Abnormal Psychology Ch. 7, Abnormal Psychology Ch. 8, Abnormal Psychology ch. 6, Abnormal Psych CH. 1 and 2, Abnormal Chapter 1-4, Quiz 2 (Chapters 4-6), Quiz 3 (Chapters 7-9, 11), Abnormal Psych. 13, Abnormal Psych. 12, Abnormal Psych. 11, ABNORMAL...
Benjamin Rush
"father of American Psychiatry" developed humane approaches to treatment
free association
A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant.
orbitofrontal cortex
A region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise.
compulsion
A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety.
family pedigree study
A research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.
dream
A series of ideas and images that form during sleep.
model
A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called a paradigm
Model or Paradigm
A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations.
Theory
A set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and for gathering and interpreting information about that phenomenon
mental status exam
A set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.
Mental Status Exam
A set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.
specific phobia
A severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia).
social phobia
A severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur. Also known as social anxiety disorder.
major depressive disorder
A severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition.
placebo
A sham treatment that a patient believes to be genuine.
conditioning
A simple form of learning.
receptor
A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter
locus ceruleus
A small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine.
amygdala
A small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information.
Norms
A society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct.
pain disorder associated with psychological factors
A somatoform disorder marked by pain, with psychosocial factors playing a central role in the onset, severity, or continuation of the pain.
conversion disorder
A somatoform disorder in which a psychosocial need or conflict is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory function.
somatization disorder
A somatoform disorder marked by numerous recurring physical ailments without an organic basis. Also known as Briquet's syndrome.
Interview Schedule
A standard set of questions designed for all interviews.
mania
A state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.
Barry drank quite a lot at the biggest party of the year. Later, he had trouble falling asleep, so he took a barbiturate. If he dies from respiratory failure during the night, it is probably because the alcohol and barbiturate had:
A synergistic effect
Managed Care Program
A system of health care covergae in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services.
biofeedback
A technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily.
anxiety sensitivity
A tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.
projective test
A test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to
Projective Test
A test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to.
intelligence test
A test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability
personality inventory
A test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them.
neuropsychological test
A test that detects brain impairment by measuring a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances.
neurological test
A test that directly measures brain structure or activity.
psychophysiological test
A test that measures physical responses(such as heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems.
family systems theory
A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules.
Family Systems Theory
A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules.
social skills training
A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors.
cognitive therapy
A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes.
cognitive therapy
A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes. Examines maladaptive thoughts to improve our "Causal attribution"
family therapy
A therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways.
Predictive Validity
A tool's ability to predict future characteristics or behavior
community mental health treatment
A treatment approach that emphasizes com- munity care.
flooding
A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless.
hypnotic therapy
A treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities. Also known as hypnotherapy.
Which is NOT considered a research method?
A treatment plan for the inividual
bipolar I disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes.
bipolar II disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes.
Asylums
A type of institution that first became popular in the 16th century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons.
Beck Depression Inventory
A type of response inventory where people rate their level of sadness and its effect on their functioning.
Characteristics of anorexia nervosa include all the following EXCEPT:
A view that one is currently unattractively thin
If you are overweight, the development of which of the following is MOST likely to appeal to you?
A way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans
Which of these people is most likely to be diagnosed with depression?
A woman from the United States who has lived all of her life on an American Indian reservation
A client being treated for alcohol abuse receivers just enough a drug called curare to produce temporary paralysis just as that client takes a swig of beer. Presumably, sufficient pairings of paralysis and alcohol will reduce the client's desire for alcohol. This procedure is called:
Aversion therapy
Under what axis do long-standing problems fall in DSM-IV-TR?
Axis II
mental retardation is found in the ______ axis of the DSM-IV-TR.
Axis II
In therapy, a patient is taught to visualize sexual scenes and uncover any negative emotions that occur. The therapist is using:
Affectual awareness
If current trends concerning the body images of African American women and white American women continue, we would expect in the future that:
African American women would show increasing body image dissatisfaction
Which of the following drugs, used at low level, may raise the sex drive?
Alcohol
"I have this vague sense that something isn't right, but I just can't describe it," is a statement MOST likely said by someone experiencing:
Alexithymia
In the most common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for...
All events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time
To receive a diagnosis of a major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display...
Almost no emotional response to pleasurable events
Studies show that less than 10% of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression?
Almost none- about 10% of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year
The prevalence rate for a disorder will ___ the incidence rate.
Always be the same of higher than
The medical problem that is twice as frequent in anorexic women as it is in bulimic women is:
Amenorrhea
Dorthea Dix
America. Schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern.
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-IV-TR) was developed by:
American Psychiatric Association
A person would be LEAST likely to feel drowsy soon after taking a moderate dose of which type of drug?
Amphetamines
Lola's physician prescribed diet pills. Which of the following drugs are the MOST likely to have contained?
Amphetamines
stress management program
An approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress.
A person being treated by a shaman would MOST likely be undergoing...
An Exorcism
Trephination
An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks.
agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or help unavailable if panic-like symptoms were to occur
rapprochement movement
An effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all effective therapists.
Rapprochement Movement
An effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all effective therapists.
reaction formation
An ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a life- style that expresses the opposite desire.
undoing
An ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act.
isolation
An ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions.
factitious disorder
An illness with no identifiable physical cause, in which the patient is believed to be intentionally producing or faking symptoms in order to assume a sick role.
An anti androgen would be MOST appropriate if a paraphilic disorder is caused by:
An inappropriate sex drive
If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics, certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors then we will have evidence that...
An interaction between factors causes depression
intelligence quotient (IQ)
An overall score derived from intelligence tests.
resistance
An unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy
idiographic understanding
An understanding of the behavior of a particular individual
Idiographic Understanding
An understanding of the behavior of a particular individual.
Seligman's study in which he created learned helplessness in the lab is an example of a(n) ______ study
Analogue
If a person's primary symptom were excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for that person would be an...
Antianxiety Medication
Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed
Antipsychotic
Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is an ancient king. If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n)...
Antipsychotic Drug
What would a combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder not be likely to experience?
Antipsychotic medication
gender-sensitive therapies
Approaches geared to the pressures of being a woman in Western society. Also called feminist therapies
culture-sensitive therapies
Approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups.
The dean of academic affairs visit a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exists hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak with me". This is an example of a..
Arbitrary inference
A researcher is considering whether to gather online data from Facebook users without informing the users that their data are being used. In terms of research ethics, which question is the MOST relevant?
Are Facebook postings considered "public behavior"?
Family-Social Theorists
Argue that clinical theorists on those broad forces that operate directly on an individual as he or she moves through life - family relationships, social interactions, community events.
