Abnormal psych midterm

Mary Ann experiences a mugging and robbery in which her prized poodle is kidnapped. Eventually, the dog is found and returned. However, Mary Ann is unable to recall events immediately following the attack up until the safe return of her dog. This is a classic case of

Localized amnesia

It is obvious that Ellen (IQ=65) is slower than the other children in her elementary school class, but she is there none the less and she takes regular subjects. This is an example of

Mainstreaming

The first and primary symptom in Alzheimer's disease is:

Memory loss

A therapist's preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as

Naturalistic observation

projection

a person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals

denial

a person refuses to acknowledge a external force of anxiety

pschodynamic model

a persona behavior either normal or abnormal is determined by psychodynamic forces (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO) treatment: psychodynamic therapy: therapist guide discussions so that patients discover underlying problems for themselves

stimulus generalization

a phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli

classical conditioning

a process where two events that repetitively occur close together in time, become tied together in ones mind

mental status exam

a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a clients abnormal functioning

cognitive model

abnormal functioning can result from several kinds of cognitive problems. Ex: some people make assumptions and adopt attitudes that are inappropriate. Illogical thinking processes: overgeneralized faulty thinking process

biological model

all human behavior can be explained in biological terms, and treated with biological methods. psychosugery, ECT, psychotropic medications

personality inventories

an alternative way to assess individuals is to ask them to assess themselves

A researcher is interested in the effects of a new drug for treating anxiety. He decides to study it in rats by conditioning the fear of a high-pitched noise and then testing rats' reactions with and without the drug. This is an example of

an analogue experiment

Jena is very unhappy. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication, it would likely be

an antidepressant drug

If you bite into a big, juicy, sour lemon you are likely to salivate. The salivation is an example of

an unconditioned response (UR)

If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is:

at a different arousal level after the stress is over

Consuela has difficulty answering questions about material she learned in school, such as the capital of Georgia. However, she is able to play pieces on the piano as well as ever. Evidently, Consuela has difficulty with

declarative memory

dsm-5

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition published in 2013

GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter believed to be involved in reducing the excitability of neurons, has been implicated in the etiology of

generalized anxiety disorder

Often those who respond to stress with a set of positive attitudes are less negatively affected by the stress, demonstrtating what researchers call:

hardiness or resiliency

The model of abnormality that focuses on the roles of values and choices in behavior is the: A. cognitive model. B. sociocultural model. C. psychodynamic model. D. humanistic-existential model.

humanistic-existential model

humanistic-existential model

humanists: more optimistic, beleive that human beings are born with neutral tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive....these theorists propose people are driven to self actualization: to fulfill this potential for goodness and growth existentialists: believe that from birth we have total freedom, either to give meaning to our lives or shrink from that responsibility. (client centered therapy

What sre typical symptoms of PTSD

hyperalertness—increased arousal to normal daily events obsessions—unwanted and recurring thoughts about the event derealization—feelings that the environment is unreal or strange

repression

person avoids anxiety by not allowing painful thoughts to become conscious

rationalization

person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that reflects a unacceptable motive

displacements

person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute

internationalization

person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to problem

regression

person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly

What is the term for studies that have the structure of experiments except that they use groups that already exist, instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups?

quasi-experiments

Which one of the following is part of the legacy of Dorothea Dix?

state mental hospitals

Gelan was just attacked (he thought) and had to run for his life. He was so frightened that he could not stop until he was almost all the way home. The part of his nervous system that was active during this time was the

sympathetic nervous system

You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear hierarchy and, finally, has you go through a series of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called

systematic desensitization

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

twisted protein fibers in the brain

A major difference between dissociative fugue and dissociative amnesia is that in dissociative fugue

victims flee to an entirely different location

A recent wave of studies point to certain childhood experiences that apparently leave some individuals at risk for later acute or posttraumatic stress disorders. These include each of the following except

- parental divorce after a child is 10 Experiences include: -early assault, abuse, or catastrophe -poverty -history of psychological disorders among family members

Case studies are useful for all of the following EXCEPT

-determining general laws of behavior (Useful for: -studying unusual problems -suggesting new areas for further study -learning a great deal about a particular patient)

TYPE A personality

-high achievers -likes to win -fast to anger -increased risk of heart problems

TYPE B personality

-may set goals -more excepting of failure -more tolerent towards others -no increased risk of heart problems

The guiding principal behind the Community Mental Health Act and the community mental health movement has been

Prevention

Fifty psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The purpose of the study was to test the efficacy of a new type of behavioral therapy. One of the groups was treated with the new form of therapy. The other group was treated with the old form of therapy. The level of improvement of each participant was evaluated by a panel of psychiatrists. If the experimental and control groups had been tested at different times of the day, time of day would be

A confound

Which of the following would be the best design to study the effects of disasters on the survivors?

