Abn. Psych - MO13 - Schizophrenia and related disorders

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: Some studies, for example, have measured blood flow in ______ ________, the region on the brain that helps people produce speech.

Broca's area The investigators have found more blood flow in Broca's area while patients are having auditory hallucinations.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive Symptoms: Inappropriate Affect: example

Consider a women w/ schizo who smiles when told of her husband's serious illness. She may not actually be happy about the news, in fact, she may not be understanding or even hearing it → she could, for example, be responding instead to another of the many stimuli flooding her senses, perhaps a joke coming from an auditory hallucination.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive Symptoms Inappropriate Affect:

Displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation. - They may smile when making a somber statement or upon being told terrible news, or they may become upset in situations that should make them happy. - They may also undergo inappropriate shifts in mood. During a tender conversation w/ his wife, for example, a man w/ schizo suddenly started yelling obscenities at her and complaining about her inadequacies. - In some cases, these emotions may be merely a response to other features of the disorder.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: Are relatives vulnerable? ___________studies have found repeatedly that schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like brain abnormalities are more common among relatives of people w/ the disorder.

Family Pedigree - The more closely related the relatives are to the person w/ schizophrenia, the more likely they are to develop the disorder.

Schizophrenia Although shizo. Appears in all socioeconomic groups, it is found more frequently in lower levels. This led some theorists to believe that the stress of poverty is itself a cause of the disorder. - what is the downward drift theory?

However, it could be that schizophrenia causes its sufferers to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively. (this is sometimes called the downward drift theory)

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Key features, Duration, Life Prevalence Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition

Key Features - Hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech caused by a medical illness or brain damage Duration - no minimum length LIfetime Prevalence - unknown

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Key features, Duration, Life Prevalence Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder

Key Features - Hallucinations, or disorganized speech caused directly by a substance, such as an abused drug Duration - no min. length LIfetime Prevalence - unknown

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Key features, Duration, Life Prevalence Schizoaffective disorder

Key Features - Marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive episode or a manic episode Duration - 6 months or more Lifetime Prevalence - Unknown

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Key features, Duration, Life Prevalence Delusional disorder

Key Features - Persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to schizophrenia; persecutory, jealous, grandiose, and somatic delusions are common Duration - 1 months or more LIfetime Prevalence - 0.1%

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Key features, Duration, Life Prevalence Schizophreniform disorder

Key Features - Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted or inappropriate affect, and catatonia Duration - 1 - 6 months Lifetime Prevalence - 0.2%

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Key features, Duration, Life Prevalence Schizophrenia

Key Features - Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted or inappropriate affect, and catatonia Duration - 6 months or more Lifetime Prevalence - 1.0%

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Key features, Duration, Life Prevalence Brief Psychotic Disorder

Key Features - Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted or inappropriate affect, and catatonia Duration- Less than 1 month Lifetime Prevalence - Unknown

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Psychomotor Symptoms:

Many move relatively slowly, and a number make awkward movements or repeated grimaces and odd gestures that seem to have a private purpose- perhaps ritualistic or magical.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Negative Symptoms Social withdrawal:

People with schizo may withdraw from their social environment and attend only to their own ideas and fantasies. - Because their ideas are illogical and confused, the withdrawal has the effect of distancing them still further from reality. The social withdrawal seems also to lead to a breakdown of social skills, including the ability to recognize other people's needs and emotions accurately.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Negative Symptoms Poverty of speech:

People with schizo often have alogia, or poverty of speech, a reduction in speech or speech content. - Some people w/ this negative kind of formal thought disorder think and say very little. - Others say quite a bit but still manage to convey little meaning.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: Researchers have located areas of the brain that are rich in dopamine receptors and have found that

Phenothiazines and related antipsychotic drugs bind to many of these receptors.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: - the perceptions and attention of some people with schizo. Seem to intensify.

The person may feel that their senses are being flooded by all the sights and sounds that surround them. This makes it almost impossible for them to attend anything important.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: when do these perception and attention problems develop?

