Ab. Psych. Final
Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population over the age of 60 years is affected by anxiety disorders?
15%
Specific learning disorders are found in approximately what percentage of school-aged children in the United States?
8%
In which of the following cases is the M'Naghten Rule is most applicable?
A case in which the defendant makes an insanity defense
Eugene, abuser man who suffers from alcohol use disorder, is given the drug naltrexone. Which of the following is Eugene most likely to experience after taking this medication?
A lesser urge to drink
Which of the following is the one of the most significant factors in determining personality disorders?
A person has significant impairment in cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control
James is a person with schizophrenia who has delusions that the CIA is after him. He has been brought to a psychologist by the police after being arrested for assaulting an elderly woman whom he claimed was trying to kill him. Assuming that testing reveals that he truly is psychotic, where will the psychologist recommend that he be sent?
A psychiatric hospital
Which of the following is a more viable standard of insanity than the Durham Rule?
ALI guidelines
John is in his early 60s. He has difficulties in remembering basic information, such as his own address. He often fails to recognize people and cannot carry out simple motor activities. John initially experienced loss of memory a few years ago; over time these symptoms have increased. He does not experience any fluctuations in consciousness. John is unable to carry out day-to-day activities. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit John's condition?
Alzheimer's disease
According to the biopsychosocial model, when Bella engages in risky behavior, her vulnerability to developing
abnormal behavioral tendencies is heightened.
Ramona was mugged at gunpoint in a dark parking lot after work two nights ago. She is constantly re-experiencing the event through images, dreams, thoughts, and flashbacks. She finds herself avoiding situations that might make her think about the trauma, but she is still so anxious that she cannot concentrate or sleep. Ramona is likely suffering from
acute stress disorder.
Testing in which the client's responses to earlier questions determine the subsequent questions presented to them is known as ________ testing.
adaptive
A good psychological test is one that follows standardized procedures for scoring and
administration.
A person with lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is most likely to be
affected by major depressive disorder.
In order for a clinician to diagnose a person with bipolar disorder, an individual must experience a(n) ________ episode.
manic
Estelle is a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy. Her doctor has prescribed a synthetic form of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient in an illegal drug. This prescription for a form of the active ingredient in
marijuana.
Natalie has been using a substance high in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for over two years. Of late she is facing respiratory difficulties. Her physician has also warned her that she is at a high risk of getting a heart attack. It is most likely that Natalie is a heavy user of
marijuana.
Title II of HIPAA is intended to regulate the ways in which providers and insurance companies maintain and transmit medical records, called
protected health information.
According to Carl Rogers, in order to help clients realize that they don't have to put up a false front of trying to appear to be something that they're not, clinicians should ideally
provide a model of genuineness and willingness to disclose their personal weaknesses and limitations.
The ________ of a test indicates the consistency of the scores it produces.
reliability
The notion that psychopathic individuals are unable to process any information that is not relevant to their primary goals is central to the ________ hypothesis.
response modulation
The term "obsessive-compulsive" as it applies to individuals who suffer from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder refers to the
rigidly compulsive personality tendency they have
Roland has the illusion that he is the reincarnation of Napoleon and wants to conquer the world. Roland is most likely to be diagnosed with
schizophrenia.
The difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is that
schizophreniform disorder lasts for fewer than six months.
Jeff has a compulsive desire to wear women's clothes. He is able to achieve sexual arousal only when he cross-dresses. This is an example of
transvestic disorder.
Which of the following terms refers to how well a test measures what it is designed to measure?
validity
Quiz #3: Chapter 4
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Quiz #4: Chapter 14
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Quiz 12: Chapter 11
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Quiz #1: Chapters 1 and 2
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Quiz #2: Chapter 3
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Gracia, after having suffered from cognitive deficits for a period of five years dies at the age of 75. When her brain is examined, it is discovered that her cerebral cortex had degenerated. It is likely that this woman suffered from
Alzheimer's disease.
Cindy had met with a motor accident two months back in which she suffered from a head injury. She was unable to recollect any of her personal information, such as her name, profession, and where she lived. She had no recollection of events that had occurred before the accident. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit her condition?
Amnesia
Which of the following is a core symptom of delirium?
An acute state of confusion
To be diagnosed with substance use disorder, an individual has to meet certain criteria. Which of the following is one of the mandatory criteria to be fulfilled?
An individual must use the substance even though it causes significant problems in their life.
Which of the following statement is true with regard to Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5)?
Anyone with the proper training can administer the SCID, not necessarily only licensed mental health professionals.
_________ has resulted in decreased hospitalization and improved service engagement and medication adherence.
Assisted outpatient treatment
Jonathan, a clinician, unintentionally makes generic and vague statements about his client Amy that do not specifically characterize her. The statements describe Amy as a strong person but also suggest that she could display fragility under difficult circumstances. This can be true for most people. Which of the following is Jonathan's interpretation characteristic of?
Barnum Effect
Which of the following arguments might be used by defense attorneys to support an insanity plea?
Because Wilson was psychotic, he was not able to differentiate right from wrong.
Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?
Biology as well as experience interact in the determination of schizophrenia.
Joe has a mood disorder in which he experiences alternating episodes of severe depression and mild bouts of mania. Which of the following diagnoses would best describe Joe's condition?
Bipolar II disorder
Veronica is overly conscious about a mole on her right cheek that she has had since birth. She wakes up early every morning and spends several hours before the mirror applying make-up on the mole before going out. Veronica's behavior is most likely to be associated with which of the following disorders?
Body dysmorphic disorder
How best can a cognitive-behavioral therapist treat a person with avoidant personality disorder?