A natural experiment

Ken is afraid of bicycles. When he sees one, he breaks out in a cold sweat and wants to run. A picture of a bike, even the thought of one, makes him fearful. Ken's condition is best described as

A phobia

A clinician hands a client a blank sheet of white paper and asks her to look at it, imagine a scene, and describe it. This is an example of

A projective test

The most effective treatment for phobias is: A. behavioral therapy. B. drug therapy. C. a combination of humanistic and existential therapies. D. psychodynamic therapy

A. behavioral therapy

Research on evoked potential with people with dissociative identity disorder has revealed that: A. different subpersonalities have shown different brain response patterns. B. people with dissociative identity disorder did not show different brain response patterns for subpersonalities. C. no differences were found in brain activity between controls and individuals with dissociative identity disorder. D. control subjects who were asked to pretend they had different personalities were able to create different brain response patterns for each subpersonality.

A. different subpersonalities have shown different brain response patterns

A man is so miserable that he can barely tolerate living. According to the definition of abnormality, this description is an example of A. distress. B. deviance. C. dysfunction. D. danger to self or others

A. distress

Dissociative fugues usually: A. follow a stressful event. B. end very gradually. C. have numerous recurrences. D. involve irrecoverable memory loss

A. follow a stressful event.

Compared to projective tests, personality inventories: A. have higher validity. B. are less standardized. C. have lower reliability. D. are more difficult to administer and evaluate

A. have higher validity

If two independent observers agree closely on how to categorize a person's behavior, we know that the categorization has: A. high reliability. B. high validity. C. good levels of standardization. D. high reliability and high validity

A. high reliability

A person with post-traumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is: A. reexperiencing the traumatic event. B. experiencing avoidance. C. experiencing reduced responsiveness. D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

A. reexperiencing the traumatic event

Research suggests that which of the following people would be most immune to developing a stress disorder following trauma? A. someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control B. someone who has a poor level of psychological adjustment prior to the trauma C. someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation D. someone who could be described as not very hardy

A. someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control

If you are being asked to make up a story about an ambiguous-looking picture, you would most likely be: A. taking a projective test. B. experiencing a mental status exam. C. in the process of being interviewed by a cognitive-behavioral therapist. D. conducting a functional behavioral analysis

A. taking a projective test

The area in the brain most likely to be involved in panic attacks is the

Amygdala

Mannie repeats everything that is said to him but never initiates speech himself. He never responds to what others say except to repeat it. Given this, his failure to connect with those around him, and his self-injurious behavior, Mannie is most likely to be diagnosed as

Autistic

A cognitive therapist would be most likely to say which of the following? A. Please say the first thing that comes into your mind when I say a word. B. Your thinking is illogical because you are overgeneralizing. C. Please construct a fear hierarchy related to your phobia. D. Does depression run in your family?

B. Your thinking is illogical because you are overgeneralizing.

An inventory that asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, and anger is a(n) ______ inventory: A. cognitive B. affective C. social skills D. functional

B. affective

According Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the ______ stage of development: A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. genital

B. anal

If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is: A. simply too stressed at the time for memories to be laid down. B. at a different arousal level after the stress is over. C. a smoker. D. generalized amnesia

B. at a different arousal level after the stress is over.

The model most likely to emphasize the importance of one's history of conditioning as the source of depression is the ______ model. A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. humanist-existential D. sociocultural

B. behavioral

Recent work has revealed that the most effective treatment for autism has been the use of A. drug therapy. B. behavioral therapy. C. educational therapy. D. psychodynamic-humanistic therapy

B. behavioral therapy

The theoretical perspective currently receiving the most focus for the treatment of dementia is the ______ perspective A. cognitive B. biological C. behaviorial D. psychodynamic

B. biological

The most legitimate criticism of intelligence tests concerns their: A. validity. B. cultural fairness. C. reliability. D. standardization

B. cultural fairness

The fact that hundreds of thousands of people with severe psychological disturbances end up living on the streets or in jails points out one deficiency of A. private psychotherapy. B. deinstitutionalization. C. managed care programs. D. forms of group therapy

B. deinstitutionalization

Superego is to conscience as ego is to: A. id. B. reality principle. C. hypnosis. D. psychoanalysis

B. reality principle

Which of the following has been proposed as a cause of dissociative disorders? A. sublimation B. self-hypnosis C. learning disability D. classical conditioning

B. self-hypnosis

Which of the following is part of the legacy of Dorothea Dix? A. deinstitutionalization B. state mental hospitals C. federal prisons D. privatization of mental hospitals

B. state mental hospitals

A child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse, and insensitive to the physical abuse, as if the child simply wasn't there experiencing the abuse. One explanation of this behavior is: A. self-hypnosis. B. state-dependent memory. C. eidetic imagery. D. memory while under simulated anesthesia

B. state-dependent memory

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-5) was developed by: A. the American Psychoanalytic Association. B. the American Psychiatric Association. C. the American Psychological Association. D. the American Phrenological Association

B. the American Psychiatric Association

Case studies are helpful for all of the following reasons except that A. their results may inspire new therapeutic techniques. B. their results can be generalized. C. they may be a source of new ideas about behavior. D. they offer opportunities to study unusual problems.

B. their results can be generalized

One who suffers from dissociative identity disorder is most likely to be a: A. man who was physically abused as a child. B. woman who was physically abused as a child. C. man who was not physically abused as a child. D. woman who was not physically abused as a child

B. woman who was physically abused as a child

Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which of the following would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior?

Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.

Of the following, the individual with the highest risk of developing heart disease is: A. Type A, with little concern about time. B. Type B, with little concern about time. C. Type A, hostile. D. Type B, hostile

C. Type A, hostile

Maureen is learning to warm her hands. She looks at a dial that reflects the output from a heat-sensitive device on her fingers. She simply tried to make the dial go up. This is a form of: A. meditation. B. relaxation training. C.biofeedback training. D. cognitive intervention.

C. biofeedback training.

A patient hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has numbed the patient's left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for the symptoms. The patient appears totally unaware that the cause of the symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be: A. malingering. B. factitious disorder. C. conversion disorder. D. preoccupation disorder.

C. . conversion disorder

The German researcher who argued that physical factors may cause mental dysfunction, and who developed the first modern classification system for abnormal behaviors, was A. Richard von Krafft-Ebing. B. Friedrich Anton Mesmer. C. Emil Kraepelin. D. Fritz Schaudinn

C. Emil Kraepelin.

Who of the following individuals has the highest chance of being diagnosed with major depressive disorder? A. a 6-year-old girl B. a 6-year-old boy C. a 16-year-old girl D. a 16-year-old boy

C. a 16-year-old girl

"I knew right after we got home from the hospital that our kid had a problem," the parent said. Unless the parent is using 20-20 hindsight, the child's diagnosis most likely is: A. mental retardation. B. ADHD. C. autism. D. enuresis

C. autism

When he was five years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: A. operant conditioning. B. modeling and imitation. C. classical conditioning. D. stimulus generalization

C. classical conditioning

The initial problem in studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy is: A. defining what the treatment is. B. the range and complexity of treatments available. C. defining what it means for a treatment to be successful. D. deciding how to measure improvement, whether to use self-report, behavioral observations, rating scales, or something else.

C. defining what it means for a treatment to be successful

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used most often in the treatment of: A. schizophrenia. B. anxiety disorders. C. depression. D. bipolar disorde

C. depression

The first and primary symptom in Alzheimer's disease is: A. change in personality B. delusions C. memory loss D. medical complications

C. memory loss

The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A. have relatives who are atypically anxious. B. are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C. misinterpret bodily sensations. D. experience more stress than average

C. misinterpret bodily sensations

Obesity and lack of exercise have been linked most closely to which of the following psychophysiological disorders? A. coronary heart disease B. ulcers C. muscle contraction headaches D. asthma

C. muscle contraction headaches

Not all participants are the same. Researchers use ______ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation A. a control group B. random selection C. random assignment D. an experimental group

C. random assignment

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from: A. projection. B. regression. C. repression. D. sublimation

C. repression

Which of the following patients is most likely to benefit most from psychoanalytic treatment? A. a person who needs to make profound behavioral changes very quickly B. a person who has difficulty expressing ideas and feelings verbally C. someone who is insightful and thinks clearly D. someone who is severely disturbed and in a mental hospital

C. someone who is insightful and thinks clearly Psychoanalytic therapy looks at how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviors. Psychoanalysis frequently involves looking at early childhood experiences in order to discover how these events might have shaped the individual and how they contribute to current actions

Rosa is a therapist who guides her clients to challenge their negative thoughts and irrational assumptions. Apparently, Rosa is an advocate of

Cognitive therapy

A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. The woman appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychosocial. The diagnosis would most likely be

Conversion disorder

A cognitive theorist would be most likely to say which of the following about somatic symptom disorder? A. The patient is receiving secondary gain from the symptoms. B. The patient is unable to express any emotion except anxiety. C. The patient is being rewarded for behaving in this way. D. The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions

D. The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions

The most accurate statement about psychophysical disorders is that: A. They do not cause "real" physical damage B. They are entirely caused by psychological factors. C. Treatment focuses on psychological interventions, even though the cause is mostly biological. D. They result from an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

D. They result from an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Which of the following would be at greatest risk for depression? A. an older man living alone B. an older woman living alone C. an older man in a nursing home D. an older woman in a nursing home

D. an older woman in a nursing home

The clinical interviewer most interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses would have what orientation? A. sociocultural B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. behavioral

D. behavioral

Which of the following dimensions appears to be most related to the likelihood of receiving therapy? A. age B. gender C. region of the country D. education

D. education

Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would most likely be offered by: A. behaviorists. B. cognitive theorists. C. sociocultural theorists. D. humanistic theorists

D. humanistic theorists.

If a person were experiencing numerous physical complaints, visiting doctors frequently, and expressing great concern about normal bodily symptoms, one would most likely suspect: A. somatization. B. body dysmorphic disorder. C. pain disorder associated with psychological factors. D. illness-anxiety disorder

D. illness-anxiety disorder

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A. modeling. B. stimulus generalization. C. conditioning. D. preparedness.