The various perception and attention problems that people w/ schizo have may develop years before the onset of the actual disorder. It is also possible that such problems further contribute to the memory impairments that are common to many people with schizo

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: People who have auditory hallucinations, the most common kind of schizophrenia, hear sounds and voices that seem to come from outside their heads.

The voices may talk directly to the hallucinator; perhaps giving commands or warning of dangers; or they may be experienced as overheard

Schizophrenia: People with schizophrenia experience psychosis.

Their ability to perceive and respond to the environment becomes so disturbed that they may not be able to function at home, with friends, in school or at work.

Diagnosing Schizophrenia: Type ____ schizo patients generally seem to have better adjusted prior to their disorder, to have later onset of symptoms, and to be more likely to show improvement, especially when treated with medications.

Type I schizo patients

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: -Laboratory studies repeatedly have found that problems of perception and attention among people w/ schizophrenia. - Early study: participants were instructed to listen for a particular syllable recorded against an ongoing background of speech. - what happened?

When background speech kept simple = participants with or w/o schizo. Were equally successful at picking out the syllable. When background speech was made more distracting = those w/ schizo become less able to identify the syllable.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Psychomotor Symptoms: Catatonia catatonic excitement

a different form of catatonia, move excitedly, sometimes wildly waving their arms and legs.

The Clinical Picture of Schizophrenia : Most of today's clinicians believe that schizo. Is actually

a group of distant disorders that happen to have some features in common.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: Since the 1960s: it has been found that some people with Parkinson's disease develop schizophrenia-like symptoms. If they take too much L-dopa

a medication that raises Parkinson's patients' dopamine levels. This L-dopa apparently raises the dopamine activity so much that it produces psychosis.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Psychomotor Symptoms: Catatonia

a pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing.

Schizophrenia: Psychosis

a state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Delusion

a strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary. - Individuals with schizo. Who experience delusions believe wholeheartedly, but that has no basis in fact. - The deluded person may consider the ideas enlightening or may feel confused by them. - Some people hold a single delusion that dominates their lives and behavior; other have many delusions.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Dysfunctional Brain Structures and Circultry: The key difference between the dopamine hypothesis and the newer brain circuit view =

abnormal activity by this neurotransmitter is now seen as part of a broader circuit dysfunction that can propel people toward schizophrenia.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Some problems surround the dopamine hypothesis: second-generation antipsychotic drugs not only bind to D-2 dopamine receptors, but also

also to many D-1 receptors and to receptors for other neurotransmitters such as serotonin, glutamate, and GABA . Thus, it may be that schizophrenia is related to abnormal activity or interactions of both dopamine and other neurotransmitters, rather than to abnormal dopamine activity alone.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: People who take high doses of amphetamines may develop___________ ____________: a syndrome very similar to schizophrenia.

amphetamine psychosis

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: the dopamine hypothesis led to the accidental discovery of ......

antipsychotic drugs: medications that help remove the symptoms of schizophrenia. → 1st group of antipsychotic medications, the phenothiazines, discovered in the 1950s by researchers who were looking for better antihistamine drugs to combat allergies. They failed as antihistamine drugs, but were effective in reducing schizophrenic symptoms, and clinicians began to prescribe them widely.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Delusions Delusions of persecution:

are the most common in schizophrenia. → people with such delusions believe that they are being plotted or discriminated against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or deliberately victimized.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Psychomotor Symptoms: Catatonia catatonic posturing,

assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long periods of time. They may, for example, spend hours holding their arms out at a 90-degree angle or balancing in a squatting position.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Some problems surround the dopamine hypothesis: Biggest challenge to it has come with the recent discovery of a new group of antipsychotic drugs, initially referred to as ______________ and now called second-generation antipsychotic drugs:

atypical antipsychotic drugs / which are often more effective than the phenothiazines and related early drugs, now collectively called first generation antipsychotic drugs.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: Is an identical twin more vulnerable than a fraternal twin? If both members of a pair of twins have a particular trait, they are said to be ________ for that trait.

concordant - If genetic factors are at work in schizophrenia = identical twins (who share all their genes) should have a higher concordance rate for schizophrenia than fraternal twins (who share only some genes).