By helping the client see the irrationality of fears of rejection
Which of the following information is NOT provided as a part of informed consent?
Clinician's rights
What is the most common approach used by clinicians to treat individuals with gender dysphoria?
Clinicians can let their clients create their own gender identities
Which of the following is an advantage of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)?
Clinicians can use it with clients who may not have the language or reading skills to complete the MMPI-2.
Which of the following is true about neuropsychological assessment?
Clinicians use neuropsychological assessment measures to attempt to determine the functional correlates of brain damage.
Jackie fears that if he gets into a plane, it will crash. His clinician attempts to change his thoughts by questioning and challenging his dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs. Identify the method employed by the clinician.
Cognitive restructuring
Which of the following might put a child at risk of becoming a victim of factitious disorder imposed on another?
Committing the child to the care of someone who induces physical symptoms in the child
Linda is suffering from severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the course of the treatment, her neurosurgeon implants a microelectrode, powered by an implanted battery that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to specific circuits in her brain. Which of the following processes has Linda's neurosurgeon used?
Deep brain stimulation
Kayla feels that she is controlled by forces external to her. She confides to her sister Sara that she often feels as if she is watching herself from afar. Which of the following dissociative disorders best describes Kayla's condition?
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Ronald is bullied at school but he does not retaliate. However he goes home and aggressively hits his punching bag. Which of the following defense mechanisms is Ronald using?
Displacement
Nelly was sexually abused as a child. In her early twenties, she discovered that she could not recall a set of traumatic events that took place in her adolescence. Which of the following disorders is Nelly most likely to be diagnosed with?
Dissociative amnesia
Which of the following statements is true about Down syndrome?
Down syndrome is the most common cause of birth defects in humans.
Of the following options, which is the most crucial determinant of whether or not therapy will be successful?
The quality of the client-clinician relationship
Leon was a relatively successful attorney before developing schizophrenia. He has now stopped working and prefers to wander the streets in preparation for an "airlift" of humans by extraterrestrials. He has lost all his property and stays on the streets. His poverty has further aggravated his psychotic symptoms. Leon's story lends credibility to which hypothesis regarding the relationship between social class and schizophrenic symptoms?
Downward social drift hypothesis
Dr. Harris is a well-known psychologist. In which of the following situations does he act as a guardian ad litem?
Dr. Harris has been asked to represent a child, whose parents have been accused of abuse and neglect, in a civil legal proceeding.
Andrew's inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing distress has led to several problems for him at work. His lack of awareness, understanding, or acceptance of emotions has led to people disliking him. Which of the following term explains Andrew's inability to regulate emotions?
Emotional dysregulation
Rex falsely believes that the current marital discord between the President and his wife is because the First Lady is secretly in love with him and wishes to spend the rest of her life with him. From which type of delusional disorder does Rex suffer?
Erotomanic type
Sara is an 80-year-old woman showing significant declines in cognitive function. In particular, both her son's reports and neuropsychological testing indicate that Sara is having trouble making plans for her own actions, has difficulty making decisions, cannot hold numbers in her mind to do simple calculations, and has trouble switching between two tasks. Sara's neuropsychologist would identify these as signs that she has deficits in which neurocognitive domain?
Executive function
In the context of the behavioral perspective, which of the following is considered to be the main reason behind most abnormalities?
Faulty learning experiences
Leone is interested in sexual activity and does become sexually aroused. However, despite sexual stimulation, she cannot achieve an orgasm. Which of the following sexual dysfunctions is Leone experiencing?
Female orgasmic disorder
Arnold gets sexually aroused whenever he sees a woman trying on a pair of stockings. He buys pairs of stockings for various sexual activities. He even steals stockings from women when he is desperate. Which of the following disorders best describes Arnold's condition?
Fetishistic disorder
Guillermo enjoys riding on crowded subway cars and brushing up against or bumping into female passengers. What is the name of Guillermo's paraphilia?
Frotteuristic disorder
Which of the following is true about the causes of intellectual disabilities?
Genetic abnormalities are a significant cause of intellectual disabilities.
Raymond is a janitor at a large corporation and is convinced that the decisions he makes while cleaning affect the functioning of the company more significantly than the decisions made by the CEO. Which type of delusional disorder is most likely afflicting Raymond?
Grandiose type
Clark has recently become interested in being spanked before engaging in intercourse. He can become sexually aroused if he is not spanked but enjoys this as a sort of passing fancy. How might you describe Clark's condition?
He does not have a sexual disorder.
Which of the following is one of the effects of cocaine?
Heightened energy
In the context of TBI, which of the following is true?
In older adults, falls are the most common cause of TBIs.
Which of the following is true about categorical diagnostic system?
In the process of revising the DSM-IV-TR, the personality disorders panels developed a number of alternative models to get away from the categorical diagnostic system
Which of the following statements describes the major difference between Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease?
Individuals with Pick's disease undergo personality changes before they begin to have memory problems while individuals with Alzheimer's experience memory problems first.
Nicky exhibits all of the classic symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Over the past two weeks, she has taken to drinking heavily. Which of the following facts best accounts for her substance abuse?
Individuals with anxiety disorders are more likely to use substances.
In the context of substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder, which of the following is true?
Industrial solvents can cause this disorder.
Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder?
Insomnia or hypersomnia
________ is a condition that presents itself in childhood and is characterized by significantly below-average general cognitive functioning as well as deficits in adaptive skills
Intellectual disability
Which of the following is a biopsychosocial approach to treating people with bipolar disorder that proposes that relapses can result from the experience of stressful life events, disturbances in circadian rhythms and problems in personal relationships?
