Abnormal Psych Chapter 6

4. The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) __________ symptom pf depression. A) Cognitive. B) Emotional. C) Behavioral. D) Motivational.

B) Emotional.

49. Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world? A) Biochemical. B) Cognitive. C) Psychoanalytic. D) Sociocultural.

D) Sociocultural.

61. The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective? A) Cognitive. B) Biological. C) Behavioral. D) Humanistic.

B) Biological.

38. The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is: A) Beck. B) Freud. C) Seligman. D) Lewinsohn.

C) Seligman.

2. What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States? A) 1-5 percent B) 5-10 percent C) 8-15 percent D) 20-23 percent

B) 5-10 percent

28. Studies show that less then 10 percent of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression? A) Almost None - about 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year. B) Some - about 5 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year. C) Strong - about 2 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year. D) Very Strong - only about 1 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year.

A) Almost None - about 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year.

33. The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was: A) Beck. B) Freud. C) Seligman. D) Lewinsohn.

A) Beck.

30. Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness? A) Behavioral. B) Biochemical. C) Cognitive. D) Psychodynamic.

A) Behavioral.

52. People who walk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved with dangerous activities are showing ____________ symptoms of mania. A) Behavioral. B) Motivational. C) Cognitive. D) Emotional.

A) Behavioral.

29. Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that: A) Depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards. B) Depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards. C) Depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports. D) Depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.

A) Depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards.

35. Which research finding provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression? A) Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do non-depressed women. B) Lack of social rewards is related to the downward spiral of depression. C) Both human infants and infant monkeys show depression-like symptoms when they are separated from their mothers. D) Depression is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

A) Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do non-depressed women.

44. In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in: A) Divorced people. B) Married people. C) Widowed people. D) Never-married people.

A) Divorced people.

60. Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages: A) Down the length of a neuron. B) From one neuron to another neuron. C) From a neuron to a muscle or gland. D) Down the length of a muscle.

A) Down the length of a neuron.

32. Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: A) Negative interpretation of events. B) Symbolic losses. C) Decrease in positive activities. D) Sociocultural and biological.

A) Negative interpretation of events.

26. The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced," is a: A) Psychodynamic clinician. B) Behavioral clinician. C) Cognitive clinician. D) Sociocultural clinician.

A) Psychodynamic clinician.

22. Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be: A) Very Unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression. B) One of a Kind; previous studies do not connect specific brain areas to depression. C) Unusual; only a few previous studies connect this brain area to depression. D) Expected; many previous studies connect this brain area to depression. This study is a replication.

A) Very Unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression.

47. Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests: A) Women and men are equally likely to develop depression. B) Hormone changes mask the development of depression in women. C) Concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression. D) Depression is caused by examining one's feelings too closely.

A) Women and men are equally likely to develop depression.

8. Which is a physical symptom of depression? A) Sleeping poorly. B) Lack of desire to go to work. C) Decreased level of physical activity. D) Experiences of sadness and dejection.

A. Sleeping poorly.

18. Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found: A) A lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder. B) A higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients. C) High rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins. D) No compelling evidence for depression to be found in relatives of a depressed individual.

B) A higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.

54. On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing: A) A manic phase of bipolar II disorder. B) A manic phase of bipolar I disorder. C) A manic phase of cyclothymic disorder. D) Mania.

B) A manic phase of bipolar I disorder.

50. Which of these people is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression? A) A man from Nigeria who is a new immigrant to the United States. B) A woman from the United States who has lived all her life on an American Indian reservation. C) A boy from the United States in his early teens. D) A woman in the United States of Hispanic American heritage.

B) A woman from the United States who has lived all her life on an American Indian reservation.

34. The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n): A) Overgeneralization. B) Arbitrary inference. C) Selective abstraction. D) Magnification and minimization.

B) Arbitrary inference.

21. If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the: A) Behavioral orientation. B) Biochemical orientation. C) Psychodynamic orientation. D) Sociocultural orientation.

B) Biochemical orientation.

57. Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that your friend could do? A) Seek immediate, in-depth treatment; hypomania severely limits artists. B) Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity. C) Try, at least occasionally, to feel mildly depressed; cyclothymic disorder is characteristic of most great artists. D) Try, at least occasionally, to feel severely depressed; bipolar II disorder is characteristic of most great artists.

B) Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity.

40. Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A) Symbolic (imagined) loss. B) Learned helplessness. C) Artifact theory. D) Body dissatisfaction.

B) Learned helplessness.

19. What are the chances researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future? A) Almost zero - so far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression. B) Low - so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression. C) Moderate - Researchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to unipolar depression. D) High - Researchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to unipolar depression.

B) Low - so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression.

39. According to Martin Seligman's theory, who would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness? A) Someone who had experienced no uncontrollable negative events, then experienced a controllable negative event. B) Someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event. C) Someone who had experienced controllable negative events, and then another controllable negative event. D) Someone who had experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events.

B) Someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event.

24. Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression EXCEPT: A) Brodmann Area 25. B) The corpus callosum. C) The hippocampus. D) The amygdala.

B) The corpus callosum.

55. The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A) The number of depressive and manic episodes. B) The severity of the manic episodes. C) The number of depressive episodes. D) The seasonal variation in the episodes.

B) The severity of the manic episodes.

63. If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics, certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that: A) A single factor causes depression. B) Different factors cause depression in different people. C) An interaction between factors causes depression. D) Different factors are related to the cause, course, and treatment of depression.

C) An interaction between factors causes depression.