In males, the penis becomes erect during which phase of the sexual response cycle?
Arousal
The view that modern researchers hold about clitoral orgasms is that they are:
As healthy as vaginal orgasms
Personality Inventories
Ask respondents a wide range of questions about their behavior, feelings, and beliefs. Have greater validity/ accuracy than projective tests.
All the treatment methods for bulimia nervosa share the immediate goal of:
Assisting patients to eliminate their binge-purge patterns
Anton Mesmer
Austrian physician. Used mesmerism to treat hysterical disorders
Racine has recently broken up with her boyfriend and at the same time lost her job. which axis of DSM-IV-TR would these factors be included under?
Axis IV
the 19th century physician who argued that hysterical disorders were the result of degeneration in portions of the brain was:
Charcot
Hormones
Chemicals that carry messages throughout the body and affect mood, energy, and reaction to stress. Cortisol, Vasopressin, Melatonin
Research on doll choice in preschoolers shows that:
Children choose he thin doll rather than the chubby doll but don't know why
Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that...
Children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk of criminal behavior
gene
Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit.
Daniel, an intravenous heroin user, feels intense cravings when he sees hypodermic needles. This may be an example of:
Classical conditioning
Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were...
Clergy
One who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with problems in living such as...
Clients
If a person wants a career focused on deleting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, that person should look into becoming a...
Clinical Practititioner
A person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see how multicultural factor impact success rates is MOST likely a...
Clinical Researcher
Self-Monitoring
Clinical observation technique in which clients are instructed to observe themselves and carefully record the frequency of certain behaviors, feelings, or cognitionsas they occur over time.
Analog Observation
Clinical observation technique in which clinicians observe clients in an artificial setting, such as a clinical office or laboratory.
Naturalistic Observation
Clinical observation technique in which clinicians observe clients in their everyday environments.
A researcher reports that a drug indirectly stimulates a reward center in the brain rather than directly stimulating it. The drug the researcher is studying could be any of the following drugs EXCEPT:
Cocaine
Mario felt awake and alive as though he could conquer the world. He MOST likely used:
Cocaine
In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted views of the world. The person is showing which fear response?
Cognitive
The clinician who would be most likely to ask "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a ...
Cognitive Clinician
An individual with which disorder would least likely need therapy to avoid a reoccurance and to recover lost memories?
Dissociative fugue
If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I'll be a better person if I deprive myself or food," that person is engaging in:
Distorted thinking
George hears voices that others do not but is not distressed by them. This illustrates that:
Distress does not have to be present for a person's behavior to be considered abnormal
In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in..
Divorced people
Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that your friend could do?
Do nothing: sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and produtivity
research indicates that the MOST important neurotransmitter in the "pleasure pathway" of the brain is probably:
Dopamine
The American school teacher who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate humane treatment of people with mental disorders was..
Dorothea Dix
the american schoolteacher who lobbied state legistlautres for law to mandate human treatment of people with mental disorders was:
Dorothea Dix
The american school teacher who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate humane treatment of people with mental disorders was
Dorthea Dix
A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when non exists. Which design would prevent this problem?
Double Blind
Feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that your are in a dream like state is called...
Doubling
Abnormal "ion activity" has been fond in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages
Down the length of a neuron
One example of a projective drawing test:
Draw-a-person (DAP) test. First asked to draw a "person" then to draw one of the opposite sex.
College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because...
Drinking is considered to be a part of college culture
sedative-hypnotic drugs
Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses.
psychotropic medications
Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
Psychotropic Medications
Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning.
Tarantism (Saint Vitus' Dance)
During the Middle Ages, groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions; some dressed oddly, while others tore off their clothes; All where convinced they had been bitten and possessed by a wolf spider, and they sought to cure the disease by performing this dance.
An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individuals behavior would be considered abnormal b/c..
Dysfunctional
What is another name for genital pain during sexual activity?
Dyspareunia
If during intercourse, the female repeatedly stimulates her male partner up to the point when he almost reaches orgasm and then stops, he is probably being treated for:
Early ejaculation
If we find that many people with eating disorders also have symptoms of depression, we know that:
Eating disorders and depression are somehow related
At the "rave," a student took a drug that caused a great burst of energy, along with badly distorted visual experiences. Most likely, the drug the student took was:
Ecstasy
At the"rave," a student took a drug that caused a great burst of energy, along with a badly distorted visual experiences. Most likely, the drug the student took was:
Ecstasy
Psychoanalysis
Either the theory or treatment of abnormal mental functioning developed that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology. The treatment, developed by Sigmund Freud, is a form of discussion in which clinicians help troubled people gain insight into their unconscious psychological processes.
the german researcher who argued that physical factors may cause mental dysfunction, and who developed the first modern classification system for abnormal behaviors, was:
Emil Kraepelin
The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _____ symptoms of depression
Emotional
The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the ____ system
Endocrine
Jamal is experiencing major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be...
Endogenous Depression
Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, she feels terrible, and she feels like it will never get any better. When she responds to questions, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on the data, the diagnosis would most likely be...
Endogenous Depression
William Tuke
England. advocated for moral treatment
Salvador Minuchin describes a family system in which members are overly involved in each other's affairs as a(n):
Enmeshed family pattern
The finding that in the US. women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than men is MOST likely due to ____ research.
Epidemiological
Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called...
Epidemiological Studies
A person who (unfortunately) had the following disorders-clogged arteries, diabetes, kidney failure-would be at special risk for:
Erectile disorder
Which hormone can cause decreased sexual desire when present in either low or high levels?
Estrogen
The use of exorcism in early societies suggests a belief that abnormal behavior was caused by...
Evil Spirits
What is the best example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?
Excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings
In an ABAB reversal design study, a researcher is measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second "B" in the study?
Exercise
According to DSM-5, someone who initiates sexual contact with children is:
Experiencing a paraphilia regardless of how troubled the individual may be
A person with PTSD who refuses to talk is...
Experiencing avoidance
state-dependent learning
Learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions.
What is the distinction of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547
Popularly called "Bedlam", it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients
In general, which of the following statements about feelings that trigger eating is TRUE?
Positive emotions are less likely than negative emotions to trigger the eating of junk food
In general, which of the following statements about feelings that trigger eating is true?
Positive emotions are less likely than negative emotions to trigger the eating of junk food
If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response?
Ruminative
Methods of supplying nicotine to those who are trying to quit smoking include all of the following except:
The subcutaneous nicotine pump
To qualify for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, what must be TRUE of the compensatory behaviors displayed?
They must occur
If you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best at it when...
You are unusually happy
If you had lost your sense of identity, what would most likely be disrupted?
