Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid?
Oxygen toxicity
Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying.
PRG
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells.
Parietal
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
Pepsin
Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes?
Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
The enzyme(s) called ________ break(s) down the substrate called ________.
Peptidases; proteins
he enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________.
Peptidases; proteins
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
Pharynx
Functions of the respiratory system include all of the following, except.
Preventing choking from accidental respiration of chewed food
Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?
Protease
Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?
Proteins
Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the ________.
Pulmonary artery
Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion?
Pulmonary compliance
The ________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.
Pyloric sphincter
The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.
Pyloric sphincter
Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system?
Regulation of pH
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?0-2013
Rugae
A sodium bicarbonate solution is secreted in response to a hormone called __________.
Secretin
__________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme.
Secretin; pepsin
The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the __________.
Serosa (mesentery)
Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Shift it right
Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
Sickle-cell disease
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________.
Small intestine; small intestine
What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?
Small-cell carcinoma
As the generations increase in the bronchioles, do they get bigger or smaller?
Smaller
Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.
Spinal integration centers
Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion?
Spleen
Defecation is stimulated by __________.
Stretching of the rectum
The __________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the __________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland.
Submandibular; lingual
Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Both chemical and mechanical digestion start in the mouth and continue in the stomach.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Both pacreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding site.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Enamel is found in the crown of a tooth, whereas dentin is part of both the crown and the root.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration; thus, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Regardless of the shape of a flexible container (round, torus, or prolate spheroid), it is well known hat as the temperature drops, the pressure within that container will also decrease.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The Valsalva maneuver helps expel abdominopelvic contents during urination, defecation, or childbirth.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The liver is the body's largest gland.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium.
TRUE
The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________.
Taeniae coli; haustra
Which of the following is not a trigger for mass movements of the colon?
The colorectal reflex
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except?
The epiglottis
What is the dividing point between the upper and lower respiratory tract?
The larynx
Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________.
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in?
The medulla oblongata
The glottis is:
The opening to the larynx.
Each alveolus is surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by______.
The pulmonary artery
Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines?
The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine.
Which of the following cartilages is largest?
The thyroid cartilage
What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?
Their shape
In _____ the lungs are infected with mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
Tuberculosis
In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
Tuberculosis
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the:
Upper respiratory tract.
Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers?
VRG
Asthma causes vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?
Vestibular and vocal
he portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the:
Vestibule.
What is the layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung?
Visceral pleura
Which of the following occurs in response to chemical irritants or sensory stimuli?
Vomiting
Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?
20% to 25%
Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth.
20; 32
Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces.
30
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules?
4
Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 ml; your vital capacity is 4700ml; and your dead air space is 150 ml. Your alveolar ventilation rate is ___ ml/min?
4,200
Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is ________ mL.
4,700
Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute;spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 ml;your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 ml; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1200ml. Your vital capacity is ___ ml?
4,700
The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called ________.
Absorption
The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called __________.
Absorption
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except
Acting as a reservoir during coughing.
Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?
Acute rhinitis
Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
Adenocarcinoma
The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations?
After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving
How is alveolar air different than inspired air?
Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.
Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
An increase in membrane thickness
Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting division that is not available for gas exchange?
Anatomical dead space
During exercise which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
The blood transports more CO2 in the form of _____than in any other form?
Bicarbonate ions
Of the following components of bile, only __________ has/have a digestive function.
Bile salts
The law that states that pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume assuming a constant temperature.
Boyle's law
In a healthy person which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
Bronchiole diameter
What causes an increase resistance and airflow?
Bronchoconstriction, pulmonary fibrosis, and anaphylactic shock
Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.
Brush border of the small intestine
The function of the nasal conchae is to:
Create turbulence in the air so as to trap small particulates in mucus.
Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm?
DRG
Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora?
Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet
The most numerous cells in the lungs are called______.
Dust Cells
A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is?
Emphysema
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________.
Emulsification droplets
Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
Emulsify lipids
Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest?
Enamel, dentin, pulp
The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________.
Enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa
Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice?
Enterokinase
Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice?
Enteropeptidase
Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?
Erythrocyte count
The esophagus starts at the inferior margin of the?
Laryngopharynx
TRUE/FALSE Absorption of many nutrients starts in the stomach.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE According to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Odor, sight, and taste stimulate salivatory nuclei in the cerebral cortex
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The brush borders of intestinal absorptive cells contain numerous goblet cells.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The large intestine absorbs water, fats, and salts.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The large intestine is longer than the small intestine.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The small intestine begins with the duodenum, which is the longest segment.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity.
FALSE
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________.
Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
The upper respiratory tract extends______.
From the nose through the larynx
The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.
Gastric
Peripheral chemoreceptors communicate with the brainstem via the?
Glossopharyngeal and Vegas nerve
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ____ of the respiratory tract?
Goblet cells
The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________.
Haustral contraction
The addition of CO2 to the blood generates____ ions in the RBC's, which in turn stimulates RBC's to unload more oxygen?
Hydrogen
Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?
Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
Hypoxia
The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.
Inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
Which are part of the Medulla oblongata?
Inspiratory neurons, expiratory neurons, ventral respiratory group
The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called?
Inspiratory reserve volume
The __________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the __________ of the stomach.
Intestinal crypts; gastric pits
What happens as if the Thoracic cavity expands?
Intrapleural pressure falls
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, ________ is/are secreted by ________ cells.
Intrinsic factor; parietal
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, __________ is/are secreted by __________ cells.
Intrinsic factor; parietal
Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?
Ischemic hypoxia
What is a major important thing about the bronchioles?
It has smooth muscle to aid in involuntary control. Allows the bronchioles to perform vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true?
It milks the chyme toward the colon.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)?
It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.
What is the function of the cartilaginous rings?
Keep airways open during inhalation
Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?
Kussmaul respiration
Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface?
Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Which of the following has an abundance of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa and submucosa?
Large intestine
Which of the following is not involved in chemical digestion?
Large intestine
The ________ is lined by squamous epithelium.
Laryngopharnyx
If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?
Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
The lateral wall of the nasal fossa has three bony projections called the?
Nasal Conchae
The correct sequence of air passage from the nose to the Alvioli?
Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchia, bronchiole
The nose is divided into right and left halves called the ________.
Nasal fossae
Large airborne particles are filtered by:
Nasal hairs in the vestibule of the nose.
The openings to the auditory tubes are located in the
Nasopharynx.
Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe?
Nitrogen
The surface of the tongue is covered with ________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called ________, where many taste buds can be found.
Nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found.
Nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
An example of chemical digestion is the break down of __________ into __________.
Nucleic acids; nucleotides
Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in?
Ondine's curse
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the?
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx.
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the
Oropharynx.
Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.
They act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
This cartilage, see more prominently men than women, is part of the structural framework of the larynx.
Thyroid cartilage
At rest, minute volume = respiratory rate times _______________.
Tidal volume
Normal, resting breath or called?
Tidal volume
Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
To aid in defecation and urination
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
Triglycerides
TRUE/FALSE The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates the residue.
True