ab ex. 3--- 7

The DSM distinguishes between ______ general types of bipolar disorder. a. two c. four b. three d. five

a. two

There are _______ major types of bipolar disorders listed in the DSM-5. a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6

b. 2

Nearly _______ of people with moderate to severe depression report impaired work, family, or social functioning. a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80%

d. 80%

Major depressive episode tends to have a pattern of ______ occurrences and ______ symptoms. a. isolated; fleeting b. repeated; fleeting c. isolated; long-lasting d. repeated; long-lasting

d. repeated; long-lasting

Postpartum "blues" typically last about ______. a. 2 or 3 days b. 2 weeks c. 2 months d. 4 months

. 2 or 3 days

Bipolar I disorder affects about ______ of the adult population. a. 1% b. 5% c. 8% d. 12%

a. 1%

Which of the following women is most at risk for developing postpartum depression? a. Abigail, a married, moderate income mother with a history of major depression b. Pamela, a single, adolescent with a supportive family and no history of depression c. Maria, a recent immigrant to the U.S. who has a working husband and supportive family nearby d. Heather, a mother of three with a good income and healthcare benefits

a. Abigail, a married, moderate income mother with a history of major depression

People in a manic episode generally experience which of the following? a. Extreme self-confidence b. A lack of self-confidence c. Lethargy d. Slow, rambling speech

a. Extreme self-confidence

Which of the following is true of major depressive disorder? a. Fewer than half of those who suffer an initial major depressive episode will eventually have a recurrence. b. Major depression is never accompanied by psychotic features such as delusions. c. All individuals who experience major depression never have a full return to previous levels of functioning. d. Major depressive disorder can only be diagnosed if the individual began experiencing depressive episodes prior to age 18.

a. Fewer than half of those who suffer an initial major depressive episode will eventually have a recurrence.

Freud believed that mourning, or normal bereavement, is ______. a. a psychologically healthy process b. a symptom of inner conflict c. a sign of emotional immaturity d. a symptom of an underlying pathological process

a. a psychologically healthy process

Bipolar disorders include _______. a. bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder b. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia c. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and dysthymia d. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymia, and dysthymia

a. bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder

Difficulty concentrating is a(n) _______ symptom of depression? a. cognitive b. motivational c. emotional d. motor behavior and functioning

a. cognitive

The DSM-5 does not include a general category of mood disorders but instead distinguishes between ________ and ______. a. depressive disorders; bipolar and related disorders. b. depressive disorders; cyclothymic disorders c. cyclothymic disorders; bipolar and related disorders d. dysthymic disorders; cyclothymic disorders

a. depressive disorders; bipolar and related disorders.

Because of cultural judgments, about half of Americans with major depression ________. a. fail to receive help from a mental health professional b. attempt suicide c. become hostile and aggressive d. later develop psychoses

a. fail to receive help from a mental health professional

Dysthymia is ______ common in men than in women. a. less b. more c. equally as d. twice as

a. less

Bipolar II disorder affects ______ of the adult population. a. less than 1% b. about 5% c. about 11% d. about 15%

a. less than 1%

Compared to women, men are ______ likely to report depression and ______ likely to seek treatment for it. a. less; less b. less; more c. more; less d. more; more

a. less; less

Recent psychodynamic theories see depression as ______. a. loss of self-worth or self-esteem b. the result of an existence lacking in meaning c. overdependence on parental figures for love and support d. anger turned inward

a. loss of self-worth or self-esteem

A severe mood disorder characterized by the occurrence of one or more major depressive episodes in the absence of a history of mania is ______. a. major depressive disorder b. bipolar disorder c. dysthymia d. cyclothymia

a. major depressive disorder

The most common diagnosable mood disorder is ______. a. major depressive disorder b. bipolar disorder c. cyclothymia d. dysthymia

a. major depressive disorder

A client has major depressive disorder. That client is ________. a. most likely to be a female b. most likely to be a male c. equally likely to be a female or a male d. most likely to be a child