D. preparedness

It was convenient when a witness awoke blind. The witness had been terrified about testifying and now did not have to. According to psychodynamic theory, this is an example of: A. repression. B. primary gain. C. reinforcement. D. secondary gain.

D. secondary gain.

What model of mental illness did most people hold during the Middle Ages? A. the moral model B. the medical model C. the psychogenic model D. the demonology model

D. the demonology model

The most accurate statement about psychophysical disorders is that: A. they do not cause "real" physical damage. B. they are entirely caused by psychological factors. C. treatment focuses on psychological interventions, even though the cause is mostly biological. D. they result from an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

D. they result from an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?

Dysfunction

Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of ______ at certain receptor sites in the limbic system and hypothalamus

GABA

Compared to projective tests, personality inventories

Have greater validity

A child's distracting behavior occurs only in a school setting and includes failure to follow instructions and finish work, answering questions before they have been completed, and a lot of seat squirming and fidgeting. Could ADHD be a diagnosis for this child?

No, the child's symptoms occur in only one setting.

Which of the following is true of a well-designed and well-conducted experiment?

Only the independent variable should differ for experimental and control participants.

behavioral model

Our actions are determined by our life experiences behavioral therapy helps identify the problematic behaviors and replace them with more acceptable ones

Hanna cannot properly metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. This disorder is called

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Dr. Ross, Dr. Carman, and Dr. Reeve all agree that Suzette is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Their judgment could be said to have

Reliability

According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is true regarding dreams?

They reflect our unconscious desires and needs

In the behavioral explanation of obsessive-compulsive behavior, what reinforces the thought or act?

The chance reduction in anxiety

Should antidepressant drugs be used for children and teenagers with depression?

Yes, but with care; in a small percentage of children, antidepressants increase suicidal behavior

operant conditioning

a conditioning in learning that a behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated

Two common approaches to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder that work well in combination are

behavioral therapy and drug therapy

Maureen is learning to warm her hands. She looks at a dial that reflects the output from a heat sensitive device on her fingers. She simply tries to make the dial go up. This is a form of

biofeedback training

The model of abnormality that cites the physical processes as being the key to behavior is the:

biological model

Martin was certain that his chin was too big and was misshapen. He was very anxious in public and tried to work at home whenever possible. His condition could best be diagnosed as

body dysmorphic disorder

The DSM-5 contains ____ and ____ types of information that are a part of a complete diagnosis.

categorical and dimensional

Based on clinical observations, it is most likely that intervention in the orbital region or __________ might reduce or eliminate obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

caudate nuclei

According to cognitive theorists, in patients with hysterical disorders the purpose of converting emotions into physical symptoms is to

communicate an upsetting emotion in a "physical language"

The failure of parental supervision is associated with

conduct disorder

Dr. Martin has asked a potential client to tell him a little bit about herself. As the woman responds, Dr. Martin bases his next question on some interesting point she has just brought up. There are few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Martin is

conducting an unstructured interview

projective test

consists of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to

A woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. As a trained professional, you think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms because the idea of illness fills some psychological need. You diagnose her with

factitious disorder

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying: A. metaworry. B. irrational assumption. C. compulsion. D. condition of worth.

irrational assumption

A woman experiences a mugging and robbery in which her prized poodle is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of

localized amnesia

One cause of the increase in homelessness in recent decades has been

policy of deinstitutionalization

A physician who offers psychotherapy is called a

psychiatrist

If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to:

show unconditional positive regard for her statements

The late nineteenth century saw the return of a perspective that could be used to describe Hippocrates' model of mental illness - namely, the

somatogenic perspective

If the experimenter knows the desired outcome of an experiment, he or she may inadvertently do something to influence the participants in the desired direction. The research design that is a specific remedy for this possibility is called

the double-blind design

A researcher interested in the effect of the caffeine in coffee on psychological disturbances deprived a group of healthy volunteers of caffeine for a week. She then administered two cups of regular coffee to half of them and two cups of decaffeinated coffee to the other half. All participants were then administered the Rorschach test, which was scored by a panel of psychologists. The dependent variable was

the scores on the Rorschach test