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
Which of the following is a major advantage of the fMRI?
It does not require injection of radioactive materials.
Which of the following is a main function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor?
It helps neurons to adapt and change in response to experience.
Ralph has been sad and listless for three years. He cannot sleep and has lost his appetite. Using a diagnostic system, one clinician arrives at a diagnosis of depression. Using the exact same diagnostic system, another clinician arrives at a diagnosis of schizophrenia. What is the problem with this system?
It lacks reliability.
Which of the following is true of the ego?
It uses rational, secondary process thinking to achieve its goals.
Which of the following is true of postconcussion syndrome?
Its symptoms can persist from weeks to years.
Mariana is troubled by the unrealistic belief that every woman who glances at her husband secretly desires him; she also believes that he has had affairs with some of them despite his insistence that he has never seen them before in his life. Which type of delusional disorder is most likely afflicting Mariana?
Jealous
Pierce recently suffered from a head trauma, as a result of which he is unable to retain new information. He cannot remember his personal details, such as his name, address, and educational details. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit his condition?
Major neurocognitive disorder due to a general medical condition
Roger is in the stage of therapy where he and his therapist are working on altering his long-standing patterns of dependent behavior. What phase of therapy is Roger in?
Management of long-term goals
Which of the following statements about transgender is true?
Many identities fall under the category of "transgender," including gender non-conforming, non-binary nonconforming, nonbinary, and agender
Bernard was a very aggressive and impulsive teenager. He was always involved in neighborhood brawl As he aged, his antisocial behavior declined and he was more patient with people around him. Which of the following explains this behavior?
Maturation hypothesis
Judith is fighting her heroin addiction. Her physician prescribes her a synthetic opioid that produces a safer and more controlled reaction than heroin and that is used in treating heroin addiction. Identify this drug.
Methadone
Which of the following is likely to have the highest degree of genetic relatedness?
Monozygotic twins
Which of the following most likely indicates the reason for children to be born with intellectual disability?
Mother was malnourished during the critical phase of fetal development
Which of the following is a form of vascular neurocognitive disorder caused by transient attacks in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted by a clogged or burst artery?
Multi-infarct dementia
A caregiver who feigns or deliberately exaggerates the illness of the person who is placed under his/her care displays a condition, which is referred to as ________ in psychology.
Munchausen's syndrome
________ disorders are conditions that begin in childhood and have a major impact on social and cognitive functioning, involving serious deficits in social interaction and communication skills, as well as odd behavior, interests, and activities.
Neurodevelopmental
As you are walking back to your dorm on a dark night you suddenly hear footsteps behind you. Which neurotransmitter is likely to be activated?
Norepinephrine
Which of the following is true about antisocial personality disorder?
Not all individuals with antisocial personality disorder engage in explicitly criminal behavior, but instead their disorder may manifest itself in behaviors such as job problems, promiscuity, and aggressiveness
Vasati, a victim of molestation, is being treated by her clinician through a technique of virtually exposing her to her most feared and hated situation, followed by a counterconditioning breathing technique. These methods of psychological treatment are most effective for
PTSD
Which of the following is a legal prerequisite for being considered a psychologist?
Passing a rigid set of licensing requirements
According to Bowlby, who is at a greater risk for developing a depressive disorder in adulthood?
People with an insecure attachment style
Catherine believes that her recent car accident was actually an attempt on her life by her ex-boyfriend. Which type of delusional disorder is most likely afflicting Catherine?
Persecutory
Kiara has been experiencing mildly depressed moods and feelings of guilt, ever since she had an abortion three years ago. She believes that she lost her baby due to her own negligence. She has not suffered from a major depressive episode during this time period, but is never totally free of her depressive symptoms. From the given information, identify the chronic disorder from which Kiara is suffering.
Persistent depressive disorder
Which of the following expressions best reflects respect for the individual?
Person with schizophrenia
Older individuals with persistent disorder or depression are more likely to report problems in which of the following areas of functioning?
Physical
Michelle, a 70-year-old woman, was a very composed and gentle person. For the past eight months, she has been behaving in a very impulsive and violent manner. She has been experiencing memory problems, too. She also exhibits other symptoms of neurocognitive disorder. Michelle is most likely suffering from
Pick's disease.
Ron, a high-school graduate, has had an intense fear of bats since he was a toddler. After consulting with a clinician, he was diagnosed with
a specific phobia.
Mark talks a lot and often interrupts others during conversations. He gets into fights with his friends for being unable to wait for his turn during games. He also has a difficult time sitting still, and has a tendency to interrupt others, but generally he can pay attention to what his teacher is saying as he moves around the room. He has not shown any of the symptoms of inattentiveness during the past six months. He has discipline problems and gets lower grades. Which type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is Mark likely to be diagnosed with?
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
Nathan generally has no difficulty sitting still, but cannot focus his attention on what the teacher is saying for long periods of time. He is easily distracted, and his parents feel that he does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. He is a quiet, obedient child who rarely butts into conversations or games. Which type of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder is Nathan likely to be diagnosed with?
Predominantly inattentive
Jamie has fallen into the habit of taking a form of hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms. This has slowed down his motor reflexes and altered his perception. He is unable to distinguish between his imagination and the real world. Identify the hallucinogen.
Psilocybin
Dr. Richard treats his patients suffering from psychological disorders by probing into their dreams and looking for possible unconscious determinants of their abnormal behavior. Identify the theoretical orientation behind the process employed by Dr. Richard.