a. most likely to be a female

In the DSM-5, dysthymia is also referred to as ___________. a. persistent depressive disorder b. bipolar disorder c. low-grade depressive disorder d. hypodepressive disorder

a. persistent depressive disorder

The therapy of choice for patients with seasonal affective disorder is ______. a. phototherapy b. logotherapy c. chemotherapy d. physical therapy

a. phototherapy

An individual with a bipolar I disorder who experiences two or more full cycles of mania and depression within a year without intervening normal periods is considered to have ______. a. rapid cycling c. mixed cycling b. sequential cycling d. differentiated cycling

a. rapid cycling

According to the self-focusing model, ______ can help to overcome the loss of self-esteem and the insecurity that leads to depression after the loss of an important relationship. a. surrendering the relationship b. developing a greater sense of spirituality c. immersing oneself in a charitable experience d. traveling away from the scene of the loss for at least a week

a. surrendering the relationship

Cyclothymic disorder may be _______ of the bipolar disorders but tends to be ________ in clinical practice. a. the most common; underdiagnosed b. the least common; overdiagnosed c. the most researched; the most difficult to diagnose d. about as common as the other forms; overdiagnosed

a. the most common; underdiagnosed

In the rapid cycling type of bipolar disorder, the individual experiences at least ______ or more full cycles of mania or depression within a year. a. two b. four c. six d. eight

a. two

Rapid cycling is relatively ______ and occurs ______ often among men than women. a. uncommon; less b. common; less c. uncommon; more d. common; more

a. uncommon; less

Disorders such as depression and dysthymia are ______ in nature. a. unipolar b. bipolar c. unilinear d. multilinear

a. unipolar

Mood disorders in which the disturbance lies in only one direction are considered ______. a. unipolar b. unilinear c. monopolar d. monolinear

a. unipolar

Others often perceive people with dysthymic disorder as ______. a. whining and complaining b. selfish and impulsive c. arrogant and demanding d. unpredictable and irresponsible

a. whining and complaining

Dysthymic disorder affects about ______ percent of the general population at some point. a. 4 b. 14 c. 24 d. 34

a.4

An estimated ______ of mothers suffer from some form of postpartum depression. a. 1 to 5% b. 10 to 15% c. 20 to 25% d. 30 to 35%

b. 10 to 15%

To meet the DSM criteria for a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder, disturbances of mood in adults must persist for at least ______. a. 1 year b. 2 years c. 3 years d. 4 years

b. 2 years

The average age of onset for bipolar disorder for both men and women is about age ______. a. 13 b. 20 c. 27 d. 34

b. 20

Approximately __________ of women experience premenstrual physical or mood-related symptoms severe enough to interfere with their daily functioning, including causing absenteeism from work or producing significant emotional distress. a. 10% b. 20% c. 30% d. 50%

b. 20%

Which U.S. president struggled with depression and wrote "I am now the most miserable man living"? a. Herbert Hoover b. Abraham Lincoln c. Bill Clinton d. George W. Bush

b. Abraham Lincoln

Which of the following is an emotional symptom of depression? a. Loss of enjoyment in pleasurable activities b. Depressed mood c. Reduced interest in sex d. Lack of interest in social activities

b. Depressed mood

Which of the following is characteristic of manic episodes? a. Insatiable appetite b. Overbearing behavior c. Weeping d. Selfishness

b. Overbearing behavior

The difference between males and females in relative risk for developing major depressive disorder begins in ______. a. childhood b. adolescence c. young adulthood d. middle age

b. adolescence

Freud believed that pathological mourning was most likely to occur in people who had powerful feelings of ______ toward the dead person. a. love b. ambivalence c. anger d. dependence

b. ambivalence

A normal grief reaction to the death of a loved one is ______. a. major depression b. bereavement c. mild depression d. reactive depression

b. bereavement

Lucy has been depressed since her mother died last month. She has difficulty sleeping and has lost her appetite. Lucy is suffering from ______. a. major depression c. mild depression b. bereavement d. reactive depression

b. bereavement

Disorders such as cyclothymia are ______ in nature. a. unipolar b. bipolar c. unilinear d. multilinear