Schizophrenia: People with schizophrenia, though they previously functioned well or at least acceptably,

deteriorate into an isolated wilderness of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and minor abnormalities.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Dysfunctional Brain Structures and Circultry: This focus on brain circuitry is compatible w/ the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia:

dopamine activity is very prominent throughout the schizophrenia-related brain circuit, particularly in the substantia nigra and striatum structures.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: those Phenothiazines and related antipsychotic drugs are dopamine antagonists :

drugs that bind to dopamine receptors, prevent dopamine from binding there, and so prevent the neurons from firing.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Disorganized thinking and speech: People with schizophrenia may not be able to think logically and may speak in peculiar ways. People with these difficulties, collectively called.....?

formal thought disorders = can cause the sufferer great confusion and make communication extremely difficult. Often such thought disorders take the form of positive symptoms (pathological excesses), as in loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, and clang.

What is the course of Schizophrenia? Each of these phases may last for days or for years. A fuller recovery from schizo is more likely in people who

functioned well before the disorder (had good premorbid functioning); whose initial disorder is triggered by stress, comes on abruptly, or develops during middle age; and who receive early treatment, preferably during the prodromal phase. Relapses are more likely during times of stress.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: What do genetic studies suggest? - Researchers have run studies of _____ and ______ to pinpoint the possible genetic factors in schizophrenia

genetic linkage and molecular biology

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors:

genetic researchers believe that some people inherit a biological predisposition to schizophrenia and develop the disorder later when they face extreme stress, usually during late adolescence or early adulthood.

Schizophrenia: they may have: -hallucinations -delusions or they may ....

hallucinations ( false sensory perceptions ) or delusions (false beliefs), or they may withdraw into a private world.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Dysfunctional Brain Structures and Circultry: Studies have found that under certain circumstances, particular structures in the circuit may be

hyperactive (for example, the substantia nigra and hippocampus) or underactive (for example, the prefrontal cortex) among people w/ schizo.

Diagnosing Schizophrenia: *Recall that the DSM-5 calls for a diagnosis of schizophrenia only after symptoms of the disorder continue for 6 months or more. In at least one of those months, the person must be........

in an active phase, marked by significant delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. → In addition there must be a deterioration in the person's work, social relations, and level of self-care.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: -A related study instructed six men with schizophrenia to press a button whenever they had an auditory hallucination. - Brain scans revealed

increased activity in their auditory cortex, the brain region that enables people to hear sounds, when they pressed the button.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Psychomotor Symptoms: Catatonia catatonic rigidity

maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: in schizophrenia, messages traveling from dopamine-sending neurons to dopamine receptors on other neurons, particularly to the D-2 receptors,

may be transmitted too easily or too often. This theory is appealing because certain dopamine neurons are known to play a key role in guiding attention. People whose attention is severely disturbed by excessive dopamine activity might well be expected to suffer from some of the attention, perception, and thought problems that characterize schizophrenia.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: Hallucinations and delusional ideas often occur together. For example, a women who hears voices missing commands......

may have the delusion that the commands are being placed in their head by someone else. - A man w/ delusions of persecution may hallucinate the smell of poison in his bedroom or the taste of poison in his coffee.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? some have predominently positive or negative symptoms. but most tend to have both symptoms to some degree - In addition, around HALF of those with schizo. Have significant difficulties with

memory, attention, and other kinds of cognitive functioning.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Brain explanations for auditory hallucinations: Abnormal activation:

of the primary auditory cortex.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? A diathesis-stress relationship may be at work:

people with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present. Similarly, a diathesis-stress relationship often seems to be operating in the development of other kinds of psychotic disorders

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Delusions Delusions of grandeur:

people with this delusion believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors, or other specially empowered persons.