Psychodynamic
Immanuel is having tremendous difficulty controlling his drinking behavior even at a time when he is recovering from a liver transplant surgery. Drinking alcohol at this stage of the recovery process is not only detrimental to his health but can also lead to serious medical complications. Which of the following would best describe Immanuel's condition?
Psychological factors affecting a medical condition
Which of the following statements is true with regard to the APA guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients?
Psychologists should strive to understand the special problems and risks that exist for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth.
Lamont is an interstate truck driver. Many people consider him a loner. Lamont is indifferent to the idea of marriage, shows no emotions, and does not seem to desire social contact. If we assume Lamont's problem is long-standing, which of the following diagnoses would be most appropriate?
Schizoid personality disorder
________ is a disorder originating in childhood in which an individual consciously refuses to talk.
Selective mutism
Amelia takes a psychological test with standardized questions having fixed response category as "true" or "false." She completes the test independently on the computer and reports the extent to which the responses are accurate characterizations. This test is objective in the sense that the scoring does not involve any form of subjective judgment on the part of the examiner. Which form of personality test did Amelia undertake?
Self-report clinical inventory
Which of the following disorders is a child likely to develop after experiencing a natural or manmade trauma, such as a terrorist attack?
Separation anxiety disorder
Sofia and Connie are both starting new jobs at the same company, which is known for its challenging, stressful work. Before starting her new job, Sofia writes an essay about her emotions and her experiences preparing for the new job. Connie writes an essay about the tasks she had to complete that day, without writing about emotions.Based on existing research, what are the most likely outcomes several months later?
Sofia experiences better health and shows better performance at work.
Since the past few years, Arthur has been recurrently complaining about several bodily symptoms, such as difficulty in breathing, chest pain, and nausea. However, medical examinations have yielded no basis for such claims. Which of the following disorders is Arthur most likely to be diagnosed with?
Somatic symptom disorder
Which of the following countries has the highest suicide rate for females?
South Korea
________ is a learning disorder in which the individual's writing is characterized by poor spelling, grammatical or punctuation errors, and disorganization of paragraphs.
Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression
Cathy substitutes, omits, or incorrectly articulates speech sounds. She uses a t sound for the letter s, saying "tite" rather than "site." She mispronounces most of the words and has academic difficulties. Which of the following disorder represents Cathy's condition?
Speech sound disorder
Of the following, which is most likely to be a cause of delirium?
Substance intoxication.
Which of the following is true of the APA ethics Code?
The APA ethics code offers specific guidelines for psychologists who conduct research.
Which of the following is true about exhibitionistic disorder?
The existence of comorbid conditions along with the reluctance of people with exhibitionistic disorder to come forward, present numerous challenges for developing an understanding of the causes of the disorder.
Wendy has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital. When she tries to use the ward pay phone, the staff members stand nearby and listen to her conversation. Occasionally, they have actually interrupted her calls and have hung up the phone on her behalf. Which of Wendy's rights is being violated?
The right to a humane environment
Which projective test consists of stimuli that are a series of black-and-white ink drawings and photographs portraying people in a variety of ambiguous contexts?
Thematic Apperception Test
________ are orientations to understanding the causes of human behavior and the treatment of abnormality, and they guide research and clinical work.
Theoretical perspectives
Which of the following is most likely to be the outcome if a person under MAOI medication drinks beer regularly?
There can be life threatening side effects.
Which of the following is the key feature of paraphilias?
There must be a dependence on the sexual target for arousal
Which of the following statements best characterizes the expression of ADHD symptoms in teenage girls?
They tend to internalize their symptoms more than boy.
Roger has a severe disorder that makes him blink his eye constantly. He also frequently bangs his head and makes growling noises. These repetitive behaviors are involuntary and occur frequently. Roger most likely has ________ disorder.
Tourette's
Amanda is an eight-year-old girl who compulsively pulls out her own hair in response to an irresistible urge to do so. She is unable to stop this behavior despite the development of several bald patches on her head due to hair loss. Which of the following impulse-control disorders is Amanda most likely to have?
Trichotillomania
Adam, an investment banker, is competitive, suspicious, and overly impatient. He suffered a major heart attack last fall at the young age of 34. The doctor who was treating Adam when he suffered the heart attack warned him against high levels of emotional arousal and the high risks of stress. Adam's competitive lifestyle also leaves little room for exercise, a condition that makes him even more vulnerable to cardiac disease. Adam's behavior pattern can be categorized as
Type A.
Mark, a teller working in a supermarket, remains depressed and suffers from anxiety. He does not confide in others and keeps his feelings hidden. According to clinicians, people such as Mark have a ________ personality and are at a greater risk of developing heart disease.
Type D
Dr. Sebastian is trying to determine Ralph's reason for seeking treatment by asking him a series of open-ended questions. He wants to determine Ralph's family background and life history. What type of assessment technique is Dr. Sebastian employing?
Unstructured interview
Nathan uses binoculars to watch his neighbor Cathy change her clothes. Cathy is not aware that she is being watched by someone while undressing. Nathan is sexually aroused when he watches Cathy. From which of the following disorders is Nathan suffering?
Voyeuristic disorder
Which of the following is true about Wernicke's disease?
Wernicke's disease is a potentially reversible condition.
Which of the following statements is true about suicide?
Within the United States, white men are more likely to commit suicide than non-white men.
Kraepelin was of the view that schizophrenia was a disease primarily caused by
a degeneration of brain tissue.
The fact that autism spectrum disorder shows a pattern of familial inheritance indicates that there may be
a genetic basis for autism.
Derek suddenly felt his hands and legs go numb and started shaking involuntarily while preparing for his high school final semester. The acuteness of the problem forced his parents to consult a clinician. When asked, the clinician was told that it was the first time Derek had suffered from any of these symptoms. Derek is most likely experiencing
a panic attack.
According to psychoanalytic theories, the narcissist's inflated self-image is a result of
a paradoxical attempt to overcome insecurity.
For over a year Joshua has been having recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies and sexual urges. He uses a nonhuman object to satiate his sexual desires. This behavior causes Joshua a lot of distress, and he finds that he can no longer experience sexual satisfaction without this object. Joshua is suffering from
a paraphilic disorder
Dr. Edward Jarvis does not feel that he has the necessary resources to effectively treat Martin's condition. He gives Martin the name and phone number of another clinician. Dr. Jarvis provides Martin with
a referral.
Kaila is so intimidated by the possibility of having a panic attack that she stays home the majority of the time. If she does go out, she insists that one of her friends accompanies her in case she has a panic attack. In addition to having panic disorder, Kaila might also be described as suffering from
agoraphobia.
According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, schizophrenia is a disorder of development that occurs mainly due to the
alterations in the genetic control of brain maturation.
Psychotherapeutic medications are treatments that are intended to reduce the symptoms of an individual suffering from psychological disorders by
altering the levels of the neurotransmitters responsible for the disorder.
Amphetamine is a stimulant that causes
an elevation in the heart rate.
The use of SNRIs cause
an increase in the level of norepinephrine in the body.
A person with Korsakoff's syndrome is most likely to develop
anterograde amnesia.
Mild to moderate cases of ADHD can be effectively treated with
antidepressants.
Hervey Cleckley's notion of psychopathy remains a key concept in descriptions of ________ personality disorder.
antisocial
Vic has demonstrated a long-standing pattern of disreputable and manipulative behaviors. He has a drug abuse problem and has a long criminal record for a variety of crimes. What is worse, he shows no remorse for some of the harsh things he has done. Vic would most likely be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
antisocial
Shelly experiences intense periods of fear and physical discomfort that interfere with her daily living. Shelly may be suffering from a (n) ________ disorder.
anxiety
Jean has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She does not have any interest in building social relationships and stays locked up in her room most of the time. When friends try to contact her, she either ignores them or has the minimum possible interaction with them that she can. This symptom of schizophrenia is referred to as
asociality.
Dr. Romero is using a number of tests and techniques in an attempt to identify the factors that are influencing her client's functioning. Dr. Romero is engaging in a process more formally defined as a psychological
assessment.
At 12 months of age, it was evident that little Saber was unresponsive to people. He resisted the cuddling of his parents and became increasingly aloof. Saber was most likely diagnosed with
autism spectrum disorder.
Disulfiram is a medication that operates by the principles of
aversion therapy.
Eric, who has schizophrenia, lacks the energy to take any initiative. This condition is referred to as
avolition.
Dr. Winger questions her client about his drinking problem, focusing on events that precede and follow a drinking binge. This specific technique is called
behavioral interviewing
A clinician watches a client through a one-way mirror and records the number of times he engages in self-injurious behavior. This assessment method is commonly referred to as a
behavioral observation.
Leon is undergoing treatment for his depression. In the course of his treatment, his therapist encourages him to take up new ventures and tries to build up his confidence through positive reinforcement. This therapeutic technique is most likely based on the
behavioral perspective.
Maria was involved in a serious car accident in which she sustained a head injury. At present, her injury has become worse and as a result she is behaving in bizarre and highly disturbing ways. Maria's change in behavior is most likely due to a ________ cause.
biological
People with psychological disorders may inherit a predisposition to developing behavioral disturbances. This provides evidence that ________ factors contribute to many of the prevalent abnormalities.
biological
Kim has been experiencing an abnormally euphoric mood for quite some time. She remains hyperactive throughout the day even though she merely gets two hours of sleep at night. It is most likely that Kim is suffering from
bipolar I disorder.
Clinicians are most likely to diagnose people who have four or more episodes of major depression, mania, hypomania, or mixed symptoms with
bipolar disorder, rapid cycling.
Lori becomes angry and hostile when her boyfriend chooses to spend a night out with his friends. She views him as "bad" and tries to manipulate him in order to make him stay home. Occasionally, when this occurs he threatens to break off the relationship, but Lori will do almost anything to keep him. She has on occasion threatened to commit suicide. Lori's behavior pattern is characteristic of ________ personality disorder.
borderline
In order to develop Tay-Sachs disease,
both of the child's parents must have this genetic defect.
A person who experiences a sudden "nervous breakdown" and then recovers from it within a week would most accurately be diagnosed as having
brief psychotic disorder.
The use of lithium carbonate is most likely to
calm an individual experiencing a manic episode.
Dr. Burns is analyzing his client's personal history in an attempt to identify the factors that may have produced his psychotic behavior. Dr. Burns is creating a(n)
case formulation
Within minutes of taking a drug, Sharon feels euphoric and very high on energy. It is most likely that Sharon has taken
cocaine.
Jason, who has panic disorder, is coming down with the flu. The sensations of nausea he is encountering are also triggering feelings of uneasiness and dread. The anxiety triggered by the nausea would be best described as a(n)
conditioned fear reaction.
Researchers and advocates within the field of sexual sadism disorder and sexual masochism disorder are critical of including these disorders in the DSM at all, arguing instead that they do not share the qualities of the other paraphilias because they involve
consenting adults
The purpose of a diagnostic manual is to provide
consistent diagnoses across people based on the presence or absence of a set of specific symptoms.