Your relationships
a pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called:
acute stress disorder
Marijuana users in the 1960s were less likely to develop drug dependence than users around the year 2000 because the marijuana available in the 1960s had:
much less THC
Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the US have caused psychological treatment to become more:
multicultural
imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?
parasynthetic nervous system
The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that
organic factors can cause mental illness
Problems with marital, family, peer, work, school or community relationships would be MOST similar to
other problems in living
Psychoanalysis was developed as a form of
outpatient therapy
Severak researchers have shown that in a typical year in the united states about what percentage of adults show disturbances severe enough to need clinical treatment?
over 15 percent
Polysubstance use involving illegal drugs occurs in about what percent of U.S. illegal drug users?
over 60 percent
surveys suggest that about what percent of female rape victims in the united states are teenagers or younger?
over 70 percent
If you were trying to convince a friend not to be a cocaine user, what would you cite as the GREATEST damage stemming from cocaine use?
overdose effects
People suffering from anorexia nervosa tend to:
overestimate their body size
When Jose did not get the job, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. this thought is an example of
overgeneralization
rosas heart was racing (from 4 cups of coffee she has just finished) but she thought she might have been having a heart attack. her fear seemed to be increasing without end. this might be the beginning of an
panic attack
a person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing
panic disorder
antidepressants and alprazolam have been found to be successful in treating
panic disorders
a medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other mood disorders. the general term for this type of drug is
psychotropic
Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:
psychotropic medication
drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called
psychotropics
Misusing diuretics and laxatives following a binge is a symptom of the ___________ of bulimia nervosa.
purging-type
A woman eats cookies, cake, ice cream, and almost anything else that is sweet. At some point during the binge, she takes a huge dose of a laxative to "empty out" the food. Her taking the laxative, and the assumption underlying why she does it, would lead to a diagnosis of:
purging-type bulimia nervosa
in response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the
sympathetic nervous system
messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:
synapses
a cluster of symptoms that go together and define a mental disorder is called a:
syndrome
another term for a cluster of symptoms is
syndrome
pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is
systematic desensitization
the principle of informed consent adduces that
the participant can understand the explanation
Women tolerate alcohol LESS than men because:
they have less of a stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol
Correlational studies and experiments are preferred over case studies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
they offer rich details that make the results extremely interesting
Clinical theorist Jerome Frank would say that all forms of therapy include all of the following EXCEPT a
third party payer
acoording to behaviorists why do patients engages in compulsive behaviors?
those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced
danger
threat to themselves or others
true experiments involve the manipulation of some:
variable
The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been the mose successful was the use of:
various meds
a person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing
acute stress disorder
Lasting improvement for one with anorexia nervosa depends on:
addressing underlying psychological problems
if a new test for anxiety is normed on individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams, the new test is surely lacking:
adequate standardization
according to DSM 5, the most common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy is
adjustment disorder
an inventory that asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, and anger is an _____ inventory.
affective
When was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called "shell shock") first recognized?
after World War 1
the phobia most often associated with panic disorder is
agoraphobia
"I have this vague sense that something isn't right, but I just can't describe it," is a statement MOST likely said by someone experiencing:
alexithymia
all of necks cognitively based explanations for depression have received research support EXCEPT for
all of these explanations have received research support
psychotropic medication
alleviates symptoms by altering chemicals in the brain. long term effects not fully understood.
to receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, the individual must display
almost no emotional response to pleasurable events
The medical problem that is twice as frequent in anorexic women as it is in bulimic women is:
amenorrhea
A person would be LEAST likely to feel drowsy soon after taking a moderate dose of which type of drug?
amphetamines
Lola's physician prescribed diet pills. Which of the following drugs are they MOST likely to have contained?
amphetamines
a functional analysis involves:
an analysis of how the behaviors are learned and reinforced
Jena is very unhappy. the condition is chronic and severe. if her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be:
an antidepressant
Similarities between bulimia and anorexia include:
both tend to begin after a period of dieting among people afraid of becoming obese
The disorder that is characterized by eating binges followed by forced vomiting is called:
bulimia nervosa
Daniel, an intravenous heroin user, feels intense cravings when he sees hypodermic needles. This may be an example of:
classical conditioning
when he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightening which walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today he is extremely afraid of trees. a Behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by:
classical conditioning
Those most often in charge of treating abnormality in the middle ages in europe were the:
clergymen
the term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by carl rogers is:
client-centered therapy
the term used to refer to a psychologist's comprehensive view of the causes and stimuli sustaining a person's abnormal behavior is:
clinical picture
If you wanted a career in which you focus on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, you should look into becoming a:
clinical practitioner
a person is hard at work trying to discover which combination of environmental and genetic factors produces schizophrenia. Most likely, the person is a
clinical researcher
a person is hard at work trying to discover which combination of environmental genetic factors produces schizophrenia. most likely, the person is a:
clinical researcher
exorcism
coaxing evil spirits from the body by making their host uncomfortable
A researcher reports that a drug indirectly stimulates a reward center in the brain rather than directly stimulating it. The drug the researcher is studying could be any of the following drugs EXCEPT:
cocaine
Mario felt awake and alive as though he could conquer the world. He MOST likely used:
cocaine
In the face of fear a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses?
cognitive
a depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from____symptoms
cognitive
a therapist desribes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. she draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. you conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?
cognitive
someone receiving treatment for depression periodically completes an attributional style questionnaire which is designed to measure the therapies effectiveness. the theoretical orientation of the therapist is MOST likely
cognitive
which of the following therapies is an effective long term non pharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching to interpret their physical sensations accurately
cognitive
which theoretical orientation would the following research finding support? " depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a questionnaire"
cognitive
which theoretical orientation would the research finding that depressed people choose more pessimistic and self deprecating statements in story telling test demonstrate?
cognitive
"thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning." the orientation of the author of this quote would most likely be:
cognitive behavioral
people who are coping with severe pain by telling themselves that they can get though it by focusing on the end of the pain, and by remembering that they have gotten thought it before, are MOST likely to have received which of the following therapies?
cognitive intervention
a response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is an:
cognitive inventory
an athlete who is in fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "i can't do this! i need to be perfect, and i know i'm going to fail." the theorist who would emphasize the illogical thinking process of this athlete as a source of poor performance most likely would support which model of abnormality?
cognitive model
the model of abnormality that concentrates on thinking is the:
cognitive model
the form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic, and try out new interpretations of events is:
cognitive therapy
If a therapist thought that eating disorders were BEST explained by an interaction of sociocultural, psychological, and biological factors, that therapist would be taking a(an):
cognitive-behavioral perspective
parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that
coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally
behavior that violates legal normals is:
criminal/abnormal
statements were presented to both mental patients and nonpatients. they were asked to indicate whether each statement was applicable to themselves. the questions that differentiated between the two groups comprised the final test. what is the term for this technique of test construction?
criterium key
the history, values, institutions, and arts of a society make up that society's
culter
the most legitimate criticism of intelligence tests concerns their
cultural fairness
trephination
cutting away part(s) of the skull to release evil spirits
milder forms of bipolar disorder are known as
cyclothymic disorder
If we find that many people with eating disorders also have symptoms of depression, we know that:
eating disorders and depression are somehow related
Tanya is a behavioral therapist who exposes bulimia patients to situations that usually cause binge episodes and then prevents them from binge eating. The technique that she is using is called:
exposure and response prevention
according to __________, the self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning.
humanists
the MOST common of the following psychophysiological disorders is
hypertension
The early psychogenic treatment that was advocated by Jean Charcot, Josef Breuer, and even Sigmund Freud was:
hypnotism
The early psychogenic treatment that was advocated by Josef Breuer and SIgmund Freud was
hypnotism
syphilis is to somagenic approach as ____ is to the psychogenic approach.
hypnotism
The part of the brain MOST closely associated with the control of eating and body weight is the:
hypothalamus
a friend says to you, "I just think the red sox win more games on Tuesdays then on any other day" although your friend's statement is not very scientific, it is a
hypothesis
which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression
experiences of sadness and anger
in rogers' therapy, the honesty and genuineness of the therapist allows clients to look at themselves with acceptance in a process called:
experiencing
a person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is
experiencing reduced responsivness
a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulations effect on another variable is observed is called
experiment
[paragraph: Research] in the accompanying study, group A is the
experimental group
which of the following might be an example of an analogue experiment
exposing lab rats to high stress levels and having human participants live in a simulated mental hospital would each be an example of an analogue experiment
according to the intolerance of uncertainty theory those with generalized anxiety disorder are
likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur
those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001
lived near new york city
A young woman who is very concerned about being attractive to others, is more sexually experienced, and has relatively few obsessive qualities is:
more likely to be experiencing bulimia than anorexia
standardizing and combing the findings of many different studies is called:
meta-analysis
The "club drug," which damages nerve endings and is associated with high rates of HIV-positive tests but which is NOT considered hallucinogenic, is:
methamphetamine
a patient who treats severe pain by meditating, paying attention to her thoughts and sensations but remaining nonjudgmental is engaging in
mindfulness meditation
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of
modeling
Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8 year old son brings home. During his therapy his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This form of therapy is based on
modeling
animals and humans learn without reinforcement. they learn just by watching. this form of learning is called:
modeling
imagine that you are being treated got social anxiety disorder. your therapist watches you act out a social scene, points out what you did correctly and incorrectly and praises you for what you did well. Which behavioral technique did your therapist not use?
modeling
one procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. this is called:
modeling
in science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as
models or paradigms
The "moral treatment" movement rapidly declined in the late 19th century because:
money and staffing shortages, recovery rates declines, overcrowding, assumption that all can be cured
Free-basing has the effect of making cocaine:
more concentrated
several researchers have shown that in a typical year in the US about what % of adults show disturbances severe enough to need clinical treatment?
more than 15%
about what percent of clinicians today would describe their approach as eclectic?
more than 20%
A wounded veteran of the U.S. Civil War suffering from "soldiers' disease" MOST likely was suffering from:
morphine dependence
various obstacles interfere with the study of abnormal psychology. all of the following are examples EXCEPT
most clinicians oppose the scientific study for their discipline
which of the following is not usually true of those with body dysmorphic disorder
most disorder specific behaviors would not be considered normal for a teenager
thomas szasz's view about the idea of "mental illness" is that:
most everyone suffers most of the time.
which of the following statements about rape is most accurate?
most rape victims are young
DSM-IV-TR is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is:
most widely used in the US
Chapter 12
Chapter 12
People suffering from anorexia nervosa tend to:
Overestimate their body size
Intoxication is actually a form of:
Poisoning
Munchausen syndrome
The extreme and chronic form of factitious disorder.
memory
The faculty for recalling past events and past learning.
The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the united states today is most similar to the number hospitalized in
1990
a friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based on the present research, your best answer is
" Try either one; they are about equally effective"
a friend says. i am going to get some therapy to reduce my headaches what do you suggest? based on current research on the effectiveness of treatments for stress related physical disorders your BEST answer would be
" a combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy works better than any therapy by itself"
a friend says, " i feel like I'm stressed out and sick all the time. What kind of person is least likely to have an immune system messed up like mine?" Your BEST answer is:
" an optimist who is highly spiritual"
A student says, "The problem with single-subject experiments is that there is no control group, so you don't know if the treatment is effective." The BEST reply is...
"If you use a reversal design, then participants serves as their own controls"
A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?
"Mild mood disorders are related to greater activity than severe disorders"
An example of a disturbed cognition that might be present in one being treated for anorexia is the statement:
"My eight and shape determine my value."
An example of a disturbed cognition that might be present in one being treated for anorexia is the statement:
"My weight and shape determine my value."
"I've been diagnosed with gambling disorder'"a friend says, and then asks "What theory does the best job of explaining how I developed this disorder?" Based on current research, your BEST answer is:
"No one is really sure; we need more research."
"I've been diagnosed with gambling disorder," a friend says, and then asks, "What theory does the best job of explaining how I developed this disorder?" Based on current research, your BEST answer is:
"No one is really sure; we need more research."
A friend says, "I'm thinking about getting some help for my problem drinking. What's the most commonly used from of treatment?" Your BEST answer is:
"Self-help groups"
moral treatment
19th century approach to treating people with mental illness that emphasized moral guidelines and humane treatment
a friend says to you i know someone who was diagnosed with PTSD. do you think therapy will help this person? which of the following is the best answer.
"probably- about two thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement"
Thomas Szasz
"problems in living." negative labels are used to control people.
A friend says, "I'm thinking about getting some help for my problem drinking. What's the most commonly used form of treatment?" Your BEST answer is:
"self-help groups."
Hippocrates
"the father of modern medicine"
"the therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I as in combat and imagine them like i was there. i don't want to do that! how can this possibly help me?" which of the following is the best answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this??
"your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called "flooding"
which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship?
-.06
Which correlation is MOST likely to be statistically significant?
-.80, based on a sample of 100 people
Which correlation coefficient is of the highest magnitude?
-.81
Assume variables X and Y are correlated. A researcher would be able to make the MOST accurate predictions of scores on variable Y if the correlation between X and Y is:
-.88
A person has ingested enough ethyl alcohol to lose consciousness, but not enough to produce death. The MOST probable alcohol concentration in that person, expressed as a percent of blood volume, is:
.40
A person has ingested enough ethyl alcohol to lose consciousness, but not enough to produce death. The MOST probably alcohol concentration in that person, expressed as a percent of blood volume, is:
.40.
Which risk percentage pattern BEST supports the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder ---(1) in the general population , (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder?
1% 10% 40%
According to surveys , about what proportion of adults in the United States receive psychological therapy in a typical year...
1 in 6
"Internet use disorder" is not in the DSM-5, but if it is included in the next edition, a research-based estimate of the percentage of people in the United States who would fit the diagnostic criteria would be about:
1 percent
which of the following risk percentage patterns would BEST support the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder---1,2,3,...
1 percent , 10 percent, 40 percent
The proportion of Americans over the age of 11 who smoke is about:
1/3
The proportion of Americans over the are of 11 who smoke is about:
1/3
about what portion of the US population experiences insomnia in a given year?
1/4
Surveys suggest that about what proportion of adults in the US receive psychological therapy in a typical year?
1/5
Modern studies suggest that the average number of sub-personalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder in women is about...
15, and is lower in men
Johann Weyer considered to be the founder of modern study of psychopathology, was a physician in the...
1500s
Johann Weyer considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology was a physician in the
1500s
The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is MOST similar to the number hospitalized in...
1990
A recent study informed consent forms showed that...
Many research participants don't understand them
The Ancient Greeks might find that a flash mob is MOST similar to...
Mass Madness
According to DSM-5, he most common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy for experiencing stress is...
Adjustment disorder
During which period does frotteurism typically develop?
Adolescence
To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least...
2 years
What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using ECT?
2-4 weeks
According to Masters and Johnson, performance anxiety may result in a man:
Adopting a spectator role during sexual activity
Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of...
Mass maddness
free association
A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant.
If grandpa is 90 and healthy, what is the percent chance he still masturbates at least occasionally?
Over 40 percent
the total economic cost of psycholigcal disorders, including substance abuse, in the US is closes to:
400 billion
...how many axes?
5
What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States?
5-10%
recent studies show about what portion of those experiencing major depressive disorder receive treatment for that disorder
50 percent
Researchers have shown that in a typical year in the United States, nearly 1 in ____ adults receive clinical treatment
6
What percentage of rape victims qualifies for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum et al.'s (1992) study?
94%
#42 is too long.
A
Moral Treatment
A 19th century (Pinel and Tuke) approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment.
systematic desensitization
A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread.
exposure and response prevention
A behavioral treatment for obsessive- compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention.
systematic desensitization
A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread.
systematic desensitization
A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread.
neurotransmitter
A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons.
neurotransmitter
A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons. Important for communication throughout the body. Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, GABA
syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that usually occur together
Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that usually occur together.
rational-emotive therapy
A cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder.
A student says, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables". Which will help the student?
A correlation coefficient close to zero
Case Study
A detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems.
diagnosis
A determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder.
Diagnosis
A determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder.
test
A device for gathering information about a person's psychological functioning [from which broader information about the person can be inferred]
electromyograph (EMG)
A device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.
generalized anxiety disorder
A dis- order marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
body dysmorphic disorder
A disorder marked by excessive worry that some aspect of one's physical appearance is defective. Also known as dysmorphophobia.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both.
hypochondriasis
A disorder in which people mistakenly fear that minor changes in their physical functioning indicate a serious disease.
depersonalization disorder
A disorder marked by a persistent and recurrent feeling of being detached from one's own mental processes or body.
bipolar disorder
A disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression.
Cyclothymic disorder
A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms.
dissociative identity disorder
A dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities. Also known as multiple personality disorder.
dissociative fugue
A dissociative disorder in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past.
dissociative amnesia
A dissociative disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information.
Clinical Interview
A face-to-face encounter.
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
A factitious disorder in which parents make up or produce illnesses in their children. Also known as factitious disorder by proxy.
McFalls' Manifesto
A false dichotomy has been set up between science and practice
A person receiving multicultural therapy could expect all of these effects EXCEPT
A focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A form of biological treatment, used primarily on depressed patients, in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's forehead
relational psychoanalytic therapy
A form of psychodynamic therapy that con- siders therapists to be active participants in the formation of patients' feelings and reac- tions, and therefore calls for therapists to disclose their own experiences and feelings in discussions with patients.
Outpatient Therapy
A format of treatment used by Freud, in which pts visited therapists in their offices for sessions of approximately an hour and then went about their daily activities.
self-help group
A group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct lead- ership of a clinician. Also called a mutual help group
To what can we attribute much of the dramatic rise in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder in recent years?
A growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder
Which professions put one MOST at risk for an eating disorder?
A gymnast
Which of the following would be LEAST likely to characterize the behavior of someone experiencing anorexia nervosa?
A hesitancy to think and talk about food
Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found..
A higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients
classification system
A list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses.
Classification System
A list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses.
depression
A low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms.
Depression
A low, sad state marked by significant levels or sadness, lack of energy, low self worth, guilt, etc.
Autoerotic asphyxia is a fatal side effect of:
A masochistic practice
reliability
A measure of the consistency of test or research results.
dysthymic disorder
A mood disorder that is similar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than a major depressive disorder.
Polysubstance use involving illegal drugs occurs in what percent of U.S. illegal drug users?
Over 60 percent
empirically supported treatment
A movement in the clinical field that seeks to identify which therapies have received clear research support for each disorder, to develop corresponding treatment guidelines, and to spread such information to clinicians. Also known as evidence-based treatment.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A natural response with which you are born.
neuron
A nerve cell.
norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression
serotonin
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.
norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder.
serotonin
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.
anaclitic depression
A pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from one's mother.
phobia
A persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation.
obsession
A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety.
neutralizing
A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts.
If a friend were experiencing anorexia nervosa, you wouldn't be surprised to find that the friend was also experiencing all of the following EXCEPT:
A personality disorder
stimulus generalization
A phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli.
A man awakens after eight hours of normal sleep, and has an unbroken "snap gauge" band. There's a good chance that the man has:
A physical basis for this erectile problem
somatoform disorder
A physical illness or ailment that is explained largely by psychosocial causes, in which the patient experiences no sense of wanting or guiding the symptoms.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A pictorial projective test in which respondents are commonly shown 30 black-and-white pictures of individuals in vague situations and are asked to make up a dramatic story about each card.
"The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat". If true, this statement expresses...
A positive correlation
preparedness
A predisposition to develop certain fears.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that comes to be linked with an unconditioned stimulus (US) in a person's mind.
biological challenge test
A procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist.
Hypnotism
A procedure that places people in a trance-like mental state during which they become extremely suggestible. Its study lead to the gain of following of the psychogenic perspective.
classical conditioning
A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response.
operant conditioning
A process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated
classical conditioning
A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response.
modeling
A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.
modeling
A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.
modeling
A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.
operant conditioning
A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.
classical conditioning
A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response.
Thematic apperception test
A projective test in which 30 black and white pictures of individuals in vague situations are shown and are asked to make up a dramatic story for each card.
Sentence-Completion Test
A projective test in which people are asked to complete a series of unfinished sentences.
psychopharmacologist
A psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications.
A friend says to you, "I feel like I'm stressed out and sick all the time. What kind of person is LEAST likely to have an immune system as weak as mine?" Your BEST answer is:
A. "An optimist who is highly spiritual." Correct B. "An optimist who is not highly spiritual." C. "A pessimist who is highly spiritual." D. "A pessimist who is not highly spiritual."
A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the BEST advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?
A. "Avoid mood disorders: highly creative people have a lower-than-average incidence of them." B. "Severe mania is related to long periods of high creativity." C. "If you develop a mood disorder, don't get treated, or you'll lose your creative spark." D. "Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders." Correct
A friend asks you, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. What do you think?" Based on current research, your BEST answer would be:
A. "That's the best advice your therapist could have given." B. "Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even along with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse." Correct C. "Drug therapy works especially well in combination with short-term psychodynamic therapy; cognitive-behavioral therapies don't help much." D. "Unfortunately, no therapy works very well in the long run for most people with social anxiety disorder."
When I took abnormal psychology as an undergraduate, I was convinced I had symptoms of many of the earlier disorders we covered. As soon as we moved on to new disorders, though, I was convinced I had some of their symptoms, as well. My experiences were similar to those of some people with a form of illness anxiety disorder sometimes called:
A. "hypersymptomatic syndrome." B. "medical student's disease." Correct C. "pseudoMunchausen syndrome." D. psychosomatic disorder.
Of the following individuals, the one MOST likely to commit suicide would be a:
A. 10-year-old with high serotonin activity. B. 10-year-old with low serotonin activity. C. 40-year-old with high serotonin activity. D. 40-year-old with low serotonin activity. Correct
Studies show at LEAST ______ of manic patients treated with lithium improve.
A. 25 percent B. 50 percent C. 60 percent Correct D. 75 percent
A woman has close female relatives diagnosed with a somatization pattern of somatic symptom disorder. according to research, her probability of being diagnosed with the same disorder is about:
A. 25 percent. B. 10 percent. C. 2 percent. correct D. 50 percent.
How do phobias and common fear differ?
A. A fear more dramatically interferes with one's life. B. A phobia is less intense. C. A fear lasts longer. D. A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object. Correct
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder?
A. Depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress or pain. correct B. Most cases of depersonalization disorder are associated with changes in brain activity. C. The presence of severe stressors in one's life is not a predictor of depersonalization disorder. D. Depersonalization disorder rarely occurs transiently.
What kind of evidence is there in "The Poverty Clinic" article that early interventions with children raised in stressful, traumatic environments are successful?
A. Dozens of studies show near-total reversal of physiological and psychological problems in children receiving prompt psychodynamic therapy. B. Dozens of studies show near-total reversal of physiological and psychological problems in children receiving prompt cognitive-behavioral therapy. C. A couple of studies show that almost any therapy, properly used, produces reversal of physiological and psychological problems in children receiving that therapy. D. The evidence has not yet showed the superiority of any particular form of therapy. Correct
How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities?
A. Evoked potentials can be elicited iatrogenically by therapists. B. Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns. correct C. Nonpatients are able to fake results just like those diagnosed with multiple personalities. D. Only those with traumatic backgrounds produce evoked potentials.
How does viagra work?
A. It increases blood flow into the penis. Correct B. It draws blood flow out of the penis to create a vacuum. C. It increases testosterone levels. D. It creates new cognitions about sex.
Women tolerate alcohol LESS well than men because:
They have less of a stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol
A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight, and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking what kind of antidepressant medication?
A. MAO inhibitors B. tricyclics C. second-generation antidepressants Correct D. vagus nerve stimulators
Which of the following is TRUE about alcohol use and suicide?
A. Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. B. About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk. C. Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions. D. All the answers are correct. Correct
Someone who has Munchausen syndrome, by definition, also has:
A. Munchausen by proxy. B. a factitious disorder. Correct C. dissociative identity disorder. D. body dysmorphic disorder
A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly-used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?
A. Nothing much—the drugs work specifically on manic episodes. B. The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes. correct C. The person might experience an initial intensification of depressive episodes, followed by a return to the usual intensity. D. The person probably would develop unipolar depression.
Based on the likely sociocultural factors related to erectile disorders, the BEST advice you could give to an aging couple would be to:
A. Retire or quit your job or jobs. B. Provide more intense and lengthy penile stimulation. Correct C. Focus on intercourse over other forms of sexual expression. D. Give up; there is no effective treatment.
Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist, and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the BEST thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist that your friend could do?
A. Seek immediate, in-depth treatment: hypomania severely limits artists. B. Do nothing: sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity. Correct C. Try, at least occasionally, to feel mildly depressed: cyclothymic disorder is characteristic of most great artists. D. Try, at least occasionally, to feel severely depressed: bipolar II disorder is characteristic of most great artists.
If an anorexic woman has lanugo, what has happened?
A. She has lost body hair. B. She has developed double vision. C. Her menstrual cycle has become irregular. D. She has grown fine silky hair on her body. Correct
Which of the following BEST supports the idea that teenagers who attempt suicide are more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are?
A. Teenagers have the opportunity for many more attempts than elderly people do. B. Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts. Correct C. Teenagers have far greater access to pro-suicide websites. D. The media is much more likely to cover teen suicides than those of elderly people.
Many teenagers go on occasional eating binges. Which of the following is TRUE about this behavior?
A. The behavior is perfectly normal. B. The behavior inevitably leads to bulimia. C. Most people who engage in the behavior are not bulimic. Correct D. The behavior inevitably leads to excessive exercise.
In a person who has an unusually long resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, which of the following is MOST likely?
A. The person is a man. B. The person is a teenager. C. The person did not have an orgasm. Correct D. The person was never aroused.
Which of the following findings would argue against the idea that hypoactive sexual desire in women is caused by societal treatment of women?
A. The same drugs that interfere with ejaculation in men cause hypoactive sexual desire in women. B. A sexually restrictive history is just as common among women with and without hypoactive sexual desire. correct C. Clitoral orgasms are just as common and pleasurable as vaginal orgasms. D. Erotic fantasies are more common in women with hypoactive sexual desire than in those without it.
Current research regarding the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for depression is MOST consistent with which of the following statements?
A. Therapy is most effective when techniques are used one at a time, in isolation. B. Increasing one's positive activities is more effective than just keeping track of them. C. Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one. correct D. Behavior therapists usually reject the addition of cognitive techniques into their treatment.
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding current theories on gender differences in relation to depression?
A. They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can't explain. correct B. Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support than the other explanations. C. Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation. D. Rumination theory has almost no support, and is on the way out.
According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death darers primarily differ from those in other categories?
A. They are ambivalent about their deaths. Correct B. They intend to end their lives with their actions. C. They believe that death will not end their existence. D. They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.
According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories?
A. They employ more lethal means. B. They intend to end their lives with their action. C. They believe death will not end their existence. Correct D. They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.
Of the following alternatives, which is the BEST way of differentiating between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?
A. Those with dissociative fugue change where they live. correct B. Those with dissociative amnesia often develop amnesia without experiencing an upsetting event. C. Those with dissociative fugue experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge. D. Those with dissociative amnesia experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic, knowledge.
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding gender and suicide?
A. Women attempt suicide more often than men. B. Men use more lethal means to commit suicide than women. C. Women succeed at committing suicide more often than men. Correct D. The elderly are more likely to commit suicide than children.
Having a supportive and healthy relationship with one's mother is associated with ______ in women.
A. positive orgasm outcomes Correct B. hypoactive desire C. hyperactive desire D. paraphilia
Based on studies of suicide in children, which of the following children would be the MOST surprising one to commit suicide because his or her doing so would be inconsistent with research results?
A. a child who had previously run away and tried to take an overdose. B. a child who had experienced family stress—loss of a loved one, parental unemployment, abuse. C. a child who had no understanding of death. Correct D. a child who was especially withdrawn and lonely.
In 1997, Oregon passed the "Death with Dignity Act," which allows doctor-assisted suicide for persons with terminal illnesses. Since 1997, on average, how many Oregonians with terminal illness have ended their lives each year?
A. a few B. a few dozen Correct C. a few hundred D. a few thousand
During ______, about 90 percent of males masturbate one or two times a week and most have at least two sex partners.
A. adolescence Correct B. early adulthood C. middle age D. old age
If you were instructed to imagine sexual scenes in order to identify when in the sexual encounter your anxiety about sex first arose, you would be engaging in a therapeutic technique called:
A. affectual awareness. Correct B. systematic desensitization. C. orgasmic reorientation. D. sexual satiation.
Research on the aftermath of anorexia nervosa shows that:
A. although psychological difficulties improve, weight gain is minimal. B. although weight gain is good, most cannot hold a job. C. although weight gain is good, anorectic women fail to regain menstruation. D. the death rate from anorexia appears to be declining.
Juan is an atheist, does what he wants, and is alienated from others. He feels life isn't worth living and kills himself. According to Emile Durkheim, he would be classified as an:
A. anomic suicide. B. egoistic suicide. Correct C. imitative suicide. D. altruistic suicide.
According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people who give up their lives so that another person they love may live would be classified as:
A. anomic suicides. B. egoistic suicides. C. imitative suicides. D. altruistic suicides. Correct
According to Emile Durkheim, suicides by people over whom society has little or no control and who are not concerned with the norms and rules of society are called:
A. anomic suicides. B. egoistic suicides. Correct C. imitative suicides. D. altruistic suicides.
Foreign invaders of the body that stimulate a response from the immune system are called:
A. antigens. correct B. lymphocytes. C. killer T-cells. D. helper T-cells.
The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are MOST often characterized as:
A. anxious and irrational. B. angry and aggressive. C. sad and hopeless. Correct D. tense and manic.
Attitudes about women's sexuality are more liberal now, yet the rates of female orgasmic disorders have remained the same. This trend:
A. argues against a purely sociocultural cause of female orgasmic disorder. Correct B. suggests that the Victorians were incorrect in their assumptions about clitoral orgasms. C. implies that biological factors are at the root of orgasmic dysfunction. D. means that there must be an interaction of many factors that produce sexual dysfunction.
At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Who can you think of who might be able to come over and stay with you for a few hours?" Which of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention does this question BEST represent?
A. assessing suicide potential B. understanding and clarifying the problem C. establishing a positive relationship D. assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources Correct
All of the following are considered traditional psychophysiological disorders EXCEPT:
A. asthma. B. insomnia. C. cancer. Correct D. chronic headaches.
Family members are overinvolved in each other's lives but are affectionate and loyal. This description fits Salvador Minuchin's definition of an:
A. autonomous family pattern. B. underfunctioning family pattern. C. enmeshed family pattern. Correct D. institutionalized family pattern.
Posttraumatic stress disorders:
A. begin immediately after the stress occurs. B. last between 1 and 3 weeks. C. don't begin until years after the traumatic event. D. last longer than a month. correct
One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?
A. behavioral B. cognitive C. sociocultural Correct D. psychodynamic
A person being treated for agoraphobia is gradually learning to leave home and to enter crowded public places. Additionally, the therapist hopes that "outside world" experiences will become more rewarding for the person. The treatment described BEST reflects what theoretical orientation?
A. behavioral Correct B. psychodynamic C. sociocultural D. humanistic
A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives, and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia, is experiencing:
A. binge-eating/purging anorexia nervosa. Correct B. food-phobia anorexia nervosa. C. restricted-type anorexia nervosa. D. variable limited anorexia nervosa.
A person who stopped eating candy and other sweets, then gradually eliminated other foods until the person was eating almost nothing could be experiencing:
A. binge-purge type of anorexia nervosa. B. sweet-phobia type of anorexia nervosa. C. restricted-type anorexia nervosa. Correct D. exercise-induced anorexia nervosa.
Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce the muscle tension. This is an example of:
A. biofeedback training. Correct B. EMG training. C. relaxation training. D. self-instruction training.
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
A. biological B. sociocultural C. behavioral Correct D. psychodynamic
Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as:
A. bipolar II seasonal. B. bipolar II rapid cycling. Correct C. bipolar I mixed episodes. D. bipolar I.
A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors " to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-5, that category is now called:
A. body dysmorphic disorders. B. panic disorders. C. social anxiety disorders. D. obsessive-compulsive-related disorders. Correct
Similarities between bulimia and anorexia include:
A. both tend to begin after a period of dieting among people afraid of becoming obese. Correct B. both involve a reluctance to think about food, weight, or appearance. C. both involve an underestimation of one's weight and body size. D. both tend to be related to personality disorders.
Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs:
A. calm people and reduce their inhibitions. Correct B. act as truth serum, so people can't fake their illness. C. help reduce associated symptoms of depression. D. make people forget extremely upsetting events in their lives.
GLP-1:
A. causes one to grow excessive body hair. B. helps determine the weight set point. C. causes one to eat uncontrollably. D. suppresses appetite. Correct
In psychodynamic theory, the therapeutic goal in treating SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION is:
A. causing broad personality changes. Correct B. the systematic use of free association. C. overcoming learned aversion to sexual material. D. keeping a dream diary for dream interpretation.
