A&P2 • Connect • Chapter23
a) high
if the glomerular filtration rate is too ___________________, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. a) high b) low
reabsorption
in the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular ____________________.
1) renal artery 2) segmental artery 3) interlobar artery 4) arcuate artery 5) cortical radiate artery
starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood into the renal cortex in order. • segmental artery • renal artery • arcuate artery • interlobar artery • cortical radiate artery
urethra
urine is conveyed out of the body by a tube called the ________________.
hydrostatic
within the renal corpuscle, blood _________________ pressure is the pressure forcing fluid into the glomerular capsular space.
c) renal corpuscle and renal tubule
a nephron consists of what two parts? a) minor calyx and major calyx b) medulla and cortex c) renal corpuscle and renal tubule d) peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
sodium; potassium
aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte __________________ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte ___________________.
b) increased; decreased
an increased GFR results in a(n) _________________ urine volume and ________________ blood volume. a) increased; increased b) increased; decreased c) decreased; increased d) decreased; decreased
antidiuretic
angiotension II stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete ___________________ hormone.
aquaporins
antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called _________________.
d) dehydration
antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to ___________________. a) increased blood pressure b) hyperglycemia c) hyponatremia d) dehydration
a) external
as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor, it is encircled by which urethral sphincter? a) external b) spongy c) internal d) membranous
peritubular
constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ________________ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water.
myogenic
contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretch allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. this is the basis for the ___________________ mechanism of renal autoregulation.
d) solvent drag
during absorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process? a) gradient movement b) secretion c) facilitated diffusion d) solvent drag
polyuria
fluid intake, diabetes and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or __________________.
1) fibrous capsule 2) perirenal fat capsule 3) renal fascia
from deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney. • renal fascia • fibrous capsule • perirenal fat capsule
collecting
hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. this is the role of the __________________ duct.
b) by regulating water output
how do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? a) by regulating water intake b) by regulating water output c) by regulating both water intake and output
c) it can rupture glomerular capillaries
how does hypertension lead to kidney damage? a) it can damage renal tubular walls b) it can cause hypoxia of renal medullary tissue c) it can rupture glomerular capillaries d) it can decrease renal blood flow
• mesangial cells = cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries • juxtaglomerular cells = smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole • macula densa cells = epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop
match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. mesangial cells - juxtaglomerular cells - macula densa cells epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop - smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole - cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries
• juxtaglomerular cells = dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin • mesangial cells = dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries • macula densa = monitor tubular fluid
match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its proposed role in renal autoregulation. juxtaglomerular cells - mesangial cells - macula densa dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries - monitor tubular fluid - dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin
uremia
name the condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels. symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea and cardiac arrhythmia.
angiotensinogen
name the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I.
cortical
nephrons classified as _________________ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface.
b) external
newborns need diapers because voluntary control of which urethral sphincter has not matured yet? a) spongy b) external c) membranous d) internal
1) fenestrated endothelium 2) basement membrane 3) filtration slit
place in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration. • filtration slit • basement membrane • fenestrated endothelium
decreased
plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ____________________.
a) tubular reabsorption + c) tubular secretion + e) glomerular filtration
renal clearance is the net effect of which of the following? select all that apply. a) tubular reabsorption b) metabolic deactivation c) tubular secretion d) dietary intake e) glomerular filtration
c) renal tubule
running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what? a) vasa recta b) collecting duct c) renal tubule d) glomerulus
symport
sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. this type of transport protein is called a ____________________.
1) minor calyx 2) major calyx 3) renal pelvis 4) ureter
starting at a renal papilla, place the structures through which urine will flow in order. • ureter • renal pelvis • major calyx • minor calyx
c) obligatory water reabsorption
the PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? a) regulatory water reabsorption b) osmotic water reabsorption c) obligatory water reabsorption d) active water reabsorption
b) medulla; cortex
the _______________ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the _______________ is the outer layer surrounding it. a) cortex; medulla b) medulla; cortex
peritubular
the ________________ capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
vasa recta
the __________________ __________________ within the medulla acts as a countercurrent exchanger.
efferent
the __________________ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.
autoregulation
the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ____________________.
papilla
the blunt tip of a renal pyramid from which urine is collected is a renal ____________________.
d) distal convoluted tubule
the collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following? a) proximal convoluted tubule b) ascending limb of the nephron loop c) descending limb of the nephron loop d) distal convoluted tubule
urochrome
the color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called __________________, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin.
renin
the enzyme ___________________ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
b) colloid osmotic + c) blood hydrostatic
the filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? a) lymphatic b) colloid osmotic c) blood hydrostatic d) venous osmotic
b) colloid osmotic + c) blood hydrostatic
the filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? a) venous osmotic b) colloid osmotic c) blood hydrostatic d) lymphatic
fenestrated
the glomerulus is composed of __________________ capillaries.
c) glomerular capsule
the glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? a) vasa recta b) juxtaglomerular apparatus c) glomerular capsule d) macula densa
b) a bar of soap
the kidneys are each about the size of which of the following? a) a football b) a bar of soap c) a pair of dice d) a golf ball
a) calcitriol synthesis + b) regulation of blood volume + d) regulation of electrolyte balance + e) removal of metabolic waste
the kidneys perform which of the following functions? select all that apply. a) calcitriol synthesis b) regulation of blood volume c) regulation of blood gases d) regulation of electrolyte balance e) removal of metabolic waste f) storage of iron and copper
a) electrolytes + c) acid-base balance
the kidneys play a major role in the regulation of which of the following? select all that apply. a) electrolytes b) cholesterol levels c) acid-base balance d) body temperature
erythropoietin
the kidneys produce ___________________, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
pons
the micturition center is located in the __________________ of the brainstem.
sodium
the most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ___________________.
c) sympathetic
the motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of which nervous system? a) parasympathetic b) somatic c) sympathetic d) enteric
detrusor
the muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the __________________ muscle.
trigone
the openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the ________________.
filtration
the process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular ___________________.
micturition
the process of urination, or voiding urine is called _________________.
specific gravity
the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water is called its __________________ __________________.
cortex
the region of the kidney located outside of the renal medulla is called the renal __________________.
ureter
the renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a ________________.
medulla
the renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the renal _________________.
b) vasoconstriction
the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause ___________________ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate. a) vasodilation b) vasoconstriction
juxtaglomerular
the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the ___________________ apparatus.
b) medulla
the vasa recta is a network of blood vessels located mostly within which of the following? a) cortex b) medulla c) capsule d) sinus
simple cuboidal
the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule is comprised of ________________ ________________ epithelium.
true
true or false: glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins.
false
true or false: normally very little glucose is reabsorbed from the tubular fluid and is therefore lost in the urine.
false
true or false: the left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it.
aquaporins
water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ____________________.
b) decreased blood pressure
what activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? a) decreased body temperature b) decreased blood pressure c) increased body temperature d) increased blood pressure
a) prostatic urethra + c) spongy urethra + d) membranous urethra
what are the three segments of the male urethra? a) prostatic urethra b) internal urethra c) spongy urethra d) membranous urethra e) external urethra
c) glomerulus + e) glomerular capsule
what are the two components of the renal corpuscle? a) nephron loop b) afferent arteriole c) glomerulus d) juxtaglomerular apparatus e) glomerular capsule
c) creatinine + d) urea
what are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? a) phosphates b) bicarbonate c) creatinine d) urea
a) a cuplike structure that collects urine
what is a minor calyx? a) a cuplike structure that collects urine b) a structure comprised of glomerular capillaries surrounded by the glomerular capsule c) a series of microscopic tubules that produce urine d) a region of cortical tissue extending into the medulla between pyramids
d) a functional unit of the kidney
what is a nephron? a) a structure that collects urine b) a glomerulus and its capsule c) a capillary bed within the medulla d) a functional unit of the kidney
c) glomerular filtration rate
what is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? a) renal clearance b) minute urine volume c) glomerular filtration rate
a) filtrate
what is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? a) filtrate b) urine c) plasma d) tubular fluid
b) 4.5 - 8.2
what is the normal range for the pH for urine? a) 2.0 - 7.0 b) 4.5 - 8.2 c) 1.001 - 1.028 d) 7.5 - 9.0
b) excretion
what is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called? a) filtration b) excretion c) reabsorption d) secretion
a) the active transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from the ascending limb of nephron loop
what is the source of the salts that contribute to the high osmolarity of the medullary ECF? a) the active transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from the ascending limb of nephron loop b) the active transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from the distal convoluted tubule c) the active transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from the descending limb of nephron loop
c) the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
what is tubular secretion? a) the movement of water and solutes from the tubular fluid into the blood b) the movement of water and solutes from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule c) the movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
b) out of
when considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid _________________ the glomerular capillaries. a) into b) out of
c) transport maximum
when the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed, which of the following has been reached? a) obligatory absorption b) tubular maximum c) transport maximum d) transport limit
a) glucose + b) electrolytes + c) water
which can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane? select all that apply. a) glucose b) electrolytes c) water d) blood cells e) albumin
b) antidiuretic hormone + d) aldosterone + e) natriuretic peptides
which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? select all that apply. a) angiotensin converting enzyme b) antidiuretic hormone c) epinephrine d) aldosterone e) natriuretic peptides
d) decreased sodium reabsorption
which is an effect of atrial natriuretic peptide? a) decreased urine output b) decreased GFR c) increased potassium secretion d) decreased sodium reabsorption
a) juxtamedullary nephrons
which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla? a) juxtamedullary nephrons b) medullary nephrons c) cortical nephrons
d) they carry fluid from multiple nephrons to renal papillae
which of the following is true of the collecting ducts? a) they drain the nephron loop b) they carry fluid deep into medulla then back up to cortex c) they drain the glomerular capsule d) they carry fluid from multiple nephrons to renal papillae
a) proximal convoluted tubule
which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli? a) proximal convoluted tubule b) distal convoluted tubule c) nephron loop d) collecting duct
a) ascending limb of nephron loop + b) collecting duct + d) distal convoluted tubule
which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone? select all that apply. a) ascending limb of nephron loop b) collecting duct c) descending limb of nephron loop d) distal convoluted tubule e) proximal convoluted tubule
a) increased blood pressure + b) increased water retention + d) vasoconstriction
which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system? select all that apply. a) increased blood pressure b) increased water retention c) decreased glomerular filtration d) vasoconstriction e) decreased water reabsorption
b) increased secretion of aldosterone + d) increased release of ADH + e) stimulated thirst
which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system? select all that apply. a) increased secretion of cortisol b) increased secretion of aldosterone c) vasodilation of afferent arteriole d) increased release of ADH e) stimulated thirst
b) nephron loop
which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier? a) collecting duct b) nephron loop c) convoluted tubule
c) thick
which segments of the nephron loop actively transports salts? a) thin b) thin and thick c) thick
a) sodium ions + c) chloride + e) potassium ions
which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? select all that apply. a) sodium loops b) glucose and amino acids c) chloride d) water e) potassium ions
c) renal tubule
which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? a) juxtaglomerular apparatus b) vasa recta c) renal tubule d) renal corpuscle
a) polyuria + b) dehydration + d) glycosuria
which symptoms are seen with diabetes mellitus? select all that apply. a) polyuria b) dehydration c) azotemia d) glycosuria e) anuria
b) permeability of the filtration membrane + d) the surface area available for filtration
which variables affect the filtration coefficient? select all that apply. a) the amount of sodium in the blood b) permeability of the filtration membrane c) the level of hydration d) the surface area available for filtration
a) bile acids + c) ammonia + e) urea
which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? select all that apply. a) bile acids b) water c) ammonia d) glucose e) urea
d) glomerular capillaries
within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? a) renal capsule b) renal tubule c) peritubular capillaries d) glomerular capillaries