Lucy suffers from alcoholism and wants to quit drinking. She goes to a therapist who charts out a schedule for her in which he specifies the reinforcements that Lucy will receive after going without a drink for a specific amount of time. This method is
contingency management.
Of the following, substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder is most likely to be caused by
continuous exposure to environmental toxins.
Cordelia feels the radio is "forcing" her to perform certain actions against her will. Cordelia is most likely suffering from the ________ type of delusion.
control
James associates the darkness with ghosts and aliens and gets scared at night. His therapist helps him to associate the darkness with fairies and pixies in an attempt to break his fear. This method is an example of
counterconditioning.
The difference between bipolar disorder and cyclothymic disorder is that
cyclothymic disorder is less severe.
While Rupert was playing baseball at school, one of his team mates accidently hit him with his baseball bat. Immediately after that incident, he was unable to focus on the game. He seemed to be cut off from reality. Based on this information we can say that Rupert was experiencing an episode of
delirium.
Graham believes that he is the reincarnation of Christ and the responsibility of restoring peace and order to the world lies on his shoulder. This is an example of a(n)
delusion.
Petra has experienced repeated episodes during which she felt as if she were not real. During an interview with her therapist, she mentioned that she sometimes feels as if she is being controlled by forces outside her. Petra is most likely to be diagnosed with
depersonalization/derealization disorder.
Sam Perkins, a retired teacher, feels that he is living in a dream and that the people he meets in everyday life and the neighborhood where he lives are not real. A clinical psychiatrist will describe such a condition as
derealization.
Jim is eight years old and cannot yet tie his own shoes. He is extremely embarrassed in gym class because he cannot catch, throw, or kick a ball. His parents regard him as being "accident-prone." Jim most likely has ________ disorder.
developmental coordination
The term "borderline personality" was originally coined to describe patients who
did not fit into either the neurotic or psychotic category.
Cocaine's effects are mainly due to blocking the removal of ________ from the synapses between neurons.
dopamine
The case Tarasoff vs. Regents of the University of California established legal guidelines regarding
duty to warn
Sarah is seven years old and displays difficulties in understanding numbers, learning arithmetic facts, and performing accurate calculations. She is showing signs of
dyscalculia.
Phoebe has just been diagnosed with a terminal illness. The news depresses her sure enough, but she tries to cope with it by trying hard to improve her feelings about the situation. Her coping strategy can be best described as
emotion-focused coping.
Dr. Mathis is a practicing clinical psychologist. He went through a divorce last year and has been experiencing mood disturbances since then. He is irritable and he finds it difficult to give full attention to his clients. His personal feelings have begun to influence the way he responds to his clients. Which of the following roles and responsibilities would be in question in this case?
emotional competence
Genetic factors predispose some individuals to have lower levels of some neurotransmitters and lower reactivity in neural regions that activate in response to positive emotional stimuli. In turn, these unobservable characteristics have been linked to the behavioral expressions that we classify as depression. In this case, neurotransmitter abnormalities and neural reactivity abnormalities are
endophenotypes.
Dr. Richards is treating Joey who is suffering from extreme anxiety. Dr. Richards finds that his patient's symptoms could also be suggestive of a substance-abuse disorder or a serious impulse-control problem. In this case, Dr. Richards should
engage in differential diagnosis.
Clinicians use EEGs to evaluate clients for conditions such as
epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain tumors.
Through intelligence testing, clinicians can obtain standardized scores that allow them to
evaluate the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of their clients.
Deciding which methods of assessment are appropriate for different types of clients in different types of situations is an aspect of
evidence-based assessment.
Which of the following helps practitioners to provide the best approach to treatment?
evidence-based practice in psychology
The idea that clinicians should adapt their knowledge of state-of-the-art research findings to different clients' particular backgrounds, needs, and prior experiences is called
evidence-based practice in psychology.
Harvey has intense sexual urges and arousing fantasies that involve the exposure of his genitals to a stranger. Which of the following terms indicates Harvey's condition?
exhibitionistic disorder
The difference between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder is that people suffering from schizoaffective disorder
experience mood disorders.
People with illness anxiety disorder
fear that normal bodily reactions represent the symptoms of a serious illness.
Daisy is extremely interested in sex but does not experience the vaginal changes that ordinarily precede sexual intercourse. Daisy may have ________ disorder.
female sexual interest/arousal
Diana is not interested in sexual activity and reports no desire for it, nor does she fantasize about having sex. Diana might be diagnosed as having
female sexual interest/arousal disorder
Don cured his son's fear of the dark by simply pushing his son into a dark room and locking the door. This type of treatment is known as
flooding
Vaughn Smith, an investment banker, was leading a regular life until his recent trip to a casino in Atlantic City, where he won $50,000 playing Keno. Now he regularly visits casinos to play a variety of games and often ends up neglecting his familial and professional duties on account of his obsession with games of chance. Despite the fact that he loses thousands of dollars, he is unable to resist his drive to visit casinos on a regular basis. Vaughn Smith is most likely to be suffering from
gambling disorder.
During his initial clinical interview of a new patient complaining of anxiety, Dr. Kanagawa determines that the patient's anxiety seems to be focused on no particular object or situation, but carries throughout the patient's life. This may lead Dr. Kanagawa to consider a diagnosis of
generalized anxiety disorder.
Shamir, a 50-year-old man, feels queasy most of the time. His symptoms include sleep disturbances, irritability, and muscle tension. He is constantly restless, fidgets all the time, and cannot sit still for a minute. Shamir has been diagnosed as having
generalized anxiety disorder.
In the case of neurons, which of the following controls the manufacturing of neurotransmitters?
genes
Emily complains that she feels spiders crawling all over her body at night even though there are no actual spiders anywhere near her. This is an example of a(n)
hallucination.
At her going-away party, Elaina sobbed uncontrollably and became overwhelmed with emotion at the thought of leaving even though everyone knew that she was secretly glad to be moving out of town and away from everyone there. Her co-workers often recall dramatic shouting matches with others over small details and overbearing attempts to seduce all of the men in the office. Elaina's attempts to get attention might be indicative of ________ personality disorder.
histrionic
Dr. Donahue is observing a hyperactive boy's aggressive behavior on the playground. Dr. Donahue is engaging in
in vivo observation.
Tulip believes that she is a competent and effective manager who gets along well with her subordinates and is well liked. However her supervisor differs in his opinion of Tulip and based on her poor performance as a manager decides to demote her. In Carl Rogers' terms, Tulip is in a state of
incongruence.
Mindy's therapist is asking her to consider the ways in which her mother treated her and how that treatment may have an impact on the ways in which Mindy treats her own children today. On the basis of the given information, we can say that Mindy's clinician is applying the ________ approach.
intergenerational
Multi-infarct dementia differs from Alzheimer's disease in that multi-infarct dementia
is caused by transient attacks where blood flow to the brain is interrupted by a clogged or burst artery
Clinicians face a daunting task both in diagnosing and treating an individual's dissociative symptoms because
it is difficult to determine whether the condition is real or faked.
Catherine has been diagnosed with intellectual disability due to maternal alcohol exposure. She goes to a regular school, instead of attending special classes. This educational philosophy that places Catherine in a regular set up in society is an example of
mainstreaming.
Richard successfully faked illness in order to be released from military duty. He was engaged in
malingering.
The legal requirement that professionals notify appropriate authorities about cases of child abuse or neglect is known as
mandated reporting.
A(n) ________ is a method of objectively assessing a client's behavior and functioning in a number of spheres, with particular attention to the symptoms associated with psychological disturbance.
mental status examination
Janice is suffering from a cardiovascular disease. She experiences brief attacks during which blocks in her arteries reduce the supply of blood to her brain. As a result of this, she has also been exhibiting symptoms of neurocognitive disorder, including a disturbance in executive functioning Janice is most likely to be suffering from
multi-infarct dementia.
Calum often boasts about how talented a teacher he is and he continually notes that the reason he never gets promoted is because no one fully appreciates him. He resents other teachers who have been promoted before him and claims that they are self-promoting. He demands that other people fulfill his wishes but is insensitive when it comes to other people's feelings. Calum would most likely be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder
narcissistic
Jane had the bad habit of biting her nails. Every time she indulged in biting her nails, her mother scolded her sternly. The result was that Jane eventually grew out of this bad habit.
negative reinforcement.
Erica has a significant problem with her alcohol use patterns and is trying to abstain from drinking. However, she goes to a party, breaks down, and has a drink. The relapse prevention model propagates that she should
not consider it as a sign of definite failure.
Which of the following is the essence of the scientific method in the understanding and treatment of abnormal behavior?
objectivity
Felix has been a worrier all of his life. When he was a child, he believed and followed the expression "step on a crack, break your mother's back." He is now a perfectionist and runs his daily routine based on an inflexible schedule. His environment is arranged very predictably; for example, all of his shirts must be neatly pressed and hung exactly four inches apart in his closet. His pursuit of perfection has become self-defeating rather than constructive. Felix would be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
Mary washes her hands several times a day and still feels that her hands are unclean despite all the washing. This habit has caused Mary to be late on several occasions. Her symptoms are suggestive of
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Delusional disorder, jealous type is characterized by the unrealistic belief that
one's partner is being unfaithful.
The difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in the case of
operant condition, an individual acquires a maladaptive response by learning to pair a behavior with its consequences.
Which of the following was one of the most significant reasons for the declining conditions in mental institutions during the 1800s?
overcrowding
If an individual suffering from a somatic symptom disorder only complains of pain that has no physiological basis, he or she may receive a specific diagnosis of
pain disorder.
Nasir occasionally experiences periods of intense overwhelming dread that come about for no reason. These periods are marked by trembling, heart palpitations, and chills, and the feeling that he is losing control. Nasir might be diagnosed as having
panic disorder.
A woman is erotically obsessed with men's ankles to the point of exclusion of all other erotic stimuli. This woman's desires are illustrative of
partialism
Emilia gets completely aroused by men's ears and can only reach sexual gratification by caressing a man's ears. Emilia's condition is an example of
partials
Ingrained patterns of relating to other people, situations, and events with a rigid and maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior, dating back to adolescence or early adulthood are characteristics of
personality disorders
The use of genetic testing to determine who will and will not improve with a particular medication is referred to as
pharmacogenetics.
Gerard had met with an accident in which he had injured his head. Just prior to the accident, Gerard had an episode of anxiety disorder. Following the accident, he suffered acute post-traumatic stress for five days. Gerard is most likely to develop
postconcussion syndrome.
A group of researchers studying the effects of alcohol on the overall health of urban adults asked respondents whether they drank alcohol during the past month. In this instance, the researchers were collecting ________ data.
prevalence
Rajesh has come to see Dr. Walowitz because he has been suffering from significant anxiety for several months. Dr. Walowitz spends some time researching anxiety disorders, as this will be the main focus of the treatment. In this case, an anxiety disorder is the ________ diagnosis.
principal
When the clinician may not disclose any information about the client in a court of law without the client's expressed permission then it is referred to as
privileged communication.
