ABNORMAL PSYCH (CHAPTERS 8,9,10)

incidence of bulimia nervosa

75% cases reported are female; onset between 15-20 years old

anorexia nervosa incidence

75% occurs in females; onset age between 14-20

psychophysiological disorders

Affected persons have a medical condition. Psychological factors negatively affect the medical condition.: Affect the course of the medical condition Provide obstacles to the treatment of medical condition Pose new health risks Trigger or worsen the medical condition

drug

Any substance other than food affecting our bodies or minds, including alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine

somatic symptom disorder

At least one upsetting or repeatedly disruptive physical (somatic) symptom An unreasonable number of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Physical symptoms usually continue to some degree for more than 6 months

biological view of causes of substance use disorders

Biological factors play a major role in drug misuse. Genetic predisposition Neurotransmitters Brain reward circuits

substance intoxication

Cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances (DSM-5)

Psychoneuroimmunology

Examines how stressful events result in viral or bacterial infection and connection between psychosocial stress, immune system, and health.

factitious disorder

False creation of physical psychological symptoms, or deceptive production of injury or disease, in another person or on oneself, even without external rewards (munchausen syndrome and munchausen syndrome by proxy)

Which of the following conclusions about family patterns and eating disorders is MOST supported by systematic research? People with eating disorders come from enmeshed families. Children who take on a "sick role" will likely develop eating disorders. Individuality and independence are related to the development of eating disorders. Families of those with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa vary widely.

Families of those with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa vary widely.

psychodynamic view of conversion and somatic symptom disorder

First psychodynamic theory of these two disorders Underlying emotional conflicts converted into physical symptoms and concerns Two defense mechanisms (Primary gain and Secondary gain)

conversion and somatic symptom disorder treatments

Focus on the cause of the disorder: Insight Exposure Drug therapies Focus on the physical symptoms: Education Reinforcement Cognitive restructuring

developmental psychopathology view of causes of substance use disorders

Genetically inherited predisposition Externalizing or internalizing temperament Numerous stressors throughout childhood Inadequate parenting Rewarding substance use experiences Relationships with peers who use drugs

anorexia nervosa

Individual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in body weight that is very low and below that of other people of similar age and gender. Individual is very fearful of gaining weight, or repeatedly seeks to prevent weight gain despite low body weight. Individual has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in judgments of themself, or fails to appreciate the serious implications of their low weight.

aversion therapy

Individuals are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug. After repeated pairings, they are expected to react negatively to the substance itself and to lose their craving for it. These treatments help clients identify and change the patterns and cognitions contributing to their patterns of use.

somatization pattern

Long-lasting physical ailment with no physical basis; dramatic and exaggerated Treatment sought from doctor to doctor Prevalence: 4 percent Abuse and genetic links

natural hallucinogens

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)

substance use disorders

Maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use Presence of at least 2 of the following symptoms within a 1-year period: Substance often taken in larger amounts Unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control substance use Much time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of substance use Failure to fulfill major role obligations Continued use despite persistent interpersonal problems Reduction of important activities Continuing use in dangerous situations Continued use despite worsening of physical or psychological problems Craving for substance Tolerance effects Withdrawal reactions

Sarah brings her young daughter into the emergency room with internal bleeding. The attending physician later concludes that Sarah caused the symptoms in her daughter intentionally, caused by a need to gain attention and praise for her devoted care of her sick child. If this assessment is correct, Sarah would be diagnosed as having: a factitious disorder. a conversion disorder. Munchausen syndrome. Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

tolerance

Need for increasing doses of substances to produce desired effect

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

Neurological-like symptoms inconsistent with known neurological or medical disease Usually beginning in late childhood and young adulthood; often appears suddenly during extreme stress Not consciously wanted or purposely produced

substance use statistics

Overall cost of substance misuse is $740 billion in the United States alone (combing costs of crime, lost work productivity, and health care). 135 million people in the United States have used cocaine, heroin, or another illegal substance; 32 million have used illegal substances with past month. One-quarter of all teenagers have used an illegal substance.

predominant pain pattern

Pain source known or unknown May develop after an accident or illness that initially caused genuine pain

primary gain

People derive primary gain when their bodily symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness. During an argument, for example, a man who has underlying fears about expressing anger may develop a conversion paralysis of the arm, thus preventing his feelings of rage from reaching consciousness.