Schizophrenia: In addition, people with this disorder have an increased risk of .....? On average, they live ____ to ____ fewer years than other people.

physical - often fatal - illness./ 10 to 20 fewer years

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Dysfunctional Brain Structures and Circultry: The structures that comprise this schizophrenia-related circuit include the

prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, striatum, and substantia nigra, and other brain regions. - The dysfunction of this schizophrenia-related circuit cannot be characterized in broad terms as a "hyperactive" or "underactive" circuit.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: Are biological relatives of an adoptee vulnerable?

researchers have repeatedly found that the biological relatives of adoptees w/ schizophrenia are more likely than their adoptive relatives to develop schizophrenia or another schizophrenia spectrum disorder. → because they were reared apart from their biological relatives, similar symptoms in those relatives would indicate genetic influences. → conversely, similarities to their adoptive relatives would suggest environmental influences.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Brain explanations for auditory hallucinations: Musical hallucinations:

result from activation of the brain network involving auditory areas, the motor cortex, visual areas, basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala.

Diagnosing Schizophrenia: There are a number of schizophrenia-like disorders listed in the DSM-5, each distinguished by particular durations and set of symptoms. Because these psychotic disorders all bear a similarity to schizophrenia, they --along with schizophrenia itself -- are collectively called __________

schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Diagnosing Schizophrenia: what are the schizophrenia spectrum disorders that are most similar to schizophrenia in severity and duration ?

schizophreniform disorder and schizoaffective disorder,

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Psychomotor Symptoms: Catatonia catatonic stupor

stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless, and silent for long stretches of time.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Negative Symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions, or behaviors. - Seem to be "pathological deficits," characteristics that are lacking in a person. -Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are commonly found in schizophrenia. Such deficits greatly affect one's life and activities.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms:

symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excessive of or bizarre addition to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. "Pathological excesses" to one's behavior. - Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions, and hallucinations, and inappropriate affects are the ones most often found in schizophrenia.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: Researchers later learned that those early antipsychotic drugs often produce troublesome muscular tremors:

symptoms that are identical to the central symptom of Parkison's disease, a disabling neurological illness. - This led to the idea that if antipsychotic drugs produce Parkinsonian symptoms in people w/ schizo while removing their psychotic symptoms, perhaps the drugs reduce dopamine activity. → And, scientists reasoned further, if lowering dopamine activity helps remove the symptoms of schizophrenia, perhaps schizophrenia is related to excessive dopamine activity in the first place.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: Researchers have identified five kinds of dopamine receptors in the brain - called the ........... ? -and have found that phenothiazines bind most strongly to _______receptors.

the D-1 D-2, D-3, D-4, and D-5 receptors / D-2

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Disorganized thinking and speech: Loose associations / derailment:

the most common formal thought disorder; rapidly shift from one topic to another; believing that their incoherent statements make sense. - A single, perhaps unimportant word in one sentence becomes the focus of the next.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Delusions Delusions of reference:

they attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events. For example, richard interpreted arrows on street signs as indicators of the direction he should take.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Delusions Delusions of control:

those with this type of delusion believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Brain explanations for auditory hallucinations: Failure:

to recognize internally generated speech as one's own. Cross-activation with the auditory areas, so what most people experience as thoughts become "voiced."

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Brain explanations for auditory hallucinations: Abnormal attention:

to the subvocal stream that accompanies verbal thinking

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: people w/ schizo. Have also demonstrated deficiencies in smooth-pursuit eye movement

weakness that may be related again to attention problems. - When asked to keep their head still and track a moving object back and forth with their eyes, research participants w/ schizo tend to perform more poorly than those w/o schizo

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: What do genetic studies suggest? - in one approach, they select large families in which schizophrenia is very common, take blood and DNA samples from all members of the families, and then compare gene fragments from members with and without schizophrenia.

→ studies have identified possible gene defects on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 20, and 22 and on the X chromosome, each of which may help predispose a person to develop this disorder. → Altogether, more than 100 specific gene sites have been linked to schizophrenia to date. These varied findings may indicate that some of the suspected gene sites are cases of mistaken identity and do not actually contribute to schizophrenia. → Alternatively, it may be that different kinds of schizophrenia are linked to different genes. It is most likely; however, that schizophrenia,like a number of other disorders, is a polygenic disorder, caused by a combination of gene defects.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Heightened perceptions and hallucinations: - Research suggests that people w/ auditory hallucinations actually produce the nerve signals of sound in their brains,

"hear" them, and then believe that external sources are responsible.