b. bipolar

A disorder characterized by a cyclical pattern of mild mood swings, not reaching the level of full-blown manic episodes or major depressive episodes is ______. a. dysthymic disorder b. cyclothymic disorder c. anhedonnia d. anencephaly

b. cyclothymic disorder

In a case study described in the text, "The Beast is Back," the female patient referred to her ______ as the Beast. a. husband b. depression c. headaches d. manic episodes

b. depression

Women are ______ as likely as men to develop bipolar I disorder. a. half b. equally c. twice d. four times

b. equally

A period of elevated mood that is less severe than a manic episode is called a(n) ______ episode. a. exhilaration b. hypomanic c. acceleration d. hypermanic

b. hypomanic

Compared to major depression, dysthymia has ______ severe symptoms and is ______ in duration. a. less; shorter b. less; longer c. more; shorter d. more; longer

b. less; longer

A severe disorder characterized by feeling sad, hopeless, or "down in the dumps," or loss of interest or pleasure in all activities for at least two weeks is ______. a. bipolar disorder b. major depressive episode c. dysthymia d. cyclothymia

b. major depressive episode

The onset of bipolar I disorder usually begins with a ______. a. manic episode for both men and women b. manic episode for men and a major depressive episode for women c. manic episode for women and a major depressive episode for men d. major depressive episode for both men and women

b. manic episode for men and a major depressive episode for women

In men, the onset of bipolar I disorder typically begins with a _____episode, whereas with women it usually begins with a __________ episode. a. major depressive; manic b. manic; major depressive c. hypomanic; manic d. hypomanic; major depressive

b. manic; major depressive

Enduring states of feeling that color our psychological lives are called ______. a. motivational states b. moods c. drives d. traits

b. moods

Changes in sleep habits is a(n) ___________ symptom of depression? a. motivational b. motor behavior and functioning c. emotional d. cognitive

b. motor behavior and functioning

Corrine had a baby one month ago. Since the birth, her moods have varied wildly between tearful to irritable. She has outbursts of sadness and crying and at other times feels out of control. She hears voices telling her that her baby should be returned to the heavens. Corrine is most likely suffering from ______. a. baby blues b. postpartum psychosis c. cyclothymic disorder d. postpartum depression

b. postpartum psychosis

Each month, one week prior to the onset of her menstrual cycle, Melissa experiences mood swings, sudden tearfulness, feelings of hopelessness, irritability and negative thoughts about herself. These symptoms cause significant impairment in her functioning and lessen in severity within a few days following the onset of menses. Melissa is likely to be diagnosed with _____________. a. dysthymic disorder b. premenstrual dysphoric disorder c. cyclothymic disorder d. bipolar II disorder

b. premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Both women and men who ______ more after a loved one's death are more prone to suffer long and severe depression. a. consume large amounts of alcohol b. ruminate c. express anger d. rely on religion

b. ruminate

Although the causes of SAD remain unknown, one possibility is that _________may alter the body's underlying biological rhythms. a. seasonal changes in vegetation b. seasonal changes in light c. seasonal changes in environmental temperature d. season changes due to celebration of holidays

b. seasonal changes in light

A limitation of the self-focused attention model of depression is that ______. a. self-focused attention is more pervasive in society than in prior decades b. self-focused attention is more generally linked to psychopathology c. research has not been conducted to support the link d. certain popular child-rearing techniques have emphasized self-focus

b. self-focused attention is more generally linked to psychopathology

Carl's wife has just left him for another man. While everyone else can see that Carl's relationship with his wife is truly over, he continues to dwell on ways that he can somehow restore the relationship. He cannot bear the loss of self-esteem and security he has suffered since his wife left him. Carl's actions are best explained by the ______ model of depression. a. introjection b. self-focusing c. existential d. interactional

b. self-focusing

In bipolar disorder, manic episodes are usually ______ in duration and end ______ abruptly than depressive episodes. a. shorter; less b. shorter; more c. longer; more d. longer; less