secondary gain

People derive secondary gain when their bodily symptoms further enable them to avoid unpleasant activities or to receive sympathy from others. When, for example, a conversion paralysis allows a soldier to avoid combat duty or conversion blindness prevents the breakup of a relationship, secondary gain may be at work

cognitive-behavioral view of causes of substance use disorders

People who are most likely to develop these disorders Operant conditioned by tension-reduction, rewarding effects of drugs (self-medication) Have rewards-produced expectancy that substances will be rewarding Influenced by classical conditioning when cues or objects are present during drug use

psychodynamic view of causes of substance use disorders

People who are most likely to develop these disorders. Have powerful early years dependency needs Display substance abuse personality

sociocultural view of causes of substance use disorders

People who are most likely to develop these disorders. Live in stressful socioeconomic conditions Have families that value or tolerate drug use Are confronted regularly by other kinds of stress

illness anxiety disorder

Person is preoccupied with thoughts about having or getting a significant illness. In reality, person has no or, at most, mild somatic symptoms. Person has easily triggered high anxiety about health. Person displays unduly high number of health-related behaviors (e.g., keeps focusing on body) or dysfunctional health avoidance behaviors (e.g., avoids doctors). Person's concerns continue to some degree for at least 6 months.

cognitive-behavioral view of conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder

Point to three realms to help explain conversion and somatic symptom disorders: Somatic vigilance Rewards Communication skills

factitious disorder characteristic links

Poor social support or relationships and little family life Extensive medical treatment in childhood Grudge against medical profession Employment as nurse, lab technician, or aide

causes of conversion and somatic symptom disorders

Previously called hysterical disorders Widely considered unique and in need of special explanation No explanation has received much research support, and the disorders are still poorly understood

hallucinogens

Produce powerful changes primarily in sensory perception (trips).

cannabis

Produced from varieties of hemp plants Hashish: Solidified resin of the cannabis plant Marijuana: Mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops Major active ingredient: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Potency influenced by environmental conditions. When smoked, produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects, known as cannabis intoxication. Most of the effects last 2-6 hours.

binge-eating disorder

Recurrent binge-eating episodes that include at least three of these features: Unusually fast eating Absence of hunger Uncomfortable fullness Secret eating due to sense of shame Subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt Significant distress Binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months Absence of excessive compensatory behaviors

bulimia nervosa

Repeated binge-eating episodes Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself

"Are physical illnesses related to stress?" asks your text. The answer, of course, is "Yes". Summarize research findings that show a clear link between stress levels and physical illnesses.

Researchers, Holmes and Rahe, developed the Social Readjustment Rating scale which assigns numerical values (called Life Change Units) to stressful life events. They then used this to examine the relationship between stress and physical illness, and discovered that higher LCU scores were found in sick people than in healthy people. Since then, research studies have found that the greater the amount of stress, the greater the likelihood of illness. They even found a relationship between death and traumatic stress.

treatments for anorexia nervosa

Restoring weight and normal eating methods: Nutritional rehabilitation Tube and intravenous feedings Behavioral weight-restoration approaches Combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high-calorie diet Motivational interviewing psychotherapy most effective

depressants

Slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) Reduce tension and inhibitions May interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentration

stimulants

Stimulants increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS). Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness Rapid behavior and thinking

relapse-prevention training

The overall goal is for clients to gain control over their substance-related behaviors. Clients are taught to identify and plan ahead for high-risk situations and to learn from mistakes and lapses. This approach is used particularly to treat alcohol use, as well as cocaine and marijuana abuse.

factitious disorder causes and treatment

The precise causes of factitious disorder are not understood. Clinicians have been unable to develop dependably effective treatments for this disorder.

traditional psychophysiological disorders

Ulcers Asthma Insomnia Chronic headaches Migraine headaches Hypertension

withdrawal

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting back

A person who has injected a narcotic feels relaxed, happy, and unconcerned about food, sex, or other bodily needs. This person is experiencing what is known as: a rush. a high. free-basing. endorphin release.

a high.

If a friend were experiencing anorexia nervosa, you wouldn't be surprised to find that she was also experiencing all of the following EXCEPT: substance abuse. a personality disorder. low self-esteem. anxiety.

a personality disorder.