31. A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede thee onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives? A) Psychodynamic and cognitive. B) Cognitive and behavioral. C) Behavioral and sociocultural. D) Sociocultural and biological.

C) Behavioral and sociocultural.

6. A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the followig symptoms EXCEPT: A) Emotional symptoms. B) Motivational symptoms. C) Behavioral symptoms. D) Cognitive symptoms.

C) Behavioral symptoms.

9. What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active? A) Recurrent depression. B) Seasonal depression. C) Catatonic depression. D) Melancholic depression.

C) Catatonic depression.

42. The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a: A) Psychodynamic clinician. B) Behavioral clinician. C) Cognitive clinician. D) Sociocultural clinician.

C) Cognitive clinician.

23. The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably: A) Wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) Correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. C) Correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. D) Correct, although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship.

C) Correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.

58. A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called ____________ disorder. A) Dysthymic. B) Anhedomic. C) Cyclothymic. D) Anxiety.

C) Cyclothymic.

15. A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to: A) Experience postpartum depression after her first birth but rarely experience it again. B) Only experience postpartum depression after the birth of a first child. C) Have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child. D) Have a 100% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

C) Have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

59. Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT: A) Neurotransmitter activity. B) Ion activity. C) Hormonal functioning. D) Genetic factors.

C) Hormonal functioning.

46. Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the: A) Self-blame theory. B) Artifact theory. C) Life-stress theory. D) Lack-of-control theory.

C) Life-stress theory.

10. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display: A) Repeated episodes. B) Fluctuation in mood during the year. C) Motor immobility or excessive activity. D) Onset within four weeks of giving birth.

C) Motor immobility or excessive activity.

13. Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) Seasonal. B) Catatonic. C) Persistent. D) Melancholic.

C) Persistent.

25. According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from: A) Learned helplessness. B) Irrational expectations. C) Regression to the oral stage. D) Learned anxiety turned inward.

C) Regression to the oral stage.

36. If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response? A) Helplessness. B) Hopelessness. C) Ruminative. D) Perseverative.

C) Ruminative.

43. One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation? A) Behavioral. B) Cognitive. C) Sociocultural. D) Psychodynamic.

C) Sociocultural.

20. There are several factors related to unipolar depression - reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. How do these factors relate to depression? The MOST recent research shows that: A) All of these factors working together appear to be responsible for causing and maintaining depression. B) Most of these factors don't appear to cause or maintain depression but are simply correlated with depressive symptoms. C) Some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression. D) Depression should in fact usually be considered a disease, rather than a psychological disorder.

C) Some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression.

48. The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy? A) There has not been enough research about the diagnosis. B) It does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis. C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome. D) There are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis.

C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome.

3. In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is: A) The same as it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women. B) Lower than it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women. C) The same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women. D) Lower than it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

C) The same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

1. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) The particular medication used to treat the problem. B) The cause of the problem. C) The severity and duration of the problem. D) The demographic characteristics of the person.

C) The severity and duration of the problem.

37. What are the two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression? A) Psychodynamic theory and object relations theory. B) Objects relations theory and theory of negative thinking. C) Theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness. D) Theory of learned helplessness and object relations theory.

C) Theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness.

51. Which is an accurate description of the symptoms of mania? A) They are highly correlated with positive life events. B) They are the same as those of depression (e.g. sadness) but accompanied by aggressiveness. C) They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others. D) They seldom include physical activity, usually including only mental activity.

C) They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others.

56. A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders? A) "Avoid mood disorders; highly creative people have a lower than average incidence of them." B) "Severe mania is related to long periods of high creativity." C) "If you develop a mood disorder, don't get treated, or you'll lose your creative spark." D) "Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders."

D) "Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders."

62. Which risk percentage pattern BEST supports the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder - (1) in the general population, (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder? A) 10 percent, 10 percent, 10 percent. B) 40 percent, 10 percent, 1 percent. C) 40 percent, 40 percent, 40 percent. D) 1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent.

D) 1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent.

11. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display: A) Repeated episodes. B) Fluctuation in mood during the year. C) Motor immobility or excessive activity. D) Almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

D) Almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

7. A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ___________ symptoms. A) Emotional. B) Cognitive. C) Motivational. D) Behavioral.

D) Behavioral.

16. Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) Postpartum depression. B) Reactive depression. C) Exogenous depression. D) Endogenous depression.

D) Endogenous depression.

17. Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, she feels terrible, and she feels like it will never get any better. When she responds to questions, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be: A) Manic depression. B) Reactive depression. C) Exogenous depression. D) Endogenous depression.

D) Endogenous depression.

41. Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of: A) Internal, global, and stable attribution. B) External, global, and stable attribution. C) Internal, specific, and stable attribution. D) External, specific, and unstable attribution.

D) External, specific, and unstable attribution.

45. Which statement is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression? A) Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression. B) Men have less frequent bouts of depression. C) Women have longer-lasting bouts of depression. D) Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

D) Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

14. A woman expresses recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than six months. The woman is experiencing: A) The "baby blues." B) Postpartum psychosis. C) Hormone withdrawal syndrome. D) Postpartum depression.

D) Postpartum depression.

27. Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression? A) Behavioral. B) Biochemical. C) Cognitive. D) Psychodynamic.

D) Psychodynamic.

53. According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT: A) Distractability. B) Inflated self-esteem. C) Decreased need for sleep. D) Suicidal ideation.

D) Suicidal ideation.

12. To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least: A) Two weeks. B) Two months. C) One year. D) Two years.

D) Two years.

5. A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is: A) Common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid-40s. B) Uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid-40s. C) Uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid- to late 20s. D) Very Uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late 20s.

D) Very Uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late 20s.