A&p2 Exam 3 (Respiratory and Digestive System)

Where does the chemical breakdown of proteins begin?

In the stomach... Pepsinogen inactive made here and gastric lipase

What does Insulin do when released from the pancreas ?

stimulates cells to take up glucose to decrease blood glucose

What are the 4 events of respiration?

1. pulmonary ventilation 2. external respiration 3. respiratory gas transport 4. internal respiration

There is _____ sources of amino acids

3 sources.. - Dietary proteins -Digestive enzymes - Sloughed epithelial cells

crystallized cholesterol which can cause blockages is called.. a. gallstones b. kidney stones c. tonsil stones

A! Gallstones

metabolic poisons such as cyanide prevent the tissues from using oxygen delivered to them.. a. Histotoxic Hypoxia b.Cyanosis c. Hypoxemic Hypoxia

A! Histotoxic Hypoxia

increase in intrapulmonary volume and decrease in gas pressure is.. a. inspiration b. expiration c. gas transport

A! Inspiration

Acts on Triglyceride molecules to remove 1st and 3rd fatty acids and leaves he 2nd.. a. Pancreatic Lipase b. Absorption c. Micelles

A! Pancreatic Lipase

Propulsion is.. a. Rippling peristalsis occurs in the lower stomach b. food stretches stomach activating a receptive-relaxation response c. makes stomach contents very acidic

A! peristalsis occurs in the lower stomach and the Pylorus releases chyme into the S.I.

External respiration is.... a. exchange of o2 and co2 between lungs and blood b. transport of o2 and co2 in blood c. movement of air into and out of lungs

A!! exchange of o2 and co2 between the lungs and blood

The enterogastric reflex function is too.. a. Inhibits vagal nuclei and stimulates Secretin and Cholecystokinin b. stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits vagal nuclei c. inhibits insulin secretion and stimulates secretin and cholecystokinin

A!! inhibits vagal nuclei and stimulates secretin and cholecystokinin

What binds food together in a "bolus"?

Salvia does! it also has antibodies that inhibit bacteria

A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties is called Emphysema True or Fals?

True

Bile breaks down fats into fatty acids True or False?

True

Sodium-glucose transport proteins.. absorb monosaccharides (glucose) True or False?

True

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) Phagocytize dust particles True or False?

True!

What is anemic hypoxia?

due to anemia resulting from the inability of the blood to carry enough oxygen

_______ and _______ turn nucleic acids into pentose sugars

ribonucleases/ deozyribonuclease and brush border cells like nucleosidases in S.I.

What are the 3 components of the respiratory membrane?

1. Alveolar Epithelium 2. Fused Basement Membranes 3. Capillary Endothelium -make up alveolar walls

List three ways the small intestine structurally ensures a high surface area for absorption and secretion.

1. Circular folds of the mucosa 2. Villi 3. Microvilli on brush border cells

Match each to its proper definition 1. Gluconeogenesis 2. Glycogenesis 3. Glycogenolysis a. Glucose molecules are converted to glycogen (stored in liver) b. Glucose is produced from fats and proteins is called.. c. When the glucose is released from the liver after its conversion from glycogen

1. Gluconeogenesis= Glucose is produced from fats and proteins is called (B) 2. Glycogenesis= Glucose molecules are converted to glycogen (stored in liver) (A) 3. GlycogenolysiS- When the glucose is released from the liver after its conversion from glycogen (C)

Match the 5 stages of digestion to its right definition 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Compaction 5. Defecation a. Elimination of indigestible substances b. End products absorbed into epithelial cells of Dig. tract and then into blood or lipids c. Absorption of water/ consolidation of indigestible residues into feces d. Breaking down of food chemical or mechanical e. The act of eating

1. Ingestion- the act of eating (E) 2. Digestion - breaking down of food chemical or mechanical (D) 3. Absorption- end products absorbed into epithelial cells of Dig. tract and then into blood or lipids (B) 4. Compaction- absorption of water/ consolidation of indigestible residues into feces (C) 5. Defecation- elimination of indigestible substances (A)

What are the 3 ways the stomach is protected and with the breakdown of these can cause Inflammation and _____________?

1. Mucous coat 2. Tight junctions 3. Epithelial cell replacement and it can cause Inflammation and Peptic Ulcer if breakdown of them

What are the 3 non-neural factors that influence respiratory ?

1. Physical factors ( exercise, talking, coughing, increase body temp.) 2. Volition 3. Emotional factors

What are the 3 common types of lung cancer?

1. Squamous cell carcinoma- ciliated pseudostratified epithel. -> stratified squamous 2. Adenocarcinoma- cancer in mucous glands 3. Small cell carcinoma- in primary bronchi spreads very quickly

What manufactures bile, detoxifies drug&alcohol, produces cholesterol, blood proteins.. a. pancreas b. liver c. S.I.

B the liver does! also degrades hormones and plays a central role in metabolism

brainstem neurons that respond to changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid a. Peripheral chemoreceptors b. Central chemoreceptors

B! -Central Chemoreceptors ! pH of cerebrospinal fluid reflects the co2 level in the blood. - Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to the o2 and co2 content and pH of blood

Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed is... a. Pneumonia b. Chronic Bronchitis c. Emphysema

B! Chronic Bronchitis... the mucus production increases= sputum

What organ absorb water and vitamin K and B a. Small intestine b. Large intestine c. Stomach

B! Large intestine no digestive enzymes active here

What cell produce HCL, Intrinsic factor and a hunger hormone called Ghrelin a. Chief cells b. Parietal cells c. Enteroendocrine cells

B! Parietal Cells

What turns proteins into large polypeptides and what is the site a. pancreatic enzymes in S.I. b. pepsin (HCl) in stomach c. brush border enzymes in S.I.

B! Pepsin (HCL) in the stomach

Movement of air into and out of lungs is.. a. external respiration b. pulmonary ventilation c. respiratory gas exchange

B! Pulmonary ventilation

move amino acids into epithelial cells a. facilitated diffusion b. sodium-dependent amino acid cotransporters c. sodium-independent amino acid cotransporters

B! Sodium-dependent amino acid cotransporters

o2 is loaded into the blood and co2 is unloaded out of the blood is... a. internal respiration b. external respiration c. gas transport

B! external respiration

What turn Oligosaccharides into lactose, maltose and sucrose and after into galactose, glucose and fructose? a. pancreatic enzymes b. brush border enzymes c. pancreatic lipase

B! they are lactase, maltase, sucrase, glucoamylase, dextrinase ( In S.I.)

Glucose and Galactose use what to get into the cell... a. Facilitated Diffusion b. SGLT c. Tight juntions

B!! SGLT

Simple Squamous (Type 1) Alveolar cells function is... a. secrete pulmonary surfactant b. allow rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and blood c. Coat the alveoli

B!!! they allow rapid gas diffusion between the alveolus and blood

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? a. A b. B12 c. C d. K

B12= B!!!

Enzyme pre-cursors (inactive) are called.. a. Lipases b. nucleases c. pancreatic zymogens

C! they are.. - Trypsinogen turns into Trypsin (acitve) -Chymotrypsinogen turns into Trypsinogen(active) - Procarboxypeptidase turns into carboxypeptidase (acitve)

Internal respiration is... a. movement of air into and out of lungs b. exchange of 02 and co2 between lungs and blood c. exchange of o2 and co2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues

C! Exchange of o2 and c02 between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Inadequate circulation of blood.. an example is congestive heart failure... a. Histotoxic Hypoxia b. Hypoxemic Hypoxia c. Ischemic Hypoxia

C! Ischemic Hypoxia

How do monosaccharides leave the cell... a. SGLT b. tight junctions c. facilitated diffusion

C! They leave it by facilitated diffusion

Expiration is... a. increase in intrapulmonary volume and decrease in gas pressure b. decrease in intrapulmonary volume and gas pressure c. decrease in intrapulmonary volume and increase in gas pressure

C! decrease in intrapulmonary volume and increase in gas pressure

Facilitated Diffusion in Protein Digestion and Absorption is.. a. move amino acids into epithelial cells b. moves amino acids to the large intestine c. moves amino acids out into blood stream

C! they move a.a's out into the blood stream

unloading of o2 and loading of co2 in the blood is.. a. External Respiration b. Pulmonary Ventilation c. Internal Respiration

C!! Internal Respiration

Bile salts in the duodenum break large fat globules into smaller fat droplets is... a. digestion b. micelle formation c. Emulsification

C!!! Emulsification

The muscularis externa has ________ layers

Has 3 layers 1. Outer longitudinal 2. Middle Circular 3. Inner Oblique

Binds 210 times as tightly as oxygen.... ties up hemoglobin for a long time..

Carboxyhemoglobin... what causes carbon monoxide poisoning

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ____. a.Mastication b. Catabolism c. Anabolism d. Excretion

Catabolism= B!!!

refers to any disorder in which there is a long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation....

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Which of the following is/are important stimuli in the Gastric Phase of stomach function? a. Distension of stomach b. Smell of food c. Increased pH d. Both A and B e. Both A and C

Distension of the stomach and Increased pH= E!!!

Fructose uses _____ to get into the cell

Facilitated Diffusion

Accessory organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine True or False?

False ! Those organs are called Alimentary Canal. - Accessory Organs are teeth, tongue, liver, salivary glands gallbladder, pancreas

Glucagon stimulates cells from taking up glucose ( increase blood glucose) True or False?

False it inhibits the cells from taking up glucose (increasing blood glucose)

End products of digestion are absorbed into Epithelial cells of Dig. tract and then into blood or lipids is called Absorption the 4th stage of Digestion True or False?

False it's the 3rd stage of Digestion!!

Vagus nerve (ACh) inhibits all secretions True or False?

False they stimulate all secretions

Cyanosis is due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange True or False?

False! - Its Hypoxemia Hypoxia ! -Cyanosis is blueness of the skin (sing of hypoxia)

The general function of the Respiratory System is Gas exchange between the lungs and internal environment True or False?

False! -it's gas exchange between the blood and external environment - As well as passageways to the lungs

Chief Cells produce protein-digesting enzymes and small amounts of lipases like Pepsinogen= active proteases and Gastric Lipase term-61 True or False?

False! They produce pepsinogens that INACTIVE proteases (digest proteins)

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic (lower H+). True or False?

False!!

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase. True or False?

False!!

What contains undigested food residues, mucus, bacteria and water (75%) ?

Feces

concentrating reservoir for bile, which it delivers to the duodenum in response to meals is called what?

Gallbladder

Enteroendocrine cells produce the hormone _________?

Gastrin

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is __________. a. Loss of o2 at the tissues b. Increase in co2 c. Acidosis d. Alkalosis

Increase in co2= B!!!

Low concentration of or lack of Lactose dehydrogenase results in what?

Lactose Intolerance!

What is the difference between Chemical and Mechanical digestion?

Mechanical= physical breakdown of food chewing the food (mastication) Chemical= carried out by digestive enzymes produced by S.I, pancreas, stomach and salivary glands

Both the Swallowing and Vomiting Centers of the body can be found in the: a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Pancreas d. Medulla oblongata

Medulla Oblongata= D!!!

Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and duodenal papillae impairs digestion by reducing availability of: a. Bile and HCL b. HCL and intestinal secretions c. Pancreatic secretions and bile d. Pancreatic and intestinal secretions

Pancreatic secretions and bile = C!!!

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the largest effect on which of the following? a. Brush border cells b. Chief cells c. Mucus cells d. Parietal cells

Parietal Cells= D!!!!

The walls of the alveoli are composed of type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to _________. a. Secrete surfactant b. Trap dust and other debris c. Replace mucus in the alveoli d. Protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

Secrete Surfactant = A!!!

Which of the following hormones stimulates alkaline pancreatic secretions and stimulates the liver to produce bile? a. Cholecystokinin b. Gastrin c. Secretin d. Histamine

Secretin= C!!!

slow, powerful movements that occur 3 to 4 times per day in the large intestine is called...

Sluggish Peristalsis (Propulsion)

Brush Border enzymes like aminopeptidase turn _________ into __________

Small polypeptides and amino acids

This organelle in brush border cells re-synthesizes monoglycerides and free fatty acids into triglyceride molecules for later packaging. a. Golgi apparatus b. Smooth ER c. Rough ER d. Chylomicrons

Smooth ER = B!!

what does salivary amylase in the mouth and pancreatic amylase in the S.I. do do in Carbohydrate Digestion?

They break down Starch into Oligosaccharides

Duodenal Enteroendocrine cells stimulate insulin secretion (by pancreas) for processing glucose absorption by S.I True or False?

Truee the cells secrete (GIP) or Gastrin-inhibiting peptide

series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food from the esophagus to the stomach is called Peristalsis True or False?

Truee!

Pancreatic enzymes like trypsin turn large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides (in S.I.) True or False?

Trueee

A healthy patient's oxygen levels (pressure) is always higher in the alveoli than in the pulmonary capillaries. True or False?

Trueee!!

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia on respiratory epithelial cells. True or False?

Trueee!!

Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth True or False?

Trueee!!

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with a greater affinity (attraction) than oxygen. True or False?

Trueeee!

What is caused by extreme stretching (overeating)?

Vomiting also caused by excessive alcohol, spicy foods, certain drugs, bacterial toxins

What is hypoxia?

lack of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use o2

what produce a sticky alkaline mucus?

mucous neck cells