If you are overweight, the development of which of the following is MOST likely to appeal to you? a way to safely block GLP-1 in humans a way to safely activate the lateral hypothalamus in humans a way to safely deactivate the ventromedial hypothalamus in humans a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans

a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans

most widely used depressants

alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioids

"I have this vague sense that something isn't right, but I just can't describe it," is a statement MOST likely said by someone experiencing: exposure to response intervention. an enmeshed family. alexithymia. a weight set point.

alexithymia.

A young woman has become very afraid of being overweight. She has recently reduced her food intake although she feels hungry all the time. As a result, her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still believes that she is overweight. She is MOST likely experiencing: bulimia nervosa. anorexia nervosa. Carpenter's syndrome. carbohydrate deprivation.

anorexia nervosa.

Every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not. This is a ______ explanation of conversion symptoms. cognitive biological behavioral cultural

behavioral

Similarities between bulimia and anorexia include: both tend to begin after a period of dieting among people afraid of becoming obese. both involve a reluctance to think about food, weight, or appearance. both involve an underestimation of one's weight and body size. both tend to be related to personality disorders.

both tend to begin after a period of dieting among people afraid of becoming obese.

A manager who feels anxious about speaking in front of large groups frequently has a couple of glasses of wine to "relax" before beginning to speak. This "medicinal" use of alcohol can be explained MOST easily: by opponent-process theory. through molecular biological analysis. by operant conditioning. as genetic predisposition.

by operant conditioning.

Daniel, an intravenous heroin user, feels intense cravings when he sees hypodermic needles. This may be an example of: modeling. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. observational learning.

classical conditioning.

most common stimulants

cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine

People who are coping with severe pain by telling themselves that they can get through it by focusing on the pain ending, and by remembering that they have gotten through it before, are MOST likely to have received which of the following therapies? insight therapy cognitive intervention behavioral medicine psychotropic medication

cognitive intervention

communication skills

cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that conversion and somatic symptom disorders are forms of self-expression, providing a means for people to reveal emotions that would otherwise be difficult for them to convey

rewards

cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that the physical symptoms of these disorders yield important benefits to sufferers

Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in: compensatory behaviors. purging. enmeshment. exposure and response prevention.

compensatory behaviors.

Kelly is a long-time serious drinker. In the last year, she has started having frequent memory lapses. When this happens, she makes up wild stories to help her fill in what she does not remember. This symptom is called: confabulation. Korsakoff's syndrome. Wernicke's encephalopathy. alcohol-induced psychotic disorder.

confabulation

What is a likely long-term consequence of anorexia? failure to gain weight failure to menstruate continuing concern about weight and appearance inability to succeed at a job

continuing concern about weight and appearance

A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. She appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be: malingering. factitious disorder. conversion disorder. preoccupation disorder.

conversion disorder.

Disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include: phobia disorders. dissociative disorders. psychophysiological disorders. conversion disorders.

conversion disorders.

Researchers have found a link between Type A personality and: lack of aggressiveness. somatoform disorder. coronary heart disease. generalized anxiety disorder.

coronary heart disease.

A newly developed drug causes users to lose some muscle control and slur their speech. The drug also results in a slowing of central nervous system activity. MOST likely, this drug is a: depressant. hallucinogen. stimulant. polydrug.

depressant

If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I will be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in: distorted thinking. food preoccupation. obsessive-compulsions. amenorrhea.

distorted thinking.

Which of the following is a MAIN characteristic of an individual with Munchausen syndrome by proxy? psychotic independent emotionally needy limited intelligence and education

emotionally needy

People who binge: like to eat high protein foods such as steak and nuts. feel powerful before the binge. are usually calm and rational just before and then during a binge. generally consume about 10,000 calories during a binge.

generally consume about 10,000 calories during a binge.

One longitudinal study found that men who develop alcoholism were initially MORE: antisocial as adults. aggressive as children. impulsive in adolescence. depressed in adolescence.

impulsive in adolescence.

Ellen stopped taking her regular amount of cocaine after using it for months. She will probably experience: letdown, depressed feelings, and "crashing." pain, sweating, mania, and nausea. excitement, insomnia, and hallucinations. dramatic tremors of the hands and face, very rapid heart rate, and convulsions.

letdown, depressed feelings, and "crashing."

Relapses of bulimia are MOST likely to occur following: exposure to other bulimics. life stresses. periods of stomach sickness. Christmas and other holidays.

life stresses.

A young woman who is very concerned about being attractive to others, is more sexually experienced, and has relatively few obsessive qualities is: more likely to be experiencing anorexia than bulimia. more likely to be experiencing bulimia than anorexia. equally likely to be experiencing bulimia or anorexia. less likely to be experiencing bulimia or anorexia.

more likely to be experiencing bulimia than anorexia.

