Abdomen US - Things To Know
normal epididymis head measurement?
10-12mm
Normal Liver length measurement?
13-15cm
Normal lymph nodes should measure under what?
1cm
The anteroposterior (AP) measurement of the main pancreatic duct should not exceed what?
2 mm.
Sonographic appearance of pyocele?
Complex fluid within scrotum, scrotal wall thickening, may be seen w/ testicular abscess
What are the sonographic findings of a testicular abscess?
Complex mass in testicle, no flow centrally but increase vascularity around margins, coexisting pyocele
What minimally invasive procedure is used to determine the character of thyroid nodules?
Fine Needle Aspiration
Most common type of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)?
Fusiform (in the center of the vessel)
Meaning of cholelithiasis?
Gallstones
Hypervascular thyroid can have what possible diagnosis?
Graves' disease
Normal pancreas measurement? Head & body, tail
H&B - 2-3cm T - 1-2cm
What is the most common type of thyroiditis and cause of goiter?
Hashimoto's
What can hypothyroidism be a sign of?
Hashimotos
Most Hyperechoic mass in the liver?
Hemangioma - benign tumor of blood vessels
What is the most common primary form of liver cancer?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
What two laboratory values are seen in both pregnancy and malignant intratesticular tumors?
Human chorionic Gonadatropin (HCG) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
What is fluid collection in the scrotum?
Hydrocele
What is seen as fluid in the scrotal sack?
Hydrocele
Where does the right testicular vein drain?
IVC
What is bowel seen in the scrotal sac likely due to?
Inguinal hernia
Meaning of Nephrolithiasis?
Kidney stones
Where does the left testicular vein drain?
Left renal vein
Normal thyroid measurements? Length, Width, Thickness?
Length - 4-6cm Width - 2-3cm Thickness - 1-2cm
Normal Kidney measurements? Length, A-P, Width, Cortex?
Length - 8-13cm A-P - 2-3cm Width - 4-5cm Cortex - 1cm
What is the normal adult testicle measurement?
Length= 3-5cm Width= 2-4cm Thickness= 3cm
the most common primary pancreatic malignancy?
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
What is the most common thyroid cancer?
Papillary carcinoma
What salivary gland in front of the ear is scanned with ultrasound?
Parotid gland
What is the Charcot Triad? (Related to Acute bacterial cholangitis
RUQ pain, jaundice and fever
Normal Gallbladder measurement? SAG, TRV
SAG - length 8-10cm TRV - 4-4.5cm
What is the most common benign tumor of the spleen?
Splenic hemangioma
Meaning of Urolithiasis?
Stones anywhere in the urinary tract
What salivary gland is below the mandible?
Submandibular gland
If an unknown mass or growth is seen while scanning, what should be done?
Take images in -SAG -TRV -Color -Measure in SAG, A-P, TRV
What procedure is done when cancer is found in the head of the pancreas?
The Whipple procedure - With this procedure the head of the pancreas, gallbladder, some of the bile ducts, and the proximal duodenum are removed.
two round anechoic structures may be noted within the pancreatic head, what are they?
The anterior structure is the gastroduodenal artery, and the more posterior structure is the common bile duct.
What lies to the left of the trachea in a TRV image of the Thyroid that may be mistaken as a mass?
The esophagus
In reference to cancer, what does primary mean?
The place where the cancer began
What makes up the splenic confluence?
The splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
What is the WES sign?
Wall-Echo-Shadow Displays when the usual free space of a GB is no longer visible due to a single large gallstone or many small gallstones
Most common renal cancer in children?
