ABNORMAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR CHAPTER 12 QUIZ

Gambling disorder

A non-substance-related disorder involving the persistent urge to gamble. dopamine neurotransmitter systems are involved in gambling disorder.

examples of Hallucinogens

LSD Peyote Psilocybin PCP MDMA

Methamphetamine

an addictive stimulant drug that is related to amphetamine, but it provokes more intense CNS effects. Overdose can cause overheating of the body & convulsions, & if not treated immediately can cause death).

Inhalants

are a group of substances that cause psychoactive effects by producing chemical vapors. Individuals can be diagnosed as having use disorder or intoxication, but not inhalant withdrawal.

Hypnotics

are medications that induce sleep

what percent of the population are current users of illicit drugs.

8.9 percent of the population are current users of illicit drugs.

Substance

A chemical that alters a person's mood or behavior when the person smokes, injects, drinks, inhales, snorts, or swallows it in pill form.

Substance use disorder

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using a substance even though it causes significant problems in his or her life.

Wernicke's disease

A form of aphasia in which the individual is able to produce language but has lost the ability to comprehend, so that these verbal productions have no meanings.

Substance dependence

A maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms during a 12-month period and caused by the continued use of a substance.

Marijuana

A mix of flowers, stems, & leaves from the hemp plant Cannabis Sativa. The primary active ingredient is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Korsakoff's syndrome

A permanent form of dementia associated with long-term alcohol use in which the individual develops retrograde amnesia (past events) and antero-grade (present events) amnesia leading to an inability to remember recent events or learn new information.

Alcohol

A psychoactive substance that causes the depression of central nervous system activity.

Stimulants

A psychoactive substance that has an activating effect on the CNS

Effects of caffeine

An individual's perceived level of energy alertness Blood pressure and may lead to increases in the body's production of cortisol

Treatment

Cognitive-behavioral interventions Motivational approaches Relapse prevention Combined behavioral intervention

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Causes an individual who consumes alcohol to experience a variety of unpleasant physical reactions (i.e. flushing, increased heart rate, lowered blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, sweating, & dizziness)

Hashish

Derives from the resins of the plants flowers and contains a more concentrated form of THC.

Caffeine disorders

Disorders included in the caffeine-related category are intoxication & withdrawal, but not caffeine use disorder. Found in coffee, tea, chocolate, energy drinks, diet pills, and headache remedies.

Sociocultural

Family, community, & cultural stressors Children of alcoholics at greater risk

effects of alcohol

Harmful changes in the liver, gastrointestinal system, bone densi

Caffeine withdrawal Symptoms include

Headache Difficulty concentrating Vomiting Tiredness & fatigue Depression Muscle aches Sleepiness & drowsiness Irritability Stiffness Dysphoric mood Nausea

Examples of Opioids

Hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin) Oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin, Percocet) Morphine (e.g., Kadian, Avinza) Codeine Heroin

Caffeine

Increases the production of adrenaline by activating the sympathetic nervous system

Tobacco

Individuals can be diagnosed with tobacco use disorder or tobacco withdrawal, but not tobacco intoxication.

The withdrawal symptoms associated with quitting tobacco use include:

Irritability Difficulty concentrating Strong cravings for nicotine

People with gambling disorder also have high rates comorbidity

Nicotine dependence (60 percent) Dependence on other substances (58 percent) Mood disorder (38 percent) Anxiety disorder (37 percent)

Withdrawal

Physiological and psychological changes that occur when an individual stops taking a substance.

Nicotine

Psychoactive substance found in cigarettes

Acamprosate

Reduces the urge to drink, thereby reducing the drive to use alcohol as a way of reducing anxiety

Effects of Tobacco

Stimulates the release of adrenaline (norepinephrine) Increases blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration Increases the level of dopamine, affecting the brain's reward and pleasure centers

What diagnostic term has fewer negative connotations than the term addiction

Substance Use Disorder

Substance intoxication

The temporary maladaptive experience of behavioral or psychological changes that are due to the accumulation of a substance in the body.

Tolerance

The extent to which the individual requires larger and larger amounts of a substance in order to achieve its desired effects, or the extent to which the individual feels less of its effects after using the same amount of the substance.

medications are among the most commonly abused drugs in the US.

They include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, & nonbenzodiazepine sleep medications (e.g., Ambien, Lunesta, & Sonata).

Methadone

This is a synthetic opioid that blocks the effects of heroin by binding to the same receptor sites in the CNS

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Useful for: Understanding substance dependence Approaches to treatment Genetics Action of substances on the central nervous system

Substance Disorders: The Bio-psychosocial Perspective

Various treatment programs for people with substance-related have emerged. Biological treatment may involve the prescription of substances that block or reduce cravings. Behavioral treatment involves techniques such as contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and relapse prevention.

Cocaine

a highly addictive CNS stimulant that an individual snorts, injects, or smokes (crack). It offers an intense, but relatively short (5-10 min.) high, therefore it is often used in a binge-like pattern. Increases body temp., blood pressure, & heart rate.

Nitrites

a special category of inhalants that individuals use as sexual enhancers

Opioids

a substance that relieves pain. Within opioid-related disorders are opioid use, intoxication, and withdrawal.

Amphetamine

affects both the CNS & the autonomic NS by elevating blood pressure, heart rate, decreased appetite, & physical activity.

Naltrexone

an opioid receptor antagonist, it blocks the effects of the body's production of alcohol-induced opioids (less likely to feel pleasurable effects of alcohol, and even less likely to feel pleasure thinking about alcohol)

Alcohol myopia theory

as individuals consume greater amounts of alcohol, they are more likely to make risky choices because the immediate temptation of the moment (e.g. risky sex) overcomes the long-term consequences of the behavior (e.g. contracting an STD).

Clinicians diagnose substance use disorders by

assessing the individual in four categories of symptoms

Abstinence syndrome

associated with alcohol consumption is commonly referred to as a hangover.

Permanent brain damage from alcohol

blackouts, seizures, hallucinations, and damage to the peripheral parts of the nervous system

Gases

butane lighters & propane tanks, ether, & nitrous oxide

Hallucinogens

drugs that cause people to experience profound distortions in their perception of reality. Individuals may experience both abnormal perceptual experiences in the form of illusions that are visual, and/or auditory hallucinations.

Overstimulation of the reward system produces the

euphoric effects that abusers seek and leads them to repeat the behavior in order to repeat the experience.

Sedatives

have calming effects on the central nervous system

Anxiolytics

his category highlights prescription medications that act as CNS depressants. Disorders within this category include use disorder, intoxication, & withdrawal.

four categories of substance abuse symptoms

impaired control social impairment risky use pharmacological changes

The most commonly used illicit drug

marijuanna

The marijuana & hashish that reaches the streets is

never pure THC other substances such as tobacco, are always mixed in with it.

Substance abuse

not required that an individual be "addicted" to a substance in order to meet criteria for diagnosis. The pattern of maladaptive substance use that leads to significant impairment or distress.

Volatile solvents

paint thinners or removers, dry-cleaning fluids, gasoline, glue, & lighter fluid

Dual-process theory

predicts that as individuals become better able to inhibit the automatic impulse to consume alcohol, they should also reduce their drinking behavior.

Potentiation

the effects of two drugs taken together are greater than the effect of either substance alone.

Immediate effects of alcohol

sedating Central nervous system depressant Potentially fatal in excess

Aerosols

sprays that contain propellants & solvents

Most drugs of abuse directly or indirectly target

the reward center of the brain by flooding its circuits with dopamine.

Biological Genetic factors

there is an estimated hereditability of 50-60%