A&P2 lecture final review ch 18 blood

Which of the following describes a neutrophil? a. abundant, agranular, especially effective against cancer cells b. abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria c. rare, agranular, releases antimicrobial defensins d. rare, granular, contains multiple granules packed with histamine

abundant, granular

The process in which antibodies attach to antigens, causing the formation of masses of linked cells, is called ________. sensitization coagulation agglutination hemolysis

agglutination

anti-B antibodies will cause _____ and hemolysis if they ever encounter erythrocytes with B antigens

agglutination

_____ is the most abundant of the plasma proteins & is manufactured by the liver. it's molecules serve as binding proteins for fatty acids and _____ hormones

albumin, steroid

blood is slightly more _____ than water and has buffers to help control it's pH

alkaline

Interleukins are associated primarily with which of the following? production of various lymphocytes immune responses inflammation all of the above

all of the above

The second most common plasma proteins are the globulins, the _____ & _____ globulins transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells

alpha, beta

the plasma proteins _____ & _____ globulins and _____ contribute to osmotic pressure by drawing water from the tissues into the vessels.

alpha, beta, albumin

a depressed hematocrit percentage

anemia

A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte? basophils neutrophils monocytes natural killer cells

basophils

mast cells & the granules of _____ release histamines. high counts of these in the blood may indicate a parasitic infection, allergies & hypothyroidism.

basophils

In the capillaries, carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream. About 76 percent dissolves in the plasma, some of it remaining as dissolved CO2, and the remainder forming

bicarbonate ion

The _____shape of RBCs provides a greater surface area across which gas exchange can occur, relative to its volume

biconcave

biliverdin is a green pigment, a waste product of the breakdown of RBCs, as well as _____ a yellow pigment and attaches to albumin and is used in the manufacture of bile

bilirubin

About 23-24 percent of CO2 binds to the amino acids in hemoglobin, forming a molecule known as _____. From the capillaries, the hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs, where it releases it for exchange of oxygen

carbaminohemoglobin

_____ prompt reactions in the coagulation cascade and is initiated by 2 basic pathways that both merge into the common pathway

clotting factors

the formation of a blood clot, _____, results in a mesh of fibrin- an insoluble filamentous protein derived from fibrinogen

coagulation

prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the ________. intrinsic pathway extrinsic pathway common pathway formation of the platelet plug

common pathway

The production of healthy erythrocytes depends upon the availability of ________. copper zinc vitamin B12 copper, zinc, and vitamin B12

copper, zinc, and B12

leukocytes leave the capillaries or other small vessels through a process known as emigration or _____ in which they squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall

diapedesis

People with type O blood (have/don't have) antigens A and B on their erythrocytes, and (have/don't have) anti-A and anti-B antibodies circulate in their blood plasma

don't have, have

When a portion of a thrombus breaks free from the vessel wall and enters the circulation, it is referred to as an _____. if if it is carried through the bloodstream can be large enough to block a vessel critical to a major organ. When it becomes trapped it is called an _____.

embolus, embolism

The process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall is called ________. leukocytosis positive chemotaxis emigration cytoplasmic extending

emigration

The granules of _____ include antihistamine molecules, which counteract the activities of histamines.

eosinophils

ABO antibodies are _____ and antibodies to the Rh antigen are only formed by Rh- individuals if they are _____

exposed to the antigen

quicker responding and more direct pathway begins when damage occurs to the surrounding tissues, such as in a traumatic injury

extrinsic pathway

spleen can store iron in the protein compounds _____ and hemosiderin.

ferritin

in the common pathway, _____ is produced to seal off the vessel. Once factor X has been activated by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway, the enzyme prothrombinase converts factor II, the inactive enzyme prothrombin, into the active enzyme _____.

fibrin, thrombin

the clotting portion of plasma proteins

fibrinogen

To restore normal blood flow as the vessel heals, the clot must eventually be removed this is accomplished by the gradual degradation of the clot called _____, which is broken down by _____

fibrinolysis, plasmin

the cellular elements of blood are called _____

formed elements

which of the globulins are involved in immunity? (also known as antibodies or immunoglobulins)

gamma globulins

eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils are all _____

granulocytes

a _____ test, measures the percentage of RBCs in a blood sample. after spinning in a centrifuge the RBCs would be in the _____ of the sample

hematocrit, bottom

failure in any of the steps in hemostasis will result in _____

hemmorage

All of the formed elements of blood originate from this specific type of cell

hemocytoblast

the percentage of _____ sites occupied by oxygen is referred to as percent saturation. Normal pulse oximeter readings range from 95-100 percent. Lower percentages reflect _____, or low blood oxygen

hemoglobin, hypoxemia

failure of the blood to clot is the inadequate production of functional amounts of one or more clotting factors. This is the case in the genetic disorder ______

hemophilia

Hemopoiesis begins when the hemopoietic stem cell is exposed to appropriate chemical stimuli collectively called _____, which prompt it to divide and differentiate.

hemopoietic growth factors

the temperature of blood is slightly (higher/lower) than body temperature and has a pH of around _____

higher, 7.4

_____ or altitude sickness, can be helped by allowing EPO levels to rise

hypoxemia

Which of the following plasma proteins is not produced by the liver? fibrinogen alpha globulin beta globulin immunoglobulin

immunoglobulin

Hemophilia is characterized by ________. inadequate production of heparin inadequate production of clotting factors excessive production of fibrinogen excessive production of platelets

inadequate production of clotting factors

the longer and more complex pathway. the factors involved are present within the bloodstream. The pathway can be prompted by damage to the tissues, resulting from internal factors such as arterial disease; however, it is most often initiated when factor XII (Hageman factor) comes into contact with foreign materials

intrinsic pathway

the _____ have receptors for blood oxygen saturation. in the presence of low blood oxygen levels, _____ will be secreted

kidneys, EPO

People with ABO blood type O ________. a. have both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes b. lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes c. have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies circulating in their blood plasma d. are considered universal recipients

lack both antigens

Excessive leukocyte proliferation is known as _____. Although leukocyte counts are high, the cells themselves are often nonfunctional, leaving the individual at increased risk for disease.

leukocytosis

_____ stem cells quickly migrate from the bone marrow to lymphatic tissues, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, where their production and differentiation continues.

lymphoid

the granules of neutrophils contain _____ which is capable of lysing bacterial cell walls & _____ which are proteins that bind to and puncture bacterial and fungal membranes

lysozyme, defensins

Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by ________. myeoblasts monocytes macrophages mast cells

macrophages

platelets are fragments of the cytoplasm of

megakaryocytes

mature RBCs lack _____, so they rely on aerobic respiration

mitochondria

Macrophages are _____ that have left the circulation and phagocytize debris, foreign pathogens, worn-out erythrocytes, and many other dead, worn out, or damaged cells.

monocytes

Which of the following statements about albumin is true? a. It draws water out of the blood vessels and into the body's tissues. b. It is the most abundant plasma protein. c. It is produced by specialized leukocytes called plasma cells.

most abundant

the myeloid stem cells give rise to a _____ lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

myeoblast

In the lungs, hemoglobin picks up oxygen, which binds to the iron ions, forming _____

oxyhemoglobin

antibodies exist in/on the _____ and antigens in/on the _____

plasma, RBC

When damage to the vessels results in bleeding, _____ and certain proteins dissolved in the plasma, the fluid portion of the blood, interact to block the ruptured areas of the blood vessels involved.

platelets

Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells? B cells natural killer cells platelets all of the above

platelets

A patient has been suffering for 2 months with a chronic, watery diarrhea. A blood test is likely to reveal ________. a hematocrit below 30 percent hypoxemia anemia polycythemia

polycythemia

an elevated hematocrit percentage

polycythemia

Rh D antigen present a person's erythrocytes are described as being Rh

positive

leukocytes respond to _____ by being attracted to the area releasing them

positive chemotaxis

Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true? a. It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage. b. It is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. c. It is a hemopoietic growth factor that prompts lymphoid stem cells to leave the bone marrow.

proliferation and differentiation

All formed elements arise from stem cells of the _____

red bone marrow

As an erythrocyte matures in the _____, it extrudes its nucleus and most of its other organelles. During the first day or two that it is in the circulation, an immature erythrocyte, known as a _____, will still typically contain remnants of organelles

red bone marrow, reticulocyte

abnormally shaped cells due to _____ can then become lodged in narrow capillaries because they are unable to fold in on themselves to squeeze through, blocking blood flow to tissues and causing a variety of serious problems from painful joints to delayed growth and even blindness and cerebrovascular accidents (strokes)

sickle cell anemia

excessive bleeding may occur if a person suffers from _____, too few thrombocytes

thrombocytopenia

a homeostatic mechanism of blood, regulation of body temperature, on a cold day would divert the blood (away from/ to) the core of the body

to

The _____ stem cell is the zygote, or fertilized egg. It stem cell gives rise to all cells of the human body.

totipotent

The first step in hemostasis is ________. vascular spasm conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin activation of the intrinsic pathway activation of the common pathway

vascular spasm

When a vessel is severed or punctured, or when the wall of a vessel is damaged, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vessel contracts dramatically. this is called

vascular spasm

bradykinin is a (vasoconstrictor/vasodilator)

vasodilator

abnormal high counts of lymphocytes indicate a _____ or some types of cancer

viral infection

The primary drawback with polycythemia is not a failure to directly deliver enough oxygen to the tissues, but rather the increased blood _____

viscosity

_____ is a measure of a fluid's thickness or resistance to flow, and is influenced by the presence of the plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood. this has a dramatic impact on blood pressure and flow.

viscosity

plasma is 92% _____ and the rest is made up of _____

water, proteins

each ion of iron in the heme can bind to _____ oxygen molecule(s), each hemoglobin molecule can carry _____ total oxygen molecules

1, 4

a hemoglobin molecule has _____ folded chains of a protein called _____ which are each bound to the pigment molecule heme

4, globin

People whose erythrocytes have A antigens on their erythrocyte membrane surfaces are designated blood type _____

A

People can also have both A and B antigens on their erythrocytes, in which case they are blood type ______

AB

the universal recipient has type_____ blood

AB+

in the second stage of homeostasis, platelets release chemicals from the platelet plug like serotonin and _____ which helps additional platelets adhere to the platelet plug

ADP

_____ are substances that the body does not recognize as belonging to the "self" and that therefore trigger a defensive response from the leukocytes of the immune system.

Antigens

_____ cells & _____ cells are lymphocytes involved in specific immunity.

B, T

a pale, thin layer in a sample from a hematocrit test composed of the WBCs & platelets. This layer is referred to as the _____

Buffy coat

_____is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. It prompts the production of erythrocytes

EPO

_____ is a cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes.

Leukemia

_____ protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris.

Leukocytes

_____ is a condition in which too few leukocytes are produced. If this condition is pronounced, the individual may be unable to ward off disease.

Leukopenia

_____ is a form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues.

Lymphoma

_____ stem cells give rise to all the other formed elements, including the erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets

Myeloid

_____ cells, a type of lymphocyte, are capable of recognizing cells that do not express "self" proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers

NK

a universal donor has _____ blood

O-

The volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation is also commonly referred to as _____ In normal blood, it should be about 45%

PCV

_____ remain within the blood vessels and _____ can leave as a normal function

RBCs, WBCs

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk during a subsequent pregnancy in which ________. a. a type AB mother is carrying a type O fetus b. a type O mother is carrying a type AB fetus c. an Rh+ mother is carrying an Rh− fetus d. an Rh− mother is carrying a second Rh+ fetus

Rh- mother carrying a second Rh+ fetus

_____ is a condition in which there are too many platelets. This may trigger formation of unwanted blood clots called _____, a potentially fatal disorder.

Thrombocytosis, thrombosis

_____ is a glycoprotein hormone, is produced by the liver and kidneys. It triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets

Thrombopoietin

the _____ of blood is approximately five times greater than _____.

Viscosity, water