Schizophrenia: Most commonly, psychosis appears in the form of schizophrenia. (term comes from the Greek words for

"split mind"

The Clinical Picture of Schizophrenia : Schizophrenia was a "________ ________" for diagnosticians for years, particularly for those in the US, where the label was at times assigned to anyone who acted unpredictably or strangely. This disorder is defined more precisely today, but still its symptoms vary greatly, and so do its triggers, course, and responsiveness to treatment.

"wastebasket category" /

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: The genetic view has been supported by studies of

(1) relatives of people w/ schizophrenia, (2) twins with schizophrenia, (3) people with schizophrenia who are adopted, and by (4) direct genetic research.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Dysfunctional Brain Structures and Circultry: - Recent research suggests that the schizophrenia-related circuit may actually be two distinct subcircuits whose various structures sometimes overlap.

- Dysfunction by one of the subcircuits (which includes the substantia nigra and striatum) might be more responsible for cases of schizo that are characterized by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. - In contrast, dysfunction by the other subcircuit (which includes the hippocampus and amygdala) might be responsible for cases of schizophrenia that are dominated by negative symptoms like flat affect and poverty of speech.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Hallucinations are different from:

- Illusions: distorted or misinterpreted real perceptions - Imagery: under voluntary control and does not mimic real perception - Dreaming: occurring when person is asleep - pseudo hallucinations: internally triggered, vivid perceptions that are recognized by individual as unreal, and partly under voluntary control.

What is the course of Schizophrenia? Many sufferers seen to go through 3 phases:

- Prodromal phase: symptoms are not yet obvious, but deterioration is already beginning. The person may withdraw socially, speak in vague or odd ways, develop strange ideas, or express little emotion. - Active phase: symptoms become apparent. Sometimes this phase is triggered by stress or trauma in the person's life. - Residual phase: person returns to a prodromal-like level of functioning. They may retain some negative symptoms, such as blunted emotion, but have a lessening of the striking symptoms of the active phase.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Dysfunctional Brain Structures and Circultry: - Research indicates that the interconnectivity (flow of communication) between particular structures in the circuit is typically excessive or diminished for people w/ schizophrenia.

- Studies have found that interconnectivity is abnormally low between their substantia nigra and prefrontal cortex and between their striatum and thalamus, while it is abnormally high between their substantia nigra and striatun, their thalamus and prefrontal cortex, and their hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Negative Symptoms Restricted Affect:

- blunted affect- they display less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most people. - Some show almost no emotions at all, a condition known as flat affect. Their faces are still, their eye contact is poor, and their voices are monotonous. Restricted affect of this kind may actually reflect an inability to express emotions as others do.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Biochemical Abnormalities: Over the past four decades, researchers have developed a dopamine hypothesis to explain their findings on schizophrenia:

- certain neurons that use the neurotransmitter dopamine fire too often and transmit too many messages, thus producing the symptoms of schizophrenia.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Disorganized thinking and speech: Loose associations / derailment: Some people with schizo use neologisms:

- made up words that typically have meaning only to the person using them. → for example, one person said: "i am here from a foreign university.. And you have to have a "plausity"of all acts of amendment to go through the children's code.. It is an "amorition" law.. The children have to have this "accentuative" law so they don't go into the "mortite" law of the church."

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Positive symptoms: Disorganized thinking and speech: Loose associations / derailment: Others may have -the formal thought disorder of perseveration - use "clang"

- the formal thought disorder of perseveration: in which they repeat their words and statements again and again. - clang: or rhyme, to think or express themselves.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Types of hallucinations: -auditory : -visual: olfactory: gustatory: somatic: tactile:

-Auditory hallucinations: sounds and voices that seem to come from outside the head -Visual hallucinations: vague perceptions of colors, clouds, or distinct visions of people or objects. -Olfactory hallucinations: odors that no one else smells, such as the smell of poison or smoke. -Gustatory hallucinations: food or drink tastes strange on a regular basis -Somatic hallucinations: feelings that something is happening inside the body, such as a snake crawling inside one's stomach. -Tactile hallucinations: perceptions of tingling, burning, or electric shock sensations.

