A&P2 Lab Practical 1
Which of these lymphoid organs is part of a collection of tissues called the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) and removes pathogens entering the pharynx (throat)?
A
Makes up most of plasma protein.
Albumin
_____________ is the process of synthesizing new red blood cells in red bone marrow.
Erythropoiesis
Material absorbed from he digestive tract, including simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
Organic Nutrients
Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.
Pectinate muscles
Which structures are highlighted?
Peyer's patches
In a centrifuged sample of blood, what should not be in the plasma portion of the sample?
Platelets
Which formed element can be described as cytoplasmic fragments?
Platelets
Which formed elements are highlighted?
Platelets
Which arteries are highlighted?
common iliac
The pulse rate depends on all of the following EXCEPT one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading.
the vessel selected to palpate
Which artery is highlighted?
abdominal aorta
A pulmonary ______________ is a freely-moving clot that becomes lodged in a small lung vessel.
embolism
Name the inner lining of the heart.
endocardium
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
kidney disease
Which of the following is NOT a normal characteristic of blood?
neutral pH of 7.0
The prefix _________means osmosis or osmotic.
osmo-
What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?
pericardial cavity
Which of the following is a function of the highlighted cell?
phagocytosis
If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood, you will find the red blood cells (erythrocytes) at the bottom of the tube and white blood cells atop them. This implies that ________.
red blood cells have a greater density than white blood cells
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
remnant of ductus arteriosus
The right tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the __________.
right atrium
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?
small, heart-like pumps
The major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure.
Albumin
Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.
Auricle
A person who lacks agglutinogen A but has agglutinogen B would have blood type __________.
B
Which lymphoid organ is primarily active during the early years of life?
B
Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte?
Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels.
Arteries always carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
False
The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart.
False
How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?
Four
Which nodes are highlighted?
Iliac
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are _________.
Muscular arteries
During which portion of the electrocardiogram do the atrioventricular valves close, correlating with the first heart sound ("lub")?
R-S waves
Identify the highlighted structure.
Right auricle
Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
Right ventricle
Electrical impulses pass through the conduction system of the heart in the following sequence:
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
The highlighted structure consists of ___.
three semilunar cusps
Identify the right atrioventricular valve.
tricuspid valve
Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.
true
Choose the incompatible transfusion.
Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood.
Ions in the plasma-like sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.
Electrolytes
Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart.
False
People with Type AB blood are considered "universal recipients" because they lack agglutinogens on their RBCs.
False
The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves.
False
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.
False
Precursor to the structural framework of a blood clot.
Fibrinogen
Thrombin catalyzes the activation of these molecules present in plasma.
Fibrinogen
Which region of the body is drained by the highlighted duct?
Left arm
The greater the mass of tissue in an organ, the greater its need for an adequate blood supply. Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction?
Left ventricle
What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?
Left ventricle
The word root ______ means white or white blood cell.
Leuko -
Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate?
Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively.
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
Provide a blood supply to the heart
Identfiy the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Which vessel leaves the right ventricle of the heart to take oxygen-poor, dark red blood into pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary trunk
Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk
Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary veins
Which of the following does NOT deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the time during which the ventricles are in systole?
Q-T interval
Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used?
Systole; contraction Diastole; relaxation The heart chambers that are usually referenced when these terms are used are the ventricles.
A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small painless dark compressible bulge that is becoming more apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?
The dark compressible bulge on the patient's leg is a varicose vein which was caused by the downward pressure on the vessels in her groin and restricting the return of blood to her heart, causing the valves in the peripheral veins to start to fail. Because the fetus is growing and causing the downward pressure on her groin, the combined issues caused by this pressure causes blood pooling, creating the varicose vein.
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.
If a patient with type B blood received a transfusion of AB blood, which of the following would occur?
The patient's anti-A antibodies (agglutinins) will agglutinate with the A antigens (antiglutinogens) in the donor blood.
The prefix _________ means artery.
arterio-
Small arteries that are dilated or constricted to control peripheral resistance, and thus blood pressure, are ________.
arterioles
What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?
arterioles
From which larger artery does the highlighted artery branch?
brachiocephalic trunk
Identify the three branches of the highlighted vessel.
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
The prefix _________ means pertaining to hair.
capill-
What type of vessel is capable of allowing the passage of gases and nutrients though its walls to nourish surrounding tissue?
capillaries
Which of the following is NOT a method that maintains lymph flow?
capillary smooth muscle contraction
Which structures are highlighted?
cervical nodes
What is the name of the enlarged sac to which the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk return lymph?
cisterna chyli
The first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is caused by __________.
closure of the atrioventricular valves
The word root ______ means red or red blood cell.
erythro-
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?
erythrocytes
Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.
false
Which structure is highlighted?
femoral artery
Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug?
greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion
What causes heart sounds?
heart valve closure
The word root ______ means blood.
hemo-
What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that transports respiratory gases and provides the red color?
hemoglobin
The process of stopping bleeding after injury is called
hemostasis
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________.
increased hematocrit
Which nodes are highlighted?
inguinal
The highlighted cell ________.
initiates an inflammatory response
Which two vessels unite to form the vein?
internal and external iliac veins
Which of the following is characteristic of veins but not arteries?
larger internal diameter
Which artery is highlighted?
left common carotid
Identify the most muscular chamber.
left ventricle
A low white blood cell count is called
leukopenia
Which structures are highlighted?
lymph nodes
The word root ______ means bone marrow or spinal cord.
myelo-
A __________, an intermediate of the myeloid cell line, gives rise to granulocytes.
myeloblast
Which of the following leukocyte is not correctly matched with its function?
neutrophils: produce antibodies
The pressure of nondiffusible molecules pulling water to them is called colloid _________.
osmotic pressure
Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)?
oxygen transport
Which structure is highlighted?
palatine tonsil
Which of these muscles is particularly associated with anchoring the right and left atrioventricular valves?
papillary muscles
Which tonsil is highlighted?
pharyngeal
Which vein is highlighted?
popliteal
Blood flow into a capillary bed is regulated by the ______________ sphincter.
precapillary
Which of these vessels returns blood to the left atrium of the heart?
pulmonary veins
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.
pumps blood against a greater resistance
What are the terminal branches of the highlighted artery?
radial and ulnar
Which structure is highlighted?
right lymphatic duct
Into which vein does the highlighted duct empty lymph?
right subclavian vein
Which structure is highlighted?
spleen
Which artery is highlighted?
subclavian
Identify the highlighted vessel.
superior vena cava
Which vessel is highlighted?
superior vena cava
The pulse pressure is ________.
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Lymph from the right leg ultimately is delivered to which duct in the thoracic region?
thoracic duct
The word root ______ means clot or associated with blood clotting.
thromb-
Which structure is highlighted?
thymus gland
Identify the highlighted structure.
tricuspid valve
About 3 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph.
true
The prefix _________ means layer of tissue.
tunic-
The ______________, or inner-most layer of blood vessels, is made of endothelial tissue.
tunica intima
Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated to constrict or dilate the lumen?
tunica media
Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT ________.
urinary output
The prefix _________ means blood vessels.
vaso-
Reduction in the diameter of a blood vessel is called _____________ , and typically results in an increase in blood pressure.
vasoconstriction
What does the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?
ventricular depolarization
The word root ______ means embolus or wedge.
embal-
Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse?
C
What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?
Chordae tendineae
Which of these lymphoid organs destroys bacteria before it can breach the intestinal wall and generates "memory" lymphocytes for long-term memory?
D
Determine which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings is missing P waves but is otherwise regular.
B
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96
Which of these cells are considered granular?
A, B, and C
Trace the pathway of stimulation through the heart. Which of these pathways shows stimulation in the correct order?
AV node, AV bundle, interventricular septum, subendocardial conducting network
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Ascending aorta
Mr. Wilson is a 45-year-old stockbroker with essential hypertension. He is African American, obese, and he smokes 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily. What risk factors for hypertension are typified by Mr. Wilson? What steps should be taken to treat Mr. Wilson, and what lifestyle changes should he make? What complications are likely if corrective steps are not taken?
The risk factors for hypertension that are typified by Mr. Wilson are obesity, smoking, his race, and a high stress job. The steps that should be taken to help treat Mr. Wilson and the lifestyles changes he should make include losing weight, reducing his salt intake, quit smoking, and try to reduce his stress level. Medical steps could also be taken to help Mr. Wilson, and they include treatment with diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Complications that are likely if corrective steps are not taken could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, and/or a stroke.
_______________ is the hormone signal for increased production of platelets.
Thrombopoietin
Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.
Trabeculae carneae
Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.
True
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.
True
The pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction is called systolic pressure, while the lowest aortic pressure is called diastolic pressure.
True
The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues.
True
Which of the following form successively larger vessels that carry blood toward the heart?
Veins