A study of college men showed that they describe the ideal male as ______ and the ideal female as ______. slim and trim; slim and trim muscular; muscular muscular; thin athletic; strong

muscular; thin

The drug which, when misused, would MOST quickly result in dependence or addiction would be: Xanax. opium. cannabis. ethyl alcohol.

opium

Intoxication is actually a form of: tolerance. poisoning. hallucination. substance dependence.

poisoning.

A woman who is particularly threatened by any display of anger becomes unable to speak when she is most angry with her husband, thereby keeping the anger out of her awareness. According to psychodynamic theorists, she is achieving ______ from her illness. primary gain secondary gain tertiary gain no gain

primary gain

Jason, a recovering heavy drinker, has been trained to identify the situations that might cause him to drink and to be aware of when he should stop drinking. This approach is known as: aversive therapy. ego-control therapy. relapse-prevention training. behavioral self-control training.

relapse-prevention training.

A person who has difficulty expressing unpleasant emotions such as anger or hostility is displaying a ______. sociocultural stressor type A personality type B personality repressive coping style

repressive coping style

Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa

restricting type (lose weight by cutting out sweets, and nearly all food) binge-eating/purging type (lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or abusing laxatives/diuretics)

The use of narcotic antagonists can be dangerous because of their ability to initiate: respiratory failure. severe withdrawal. neurological damage. addiction to the antagonist.

severe withdrawal.

Barbiturates were first prescribed to help people: diet. deal with the stresses of war. sleep. deal with pain.

sleep

Researchers have found that substance use disorders are more common among some religious groups than others, and in general, are more common among some groups than among others. Together, these findings provide the MOST support for which view of substance abuse disorders? sociocultural cognitive cognitive-behavioral psychodynamic

sociocultural

For which of the following individuals is recovery from anorexia MOST likely? someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult someone who has lost a relatively large percentage of body weight someone who also has sex problems someone who enters therapy late in his or her disorder

someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult

A graph that shows a spike in deaths due to heart attacks on the day in which a community experienced a significant disaster demonstrates that: the disaster caused the heart attacks. the community was an unhealthy place to live prior to the disaster. medical care is not adequate in times of disaster. stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and deaths.

stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and deaths.

somatic vigilance

suggest that some people are more attentive than others to their bodies, and this attentiveness causes them to focus more on their bodily discomforts, experience more arousal in response to them, and worry about them more.

polysubstance use

taking more than one drug at a time

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well-being of: the person experiencing it. the child of the person experiencing it. the spouse of the person experiencing it. the medical personnel caring for the person experiencing it.

the child of the person experiencing it.

The pleasant feeling called a "high" produced by using a narcotic is due to: an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin. the opponent process caused by IV injection. the drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins. the drug flooding neurotransmitter synapses with dopamine.

the drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins.

If you were working in the field of psychoneuroimmunology, you would be studying: the relationship between brain functioning and illness. the links between stress and illness. the correlation between immune functioning and health. the development of the neurological system when one is ill.

the links between stress and illness.

The GREATEST danger of LSD use is: the risk of developing drug tolerance. the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions. the severity of withdrawal symptoms among even occasional users. the universal occurrence of "flashbacks" among former users.

the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions.

Serotonin levels are low in those with eating disorders and in those with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. This means that: low serotonin causes all three disorders. all the disorders cause serotonin to decrease. there is a relationship, but no evidence of causation. if we raise serotonin levels, we will cure eating disorders.

there is a relationship, but no evidence of causation.

One of the MAIN findings from the research on the relationship between psychology and physical illness is: there is no relationship between psychology and physical illness. there is a small and unimportant relationship between psychology and physical illness. there is a strong relationship between psychology and physical illness. the research has been inconclusive on the relationship between psychology and physical illness.

there is a strong relationship between psychology and physical illness.

A person you know has just started experiencing delirium tremens. They will probably last: two or three days, with no significant health risk. two or three days, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke. about a week, with no significant health risk. about a week, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke.

two or three days, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke.

acceptance and commitment therapy

use a mindfulness-based approach to help clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind.

If you have a high level of cytokines, we know that: you have developed antibodies to protect you from infection. you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses. your liver is not producing bile. your immune system is unusually healthy.

you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses.