A&P2 Review 1
Know the characteristics of steroid hormones.
-derived from cholesterol -lipids, require protein transport molecule to get through the blood -usually acts at the transcription level -bind to receptors in target cell, influence cell activity by acting on DNA, ex: estrogen, testosterone
Know the characteristics and pH of blood?
-thicker(more viscous) that water and flows more slowly than water -temperature of 100.4 degrees f -ph 7.4 (7.35-7.45) -8% of total body weight
Know the fetal circulation
-umbilical arteries close and become medial umbilical ligaments -umbilical vein and ductus venosus close. umbilical vein becomes ligamentum teres hepatis and ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum -breathing causes lungs to inflate, blood vessels to dilate, and pressure in pulmonary trunk to decrease -pressure becomes less in right atrium than left so the foramen ovale closes -blood flows from inferior vena cava to right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> lungs to get oxygenated --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium and ventricle --> aorta -ductus arteriosus closes and becomes ligamentum arteriosum
The normal average temperature of blood is around
100.4 F
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?
280 million
If a color-blind (X-linked recessive trait) man marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait, what proportion of their male offspring can be expected to be colorblind?
50%
The normal pH range of blood is?
7.35-7.45
Definition of a hormone?
A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of a certain cell or organs
A person with A blood type should never receive a transfusion of B, nor ______ blood; but can receive A or ______ type blood
AB O
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit, began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones to reduce urine volume. Which hormone?
ADH
What would most likely result when aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is impaired?
Acidosis
When one hormone opposing the action of another hormone is it called:
Antagonistic effects
From the left ventricle, where does blood pass?
Aorta, Aortic semilunar valve
In which disorder is the aortic valve narrowed?
Aortic stenosis
Coronary arteries are branches of which artery?
Ascending aorta
What do you call the muscular chambers in a heart?
Atria and ventricles
What is indicative of an ECG ( EKG) lacking a P wave?
Atrial Fibrillation or Sinoatrial arrest
Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the concentration of which ion in the blood?
Calcium
What is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute?
Cardiac output
This vessel distributes oxygenated blood to the myocardium
Coronary artery
which factors would increase the release of oxygen by hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues?
Decreased ph
Destruction of the BETA CELLS of the pancreas results in what metabolic disorders that is characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?
Diabetes mellitus
What is the cause of trisomy of chromosome 21?
Down syndrome
In a fetus, this structure temporarily shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
Which hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red blood marrow?
EPO (erythropoeitin)
The process of a white blood cell squeezing between cells to exit the blood vessel is called?
Emigration
What hormones are Gonadotropins?
FSH and LH
which plasma protein play a role in blood clotting?
Fibrinogens
What lipoprotein helps in lowering of cholesterol by transporting them to liver for excretion?
HDL High density lipoprotein
Know the correct sequence of major blood vessels going from the heart to the RIGHT arm
Heart, Left Ventricle, Aorta, Aortic Arch, Brachiocephalic, Right subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar, palmer
The chief function of the white blood cells (WBC)
Help defend the body against invasion by pathogens, and remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells.
The process by which formed elements of the blood develop is called?
Hemopoiesis
What controls the anterior pituitary hormone stimulates growth of bones?
Human growth hormone
A male bodybuiler starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid). After 3 weeks, what condition could you expect to see?
Increased sex drive Decreased levels of GnRH Decreased levels of LH Decreased levels of FSH
As each ventricle contracts where does blood move?
Into an artery
What is foramen ovalis?
Is a small hole located in the atrial septum that is used during fetal circulation This is an opening between the two atria. In the fetus, it allows blood to flow from the RA to the LA to the body connects the two atria in the fetal heart
Oxygenated blood in the circumflex artery flows from what?
Left coronary artery
Which component of the blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid?
Leukocyte/ white blood cells
Which component of the blood can migrate from the blood vessels into the interstitial fluids?
Leukocyte/ white blood cells
Monocytes fuse together to form a large phagocytic cell called?
Macrophage
Which part of the brain regulates heart rate?
Medulla oblongata
An amine hormone derived from serotonin.
Melatonin
Which layer consists of cardiac muscle tissue?
Myocardium
Which leukocytes are most common phagocytes and first ones to reach the site of injury?
Neutrophils
know examples of Granular leukocytes.
Neutrophils, eosinophils basophils
Which hormone would increase in blood as a result of stretching the cervix during labor?
Oxytocin (OT)
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendinae in the heart epicardium.
Papillary muscles
Hormones that act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream.
Paracrines
What is used to reduce the friction between membranes of the heart?
Pericardial (serious) fluid
A megakaryoblast will develop into what?
Platelet
During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells differentiate into what?
Progenitor cells
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates milk production?
Prolactin
In the heart, the specialized condition cells of the ventricles are called ____________ fibers.
Purkinje
Which hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and stored at the nerohypophysis?
Releasing hormone
Know the correct sequence of the structures that allows the normal sequence of excitation to process through the heart
SA node, VA node, Bundle of His, bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Hormone produced by duodenum and stimulates pancreas and gall bladder?
Secretin
Lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol
Steroids
What are Gonadotropin Hormones (GnH)? give examples.
Stimulate the gonads - in males, the testes, and in females, the ovaries. They are not necessary for life, but are essential for reproduction. Example: FSH & LH
What are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
Stop smoking High blood pressure treatment Dietary modification to lower cholesterol and promote weight loss Stress reduction Increased physical activity (where appropriate)
If you were to investigate the level of hormones in an individual, whats the most commonly test?
TSH(thyroid)
The second heart sound is regulated by what?
The closing of the semilunar valves
Location of the Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) sits in the sella turcica. It is attached to the hypothalamus.
Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting
Thrombocytes/blood platelets
Which hormone causes the development if megakaryoblasts?
Thrombopoietin
As each atrium contracts where does blood move?
Through an atrioventricular valve
Which hormone promotes an increased metabolic rate?
Thyroid hormone
Know the functions of blood
Transport: to and from tissue cells • Nutrients to cells: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, lipids (as lipoproteins). • Oxygen: by red blood corpuscles (oxyhaemoglobin - 4 x O2 molecules/haemoglobin). • Wastes from cells: urea, CO2 (mainly as HCO3- in solution in the plasma). • Temperature Regulation: by altering the blood flow through the skin. • Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood. • Communication: hormones distributed to all parts of the body in the blood. • Defence: clotting following a wound
The valve the guards the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Tricuspid Valve
Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?
Vagus nerve
Which of periods represents greatest cardiac output?
Ventricle systole
Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates cortisol production?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which valve of the heart doesnt have chordate tendinae attached?
aortic; pulmonary
A patient is suffering from both vomiting and diarrhea. He loses _________ from his body.
bicarbonate ions, sodium, water, hydrogen ions
Know the substances that are excreted from the HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA
bile and pancreatic juice
Lymphocytes that directly destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are _________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Know the factors that affect blood flow through vessels
genetic predisposition obesity age smoking hypertension diabetes high cholesterol
Which hormone is detected in the urine in most common pregnancy test?
hCG, (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?
insulin
For a person living at sea level vacation in the Rocky Mountains, what hematic parameter would you expect to happen?
level of oxygen in blood decreases, increase of red blood cells, rise in hematocrit, release of erythropoietin
Know examples of agranular leukocytes.
monocytes lymphocytes
What would happen if the bicuspid (mitral) valve fails to close properly during ventricular systole?
regogentic? aortic valve insufficient
The heart chambers that carry that carry deoxygenated blood
right atrium and right ventricle
What is the determining factor that stimulates erythropoietin release from the kidneys?
too little oxygen in the blood
Which cardiac chamber has the thickest wall and forms the apex of the heart?
ventricles (left)