Schizophrenia: what other factors can produce psychosis?

-LSD, abusing amphetamine, or cocaine - injuries or diseases of the brain -other psychological disorders, such as major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Negative Symptoms Loss of volition:

-Many people with schizophrenia experience avolition , or apathy, feeling drained of energy and of interest in normal goals and unable to start or follow through on a course of action. - This problem is particularly common in people who have had schizo for many years, as if they have been worn down by it. Similarly, people w schizo may feel ambivalence, or conflicting feelings, about most things.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: Are relatives vulnerable? ____% of the general population develops schizophrenia → the prevalence rises to ___% among second-degree relatives with the disorder -- that is,

1 % / 3% / half-siblings, uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, and grandchildren-- and it reaches an average of 10% among first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children).

Schizophrenia: Around _ of every ____ people in the world suffer from schizophrenia during their lifetime. An estimated ____ million people worldwide are afflicted with it, including __.__ million in the US. Equal numbers of men and women experience this disorder The average age of onset for men is ___ years, compared with ____ years for women.

1 of every 100 people 20 vs 3.2 23 years vs 28 years

Schizophrenia: Checklist:

1. For 1 month, individual displays two or more of the following symptoms much of the time: -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized speech -Very abnormal motor activity, including catatonia -Negative symptoms 2. At least one of the individual's symptoms must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. 3. Individual functions much more poorly in various life spheres than was the case prior to the symptoms. 4. Beyond this 1 month of intense symptomology, individual continues to display some degree of impaired functioning for at least 5 additional months.

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Psychomotor Symptoms: Catatonia Around ______% of people w/ schizophrenia experience some degree of catatonia. Individuals w/ other severe psychological disorders, such as major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, may also experience these symptoms.

10%

Diagnosing Schizophrenia: In ___-____% of cases, the individual displays mostly negative symptoms, such as restricted affect, poverty of speech, and loss of volition--a picture called ___________ or deficit schizophrenia.

15-20% / type II schizophrenia

What is the course of Schizophrenia? Although ____% or more of patients recover completely from schizophrenia, the majority continue to have at least some residual problems for the rest of their lives.

25%

Schizophrenia: It is estimated that as many as ___% of people w schizo. Attempt suicide and ___% die from suicide. → given this high risk, it is strongly recommended that patients with schizo. Receive thorough suicide risk assessment during treatment and when they are discharged from treatment programs.

25% and 5%

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Hallucinations are also experienced by people with:

27% delirium (visual type) 27% neurocognitive disorder (visual and auditory types) 26% vision impairment (visual type) 22% hearing impairment (auditory type) 20% loss of smell (olfactory type) 15% migraines (visual and olfactory types)

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Hypnagogic hallucinations: Hypnopompic hallucinations: % and what is it?

37% Hypnagogic hallucinations: Geometric patterns, faces, or landscapes experienced by some people falling asleep 12.5% Hypnopompic hallucinations: Geometric patterns, faces, or landscapes experienced by some people as they are awakening.

How do theorists explain schizophrenia? Biological Views: Genetic Factors: Is an identical twin more vulnerable than a fraternal twin? - Studies have found that if one identical twin develops schizophrenia, there is a ____% chance that the other twin will do so as well. If the twins are fraternal, the second twin has approximately a ____% chance of developing the disorder.

48% vs 17%

Schizophrenia: DSM-5 calls for a diagnosis of schizo. Only after the symptoms continue for __ months or more.

6

Diagnosing Schizophrenia: In ____-____% of cases the disorder is dominated by positive symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, and certain formal thought disorders--a clinical picture sometimes called _____________, or excess schizophrenia.

80-85% / Type I schizophrenia

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? Hallucinations:

Are the experiencing of sights, sounds, smells, and other perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli