A&P2 Test 1
Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does not describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? a. It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. b. It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. c. It promotes an increase in blood pressure. d. It will reduce urine output.
b
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. a. venous valves b. urinary output c. activity of skeletal muscles d. pressure changes in the thorax
b
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________. a. insulin b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. secretin
b
Johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended? a. thyroid stimulating hormone b. growth hormone c. parathyroid hormone d. cortisol
b
The velocity of blood flow is ________. a. slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter b. slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest c. in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels d. slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
b
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? a. estrogen b. prolactin c. oxytocin d. progesterone
b
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? a. 110/60 b. 170/96 c. 120/80 d. 140/90
b
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? a. polyphagia b. polycythemia c. polydipsia d. polyuria
b
Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? a. stimulation of mitosis b. direct control of the nervous system c. a change in membrane potential d. an increase in enzyme synthesis
b
Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? a. increased intestinal absorption of calcium ions b. inhibition of calcitonin synthesis c. increased calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys d. activation of osteoclasts
b
Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? a. atrioventricular (AV) node b. atrioventricular (AV) valve c. sinoatrial (SA) node d. bundle branches
b
Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? a. left atrium b. superior vena cava c. right ventricle d. pulmonary arteries and veins
b
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? a. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. b. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. c. Blood flow to the kidneys increases. d. The skin will be cold and clammy.
b
Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? a. decreased blood pressure b. greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion c. increased urine output d. lower plasma volume
b
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________. a. decreased white blood cell count b. increased hematocrit c. increased white blood cell count d. decreased hematocrit
b
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________. a. aplastic anemia b. sickle-cell anemia c. pernicious anemia d. polycythemia
c
Aldosterone ________. a. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood b. is secreted by the posterior pituitary c. functions to increase sodium reabsorption d. production is greatly influenced by ACTH
c
As a result of stress the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. a. ADH b. thyroid stimulating hormone c. ACTH d. growth hormone
c
Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding ________. a. rate of platelet formation b. WBC ability to defend the body against disease c. rate of erythrocyte formation d. clotting ability of the blood
c
Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when ________. a. HbA1C levels are lowest b. plasma levels are highest c. hematocrit is highest d. hemoglobin levels are lowest
c
If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation? a. increased sympathetic output to the heart b. faster heart rate and greater heart contractility c. increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart d. increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction
c
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. a. the atrioventricular (AV) node would become the pacemaker of the heart b. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract c. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute d. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate
c
Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. a. increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur b. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases c. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur d. increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
c
The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? a. Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. b. The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. c. Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. d. The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.
c
The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________. a. when the ventricles are in diastole b. while the atria are contracting c. when the ventricles are in systole d. by the movement of blood from atria to ventricles
c
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? a. reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers b. reflex arcs involving baroreceptors c. altering blood volume d. chemoreceptors
c
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. a. increased damage to blood vessel endothelium b. increased work of the left ventricle c. increased incidence of coronary artery disease d. decreased size of the heart muscle
d
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. a. antibodies b. proteins c. enzymes d. hormones
d
During exercise, which of the following would occur on an electrocardiogram (ECG) compared to an individual at rest? a. the T wave would decrease b. the S-T segment would decrease c. the P-R interval would decrease d. the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease
d
During the period of ventricular filling ________. a. the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open b. pressure in the heart is at its peak c. the atria remain in diastole d. blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles
d
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. a. an inadequate supply of lactic acid b. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways c. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production d. decreased delivery of oxygen
d
Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons. True False
false
Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs. True False
false
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen. True False
false
Examples of adrenal gland short-term stress responses include immune system suppression and retention of salt and water by the kidneys. True False
false
Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin. True False
false
Myeloid stem cells give rise to all leukocytes. True False
false
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting. True False
false
The process of fibrinolysis disposes of bacteria when healing has occurred. True False
false
All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes True False
true
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium. True False
true
Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues. True False
true
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types. True False
true
Hemorrhagic anemias result from blood loss. True False
true
If the aorta and pulmonary trunk were switched, oxygen rich blood would be pumped from the left ventricle to the lungs. True False
true
Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine. True False
true
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes. True False
true
The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole. True False
true
Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. True False
true
LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. True False
True
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. a. right side of the head and neck and right upper arm CorrectCorrect b. left upper arm c. myocardium of the heart d. left side of the head and neck
a
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? a. falling blood volume b. rising blood volume c. increasing heart rate d. increasing stroke volume e. all of these
a
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. a. intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms b. ADH c. the hypothalamic "thermostat" d. skin temperature
a
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. a. has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium b. lacks striations c. cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells d. has more nuclei per cell
a
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? a. There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma. b. He can only receive blood from a donor who is AB positive. c. Antibodies to A and B are present in the red cells. d. His blood lacks Rh factor.
a
Lipids (either nutrients or hormones) are insoluble in water but are found traveling in the plasma of the blood. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this? a. Lipids are carried in plasma bound to soluble plasma transport proteins b. Enzymes in the plasma convert lipids to soluble forms. c. Lipids are carried only in the lymph which is primarily composed of unsaturated fats d. Lipids are carried inside blood cells
a
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. a. cortisol b. testosterone c. epinephrine d. estrogen
a
Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. a. causing threshold to be reached more quickly b. causing a decrease in stroke volume c. blocking the action of calcium d. decreasing heart contractility
a
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? a. humoral b. hormonal c. neural d. positive
a
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? a. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure b. blood volume and viscosity c. hydrostatic pressure only d. plasma and formed element concentration
a
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? a. enzymatic b. neural c. humoral d. hormonal
a
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? a. fibrinolysis b. coagulation c. vascular spasm d. platelet plug formation
a
Damage to the ________ causes heart block. a. sinoatrial (SA) node b. atrioventricular (AV) node c. atrioventricular (AV) valves d. atrioventricular (AV) bundle
b
Auricles slightly increase blood volume in the ventricles. True False
false
An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides direct information about valve function. True False
false
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________. a. pacemaker cells would cease to spontaneously depolarize b. contractions would last as long as the refractory period c. it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation d. tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
d
In the brain the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ________ feeding the brain. a. fenestrated capillaries, with thin diaphragms made of extracellular glycoproteins b. metarterioles leading directly to thoroughfare cannels c. sinusoid capillaries, with incomplete basement membrane d. continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts
d
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. a. basophils b. neutrophils c. eosinophils d. monocytes
d
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. a. pancreas b. adrenal medulla c. thyroid gland d. thymus gland
d
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. a. Cardiac muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerve fibers so that the nervous system can increase heart rate. b. The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction. c. The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle. d. The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
d
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. a. expands the thoracic cage b. pumps a greater volume of blood c. sends blood through a smaller valve d. pumps blood against a greater resistance
d
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________. a. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional b. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release c. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
d
When does the period of atrial repolarization occur? a. during the T wave b. during the P wave c. ventricular contraction d. ventricular depolarization
d
When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________. a. A b. B c. AB d. O
d
Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate? a. age b. body temperature c. gender d. skin color
d
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? a. cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels b. circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant c. hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume d. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
d
Which of the following plasma components is most likely to rise in concentration during an acute infection? a. fibrinogen b. platelets c. albumin d. gamma globulins
d
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? a. the kidney b. the skin c. the spleen d. the heart
d
Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle? a. pulmonary veins b. aorta c. venae cavae d. pulmonary trunk
d
All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane. True False
false