As of 2015, the APA voted to amend the Ethics Code to
prohibit psychologists' participation in torture or "enhanced interrogation."
Individuals with paranoid personality disorder
project their own mistakes and problems to other people
Livia's hair is usually unkempt and she wears clothes that date back to the 1960s. Her ways of thinking and dealing with other people are rather eccentric—she has the idea that she can communicate telepathically with her brother who lives on the west coast. Livia will most likely be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
schizotypal
The ________ approach to psychological disorders gained momentum as psychiatrists and psychologists proposed behavior models that included explanations of abnormality in the nineteenth century.
scientific
Beth often falls sick, and when she does, she receives a lot of attention from her mother who dotes over her. Beth's illnesses is most likely to be maintained by
secondary gains.
The main neurotransmitter involved with MDMA is
serotonin.
Marie can achieve sexual arousal only if her lover spanks her hard and uses abusive and derogatory language about her. This is an example of ________ disorder.
sexual masochism
While making love, Enrique feels a strong need to be dominant and often subjects his lovers to harsh physical treatment. This is the only way Enrique can achieve sexual gratification, and his partners are often unwilling to participate in these activities. This is an example of
sexual sadism disorder.
Chanina gets nervous when other people watch her eat lunch. She is worried that her behavior will catch the attention of others and they might make fun of the way she eats. This fear typically forces her to eat in her office rather than the staff lunchroom. She continually declines invitations to go out for dinner. Chanina might be diagnosed as having
social anxiety disorder.
Dr. LaHore focuses on external factors like the influence of people and institutions that have an effect on the personality of his clients. The technique employed by Dr. LaHore is referred to as the ________ perspective.
sociocultural
Ricky's medical reports are normal, however he is convinced that he suffers from leukemia. He is most likely suffering from the ________ type of delusional disorder.
somatic
Dyslexia is also known as
specific learning disorder with impairment in reading.
Ramona is a member of a tribe residing in the rain forests of South America. She has been exhibiting certain symptoms of psychological disorder like severe depression and memory loss. The tribe's shaman pronounced that the spirit of a demon tiger has possessed Ramona and is the main cause of her distress. The approach used by the shaman in this instance is an example of the ________ approach.
spiritual
Carmine has worked at a pesticide manufacturing company for years and recently she has become increasingly forgetful. If her memory loss persists, Carmine is most likely to be diagnosed with
substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder.
Adrian is recovering from schizophrenia. She has been taking high doses of antipsychotic medications for a very long period of time and has begun to experience uncontrollable movements of her mouth and tongue that make her appear as if she were chewing food in a very exaggerated way. Adrian is experiencing the symptoms of
tardive dyskinesia.
Maria Thomas, a homemaker, is suffering from illness anxiety disorder. Her treatment involves the use of cognitivebehavioral therapy, which is the most promising approach for treating people with illness anxiety disorder. This kind of therapy focuses on
teaching individuals to restructure their maladaptive beliefs.
Dr. Carrey is a licensed clinical psychologist who also advertises herself as a sports psychologist. Although she knows a lot about sports and physical fitness, she does not have any formal training or expertise in sports psychology. Dr. Carrey may be violating
the APA Ethics Code's standard of competence.
An important feature of the ALI code is
the exclusion from the insanity defense of people whose only maladaptive behavior is repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct.
The cases of Lorena Bobbitt, Andrea Yates, and the Menendez brothers are associated with
the insanity defense.
The terms "gender nonconforming," "nonbinary," and agender correspond with the notion that not all transgender people see themselves as
the opposite gender
One major trait theory approach to abnormal psychology proposes that
there are five basic dispositions in personality.
Despite the best treatment some patients show a lack of significant improvement because
they may lack the willingness to break old patterns of behavior
Every time Bella starts getting anxious about speaking in public, she starts thinking things like, "Oh no, I'm going to stutter and then everyone will laugh at me" and "I'll probably trip up and accidentally use a four-letter word while reading my notes." Her therapist has urged her to silently shout "ENOUGH!" to herself when these intrusive thoughts start agitating her. This cognitive technique is known as
thought stopping.
Altered serotonin functioning causes genetically predisposed individuals to develop
to develop major depressive disorders.
The primary goal in the treatment of dissociative disorder is
to integrate the disparate parts within the affected individual's consciousness of self, memory, and time.
George had started taking cocaine a year ago. He is addicted to the feeling of euphoria brought about by cocaine. Of late, even after using the same amount of cocaine that he had been using for the past year, he feels less of its effects. This situation is referred to as
tolerance
Ruth used to get drunk after drinking two gin and tonics. Now she must drink six to get the same effect. Ruth's drinking illustrates the phenomenon of
tolerance.
Stephen has recently had a stroke, interrupting the supply of oxygenated blood to his brain. He has been suffering from hypertension for the past few years. Since he has had the stroke, Stephen has found it difficult to understand what people are saying. He is unable to recall simple words, and is finding it difficult to communicate. He is unable to complete routine tasks by himself, such as getting dressed or making a toast. Stephen is most likely to be suffering from
vascular neurocognitive disorder.
In true cases of dissociative disorder, when the symptoms do not appear feigned, the current consensus is that these individuals
were subjected to emotional or physical trauma.
Susan has just quit smoking. Ever since she stopped smoking, she has become very testy. She feels anxious and irritable. The change in Susan's behavior and temperament after she stopped smoking is referred to as
withdrawal.