b. shorter; more

To be diagnosed with a major depressive episode, one experiences either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in all things for a period of at least ______. a. two days b. two weeks c. two months d. two years

b. two weeks

Which of the following women is LEAST likely to develop postpartum depression? a. A first-time mother with a supportive partner b. A single mother c. A second-time mother with a supportive partner d. A mother with a sick baby

c. A second-time mother with a supportive partner

Which of the following people is LEAST likely to develop major depression? a. An older, poor, divorced person b. A young, wealthy, divorced person c. An older, wealthy, married person d. A young, poor person who is separated

c. An older, wealthy, married person

Which of the following is listed under "Bipolar and Related Disorders" in the DSM-5? a. Major depressive disorder b. Unipolar disorder c. Cyclothymic disorder d. Persistent depressive disorder

c. Cyclothymic disorder

Which of the following is a common change in motivation noted with depression? a. Irritability b. Tearfulness c. Lack of interest in social activities d. Depressed mood

c. Lack of interest in social activities

__________ was introduced as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-5. a. Dysthymic disorder b. Cyclothymic disorder c. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder d. Bipolar II disorder

c. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Which of the following is true of depression and stress? a. Experimental research has demonstrated causal links between stress and depression. b. The relationship between stress and depression is not impacted by social support. c. Some research indicates that depression is often preceded by significant life stress. d. Overly-concerned family and friends may make it more difficult to overcome a depressive episode.

c. Some research indicates that depression is often preceded by significant life stress.

Identify the characteristic that has been found to insulate people from depression and suicide attempts during times of stress. a. Wealth b. Use of alcohol as a relaxant c. Successful marriage d. Regular aerobic exercise

c. Successful marriage

The famous American author who described his severe depression in Darkness Visible was ______. a. Tom Wolfe b. Phillip Roth c. William Styron d. Bernard Malamud

c. William Styron

Compared to men, women are at higher risk for developing major depression due to which the following factors? a. Women experience less stress than men and are more prone to boredom. b. The high expectations for achievement advocated by feminist movement are unobtainable for most women and lead to depression. c. Women are less likely to distract themselves when they are depressed. d. Women often turn to alcohol as a form of self-medication.

c. Women are less likely to distract themselves when they are depressed.

The word "dysthymia" stems from the Greek words meaning ______. a. melancholy b. sorrowful c. bad spirit d. circle spirit

c. bad spirit

The annual financial impact of depression in the U.S. is estimated to be in the _______. a. millions b. hundreds of millions c. billions d. trillions

c. billions

Mood disorders, which involve mood swings from one extreme to another, are considered ______. a. dipolar b. bilinear c. bipolar d. multilinear

c. bipolar

Alex has severe mood swings from extreme elation and hyperactivity to major depression. One moment he feels like he's on top of the world, the next moment he feels suicidal. He is probably suffering from ______. a. dysthymic disorder b. cyclothymic disorder c. bipolar disorder d. double depression

c. bipolar disorder

People who have severe mood swings from extreme elation to severe depression are suffering from ______. a. dysthymic disorder b. cyclothymic disorder c. bipolar disorder d. double depression

c. bipolar disorder

Psychodynamic theories see bipolar disorder as the result of shifting dominance between the ______. a. id and ego b. id and superego c. ego and superego d. conscious and unconscious

c. ego and superego

Research has shown that people suffering from depression engage in ______ following an experience of failure. a. higher level of introjection c. higher level of self-focusing b. lower level of introjection d. lower level of self-focusing

c. higher level of self-focusing

Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of ______ episodes. a. major depressive b. psychotic c. hypomanic d. manic

c. hypomanic

Dave is having a normal day when suddenly he feels charged with energy and unusually alert. He knows that when he gets these feelings he is capable of working long hours with little fatigue or need of sleep. He is still capable of using good judgment and has no hyperactivity. He is best described as having a ______. a. dysthymic episode b. manic episode c. hypomanic episode d. paranoid episode