Wilm's tumor, most common before 5 years old
What is a varicocele?
a dilated vein in the spermatic cord & scrotum
What is a scrotal pearl?
an extratesticular calculus
What pancreatic anomaly is seen as a "double bubble" sign?
annular pancreas
The spleen removes irregular cells from the bloodstream through a process called?
culling
What is the most common cause of acute testicular pain in adults?
epididymitis
What is the spleens main objective?
filter peripheral blood
A rapidly growing polyp or large gallbladder polyp is worrisome for
gallbladder carcinoma
What is Cryptorchidism?
undescended testes
What is the most common malignancy of the spleen?
lymphoma
What is the most common cause of splenomegaly?
portal hypertension
Normal thyroid isthmus measurement?
2-6mm
Normal adult scrotal wall thickness?
2-8mm
Normal parathyroid gland measurement?
5mm x 3mm x 1mm
Normal CBD measurement?
6mm + 1mm for every decade of life after 60yrs
What is a pyocele?
A complex hydrocele that contains pus
psuedoaneurysm of the splenic artery is often associated with?
Acute Pancreatitis
What ethnicities are more prone to sickle cell anemia?
African-American, Middle East, Mediterranean, and Hispanic children of Caribbean descent in the United States.
The exocrine gland function of the pancreas does what?
Aides in digestion
What does infarct of an organ mean?
An area of dead tissue resulting from lack of vascular supply
What does focal sparring mean?
Areas more hypoechoic
What is the most common cause of renal failure?
Diabetes Mellitus
What is the accessory duct of the pancreas?
Duct of Santorini
Another name for the main pancreatic duct?
Duct of Wirsung
What often causes an enlarged epididymis and demonstrates hypervasular?
Epididymitis
Define hyperemic?
Excess blood in a body part
What is the most common malignant neoplasm of the testicle?
Seminoma
What is the "blue dot" sign?
Sonographic finding associated with torsion of the appendix testes
What is the most common mass identified within the thyroid gland?
Thyroid adenomas
What hormones does the thyroid produce?
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin
Why measure outer wall to outer wall of vessels?
To rule out disease
The waisting away of the spleen caused by sickle cell anemia is referred as?
autosplenectomy
Where are hydroceles typically located?
between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis
What is the sonographic findings of adrenal rests?
bilateral, round, hypoechoic, intratesticular
Where are the primary metastasis sites?
breast, lung, skin, and ovary
What does metastatic mean?
cancer that spreads
A small cyst in the thyroid is called?
colloid cyst
Where do the enzymes from the pancreas travel after being secreted?
drain from the pancreas into the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) into the ampulla of Vater.
A child suffering from sickle cell disease often has?
enlarged spleen.
What is a goiter?
enlarged thyroid gland
Sonographic appearance of testicular torsion?
enlarged, hypoechoic, little to no vascularity
What is seen as multiple echogenic foci with no acoustic shadowing in testes?
intratesticular microlithiasis
What is the mechanism for producing thyroid hormones?
iodine metabolism
Describe the sonographic appearance of a cirrhotic liver?
irregular, nodular, hyperechoic
The most common cause of acute cholecystitis?
is a gallstone is stuck in the cystic duct or in the gallbladder neck.
Normal aorta measurement?
max 3cm
Normal gallbladder wall measurement?
max 3cm
Normal spleen measurement?
minimum 13cm
What is the most common malignancy of the salivary glands?
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
What is the sonographic appearance of tubular ectasia of the rete testis?
multiple small cysts along mediastinum testis
What does euthyroid mean?
normal thyroid function
What are the two most common congenital anomalies of the pancreas?
pancreatic divisum and annular pancreas.
What is the most common location of a pancreatic adenocarinoma?
pancreatic head
What is the most common cause of enlargement of parathyroid glands?
parathyroid adenoma/primary hyperparathyroidism
Where is the sphincter of Oddi located?
passageway between common bile duct, pancreatic duct and duodenum
The spleen cleans red blood cells of unwanted material through what process?
pitting
What is the most common scrotal mass?
spermatocele
What makes up the portal vein?
superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
What is the most common cause of scrotal pain in prepubital boys?
torsion of the appendix testes
Outermost layer of a vessel?
tunica adventitia
Innermost layer of a vessel?
tunica intima