c. hypomanic episode

In bipolar II disorder, a person experiences ______ episodes. a. has experienced neither manic nor hypomanic b. manic episodes, but has not experienced hypomanic c. hypomanic episodes, but has not experienced manic d. has experienced both manic and hypomanic

c. hypomanic episodes, but has not experienced manic

Cyclothymic disorder usually begins in one's ______. a. early childhood b. early adolescence c. late adolescence or early adulthood d. late adulthood

c. late adolescence or early adulthood

Both humanistic and modern psychodynamic theorists focus on ______ as a causal factor in depression. a. inadequate social relationships and support b. anger turned inward c. loss of self-esteem d. lack of self-fulfillment and meaning in life

c. loss of self-esteem

Joanne is in a very downcast mood. She has a poor appetite, has lost weight, and feels constantly fatigued. She has lost interest in most of her regular activities because they seem like "too much effort" and they no longer give her any pleasure. She seems indifferent to her family and friends and has recurrent thoughts of suicide. She is best described as suffering from ______. a. dysthymic disorder b. cyclothymic disorder c. major depressive disorder d. bipolar disorder

c. major depressive disorder

A state of unusual elation, energy, and activity is known as ______. a. synergy b. dysthymia c. mania d. flat affect

c. mania

Guillermo was having a normal day when suddenly he felt an overwhelming expansion of his mood. He now feels euphoric, cheerful, optimistic, has boundless energy, and feels sociable and confident. However, he is also hyperactive, impulsive, demanding, and overbearing. His behavior is typical of a ______. a. bipolar episode b. hypomanic episode c. manic episode d. dysthymic episode

c. manic episode

Among people with cyclothymic disorder, few, if any, periods of normal mood last for more than a ______. a. day or two b. week or two c. month or two d. year or two

c. month or two

A person who speaks very rapidly and urgently and has difficulty pausing has ______. a. circumstantial speech b. euphoric speech c. pressured speech d. tangential speech

c. pressured speech

The tendency of a person to jump from topic to topic during a manic episode is referred to as ______. a. multidirectional cognitions b. accelerated thought c. rapid flight of ideas d. quickness on the feet

c. rapid flight of ideas

Factors that place people at increased risk of developing major depression include all of the following except: a. ethnic background. b. socioeconomic status. c. religion. d. race.

c. religion.

The American Psychological Association's expert panel concluded that women experience more depression than men because _________. a. of hormonal differences b. men underreport depression due to their belief that it is a sign of weakness c. women encounter more stress in society than men d. they are more passive problem solvers

c. women encounter more stress in society than men

Initial onset of major depressive disorder is most common among ______. a. children b. adolescents c. young adults d. middle-aged adults

c. young adults

______ percent of people with dysthymia eventually develop major depression. a. 45 b. 60 c. 75 d. 90

d. 90

Which of the following people is MOST likely, statistically, to suffer from depressive disorder? a. An older wealthy, never-married person b. A young, wealthy, never-married person c. An older, poor, married person d. A young, poor person who is separated or divorced

d. A young, poor person who is separated or divorced

Which statement is true about the diagnosis of major depressive disorder? a. It cannot include delusion or hallucinations or the diagnosis is invalid. b. It can include delusions but not hallucination. c. It can include hallucinations but not delusions. d. It can include both delusions and hallucinations.

d. It can include both delusions and hallucinations.

Unemployed people are at highest risk for developing which of the following mood disorders? a. Cyclothymic disorder b. Dysthymic disorder c. Bipolar disorder d. Major depressive disorder

d. Major depressive disorder

__________ of women experience moderate to severe mood-related premenstrual symptoms. a. Less than 10% b. About 25% c. About 35% d. More than 50%

d. More than 50%

Which of the following is listed under the category of "Depressive Disorders" in the DSM-5? a. Bipolar I disorder b. Bipolar II disorder c. Cyclothymic disorder d. Persistent depressive disorder

d. Persistent depressive disorder

In An Unquiet Mind, Kay Redfield Jamison described her struggles with ______ disorder. a. dysthymic b. major depressive c. cyclothymic d. bipolar

d. bipolar

Research indicates that ______ who ruminate more following the loss of a loved one or when feeling down or sad are more likely to develop severe and prolonged depression. a. neither men nor women b. only women c. only men d. both men and women

d. both men and women

The term "cyclothymia" is derived from the Greek terms meaning ______. a. melancholy b. phlegmatic c. bad spirited d. circle spirit

d. circle spirit

Nolan-Hoeksema proposed that men are less prone to depression because they know how to ______. a. use alcohol to escape from their problems b. joke rather than take problems too seriously c. blame the other person rather than themselves d. distract themselves by doing something they enjoy

d. distract themselves by doing something they enjoy

A major depressive episode occurring concurrently with dysthymic disorder is called ______. a. cyclothymic disorder b. bipolar disorder c. anhedonia d. double depression

d. double depression

The gender gap between men and women in rates of depression exists ______. a. only in the United States b. only in nations other than the United States c. only in the United States and Japan d. in the United States and many other countries

d. in the United States and many other countries

From the humanistic perspective, depression arises from ______. a. anger turned inward b. imbalanced social interactions c. inadequate social reinforcement d. lack of self-fulfillment, meaning, and authentic choices in life

d. lack of self-fulfillment, meaning, and authentic choices in life

Major depression cannot be diagnosed if a person shows a history of ______. a. anxiety disorder b. personality disorder c. dysthymia d. mania

d. mania

The essential feature of bipolar I disorder is the occurrence of at least one full-blown ______ episode. a. major depressive b. dysthymic c. hypomanic d. manic

d. manic

Don suddenly quit his job, enrolled in law school for day classes, took on a job waiting tables at night, and began organizing charity drives on weekends. He also began work on his "great American novel" and offered to coach a little league team in his "spare time." His behavior is typical of someone having a ______. a. hypomanic episode b. dysthymic episode c. cyclothymic episode d. manic episode

d. manic episode

Disturbances in mood that are serious enough to impair daily functioning are called ______. a. adjustment disorders b. personality disorders c. anxiety disorders d. mood disorders

d. mood disorder

Rapid cycling is associated with a ______ severe form of the disorder and ______ serious suicide attempts. a. less; more b. more; less c. less; less d. more; more

d. more; more

Rani has been diagnosed with depression and has no interest in playing on her soccer team, which she has done each week for over two years. This loss of enjoyment in pleasurable activities is a(n) _______ symptom of depression. a. cognitive b. motor behavior c. emotional d. motivational

d. motivational

According to your text, approximately ______ percent of those with cyclothymia go on to develop full-fledged bipolar disorder. a. one in two b. half c. two out of three d. one in three

d. one in three

A depressive disorder which often develops during childhood or adolescence, involves less severe symptoms than major depression, but has a longer lasting, more chronic pattern of development, and often results in sufferers being seen as "whiny" or "complaining" would be classified as _____ in the DSM-5. a. dysthymic disorder b. cyclothymic disorder c. bipolar disorder d. persistent depressive disorder

d. persistent depressive disorder

Anne had a baby about 10 months ago. Ever since, she has had a poor appetite, been unable to sleep (even when the baby wasn't waking her), poor self-esteem, and has been unable to concentrate for any length of time. She is most likely suffering from ______. a. postpartum blues b. postpartum psychoses c. cyclothymic disorder d. postpartum depression

d. postpartum depression

Leslie finds that every winter she becomes fatigued, excessively sleepy, has a craving for carbohydrates, and puts on weight. In the spring, her symptoms disappear. She is most likely suffering from ______. a. dysthymic disorder b. cyclothymic disorder c. bipolar disorder d. seasonal affective disorder

d. seasonal affective disorder

During a manic episode, bipolar people almost always show a decreased need for ______. a. sex b. new achievements c. creativity d. sleep

d. sleep

A recent study suggests that stress associated with interpersonal problems contributes to depression in young people, but only among those who ________. a. have trouble asserting themselves b. have a family history of depression c were children of divorce d. tend to think negatively

d. tend to think negatively