The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is:
A. claustrophobia. B. acrophobia. C. agoraphobia. Correct D. metrophobia.
Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a:
A. co-conscious relation. B. mutually cognizant pattern. Correct C. one-way amnesic relationship. D. mutually amnesic relationship.
Juanita has dissociative personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a:
A. co-conscious relationship. B. mutually cognizant pattern. C. one-way amnesic relationship. Correct D. mutually amnesic relationship.
Every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not. This is a ______ explanation of conversion symptoms.
A. cognitive B. biological C. behavioral Correct D. cultural
The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n) ______ symptom of depression.
A. cognitive B. emotional Correct C. behavioral D. motivational
In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective?
A. cognitive B. humanistic C. existential D. psychodynamic Correct
Emile Durkheim's theory of suicide falls under the:
A. cognitive model. B. biological model. C. sociocultural model. Correct D. psychodynamic model.
According to research, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for:
A. cognitive therapy. correct B. psychodynamic therapy. C. placebo therapy. D. no therapy.
The BEST treatment recommendation you can give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is:
A. complex, due to conflicting experimental results. B. broad; a number of different therapies work equally well. C. drug therapy, accompanied by psychotherapy. Correct D. No therapy has been shown to be effective
SSRIs successfully treat paraphilias MOST likely because of paraphilias' similarity to:
A. compulsive-like disorders. Correct B. sexual dysfunctions. C. depression. D. schizophrenia.
When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, my mother's scream is the:
A. conditioned response. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned stimulus. correct
A therapist treating an individual with a conversion disorder works to reduce pleasurable outcomes associated with being sick, while increasing pleasurable outcomes associated with being well. This technique is called:
A. confrontation. B. reinforcement. Correct C. suggestion. D. post-hypnotic suggestion.
The combination of lithium and psychotherapy is better than lithium treatment alone. This therapeutic addition is called:
A. conjoint ego analysis. B. sociodynamic training. C. adjunctive psychotherapy. Correct D. chemo-behavioral treatment.
After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia?
A. continuous B. selective C. posttraumatic D. localized Correct
Somatic symptom disorders differ from conversion disorders in that:
A. conversions disorders usually last less time. Correct B. conversion disorders usually begin later in life than somatic symptom disorders. C. conversion disorders are more common than somatic symptom disorders in the United States. D. conversion disorders are more common in men and somatic symptom disorders are more common in women.
The first step in treating anorexia nervosa is to:
A. correct family coping patterns. B. resolve unresolved oral conflicts. C. correct maladaptive thought patterns. D. help the person start to regain the lost weight. Correct
According to Edwin Shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (e.g., swimming in shark-infested waters) are called:
A. death darers. Correct B. death seekers. C. death ignorers. D. death initiators.
The effects of taking hallucinogens, accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical—is MOST similar to:
A. depersonalization. correct B. multiple personalities. C. amnestic fugue. D. body dysmorphic disorder.
Lasting improvement for one with anorexia nervosa depends on:
Addressing underlying psychological problems
Although all of the following mental disorders are of concern for increased suicide risk, the one LEAST likely to be linked to suicide is:
A. depression. B. posttraumatic stress disorder. correct C. alcoholism. D. schizophrenia.
The mechanism of action of imipramine is to:
A. destroy monoamine oxidase. B. mimic the action of norepinephrine and serotonin. C. block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Correct D. block the receptor sites for norepinephrine and serotonin on the postsynaptic neuron.
Some so-called second-generation antidepressants appear to act by:
A. destroying MAO. B. facilitating the reuptake process. C. selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin. Correct D. blocking the reuptake processes of all neurotransmitters more completely.
Which of the following is a sociocultural cause for male erectile disorder?
A. diabetes B. loss of a job Correct C. mild depression D. performance anxiety
What is the MOST common biological cause of erectile failure in men?
A. diabetes B. performance anxiety C. vascular problems Correct D. abnormal hormone levels
A person, years after committing a serious crime, is found living under a false identity over 1,000 miles from where the person used to live. The person's memory of the crime, and of other earlier events, is intact. MOST likely this is a case of:
A. dissociative fugue. B. dissociative amnesia. C. dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder. D. no mental disorder. Correct
An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument, can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely is:
A. dissociative fugue. B. dissociative amnesia. C. dissociative identity. Correct D. Such memories are affected about equally by the dissociative disorders.
If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I will be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in:
A. distorted thinking. Correct B. food preoccupation. C. obsessive-compulsions. D. amenorrhea.
According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT:
A. distractibility. B. inflated self-esteem. C. decreased need for sleep. D. suicidal ideation. Correct
Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?
A. dopamine B. serotonin Correct C. acetylcholine D. norepinephrine
Feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called:
A. doubting. B. dumbing down. C. doubling. Correct D. distrusting.
Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from:
A. drug studies. B. clinical interviews. C. family pedigree studies. Correct D. neurological studies.
Some believe that allowing terminally ill elderly people to legally commit suicide will lead to a perceived "duty to die," involving:
A. elderly people committing suicide because they think they should. Correct B. family members of the terminally ill becoming increasingly involved in the suicide process. C. subtle pressure on people to sign contracts saying they will commit suicide under certain conditions. D. younger and younger people wanting the right to commit suicide legally.
A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT;
A. emotional symptoms. B. motivational symptoms. C. behavioral symptoms. Correct D. cognitive symptoms.
When people with gender identity disorder take hormones, it is in an attempt to:
A. enhance their gender of birth. B. facilitate their living as the other gender. Correct C. reduce their sex drives. D. change their external genitals.
The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is:
A. excessively optimistic, with poor judgment. Correct B. excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem. C. very coherent, with good judgment. D. very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem.
If someone had a sexual dysfunction, we know that this person would NOT be having difficulty in which of the following phases of the sexual response cycle?
A. excitement B. resolution Correct C. orgasm D. desire
People with one anxiety disorder are most likely to:
A. experience another anxiety disorder, too. Correct B. experience only that one anxiety disorder. C. experience another nonanxiety disorder. D. experience hallucinations.
A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is MOST likely to:
A. experience postpartum depression after her first birth, but rarely experience it again. B. only experience postpartum depression after the birth of a first child. C. have up to a 50 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child. Correct D. have a 100 percent chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.
Relapses of bulimia are MOST likely to occur following:
A. exposure to other bulimics. B. life stresses. Correct C. periods of stomach sickness. D. Christmas and other holidays.
Someone with skin-picking disorder would be LEAST likely to pick skin in which area of the body?
A. face B. abdomen correct C. arms D. legs
According to Masters and Johnson, performance anxiety may result in a man:
A. failing to break a "snap gauge" band. B. breaking a "snap gauge" band. C. experiencing severe depression after sexual activity. D. adopting a spectator role during sexual activity. Correct
What problem did early behavioral therapists focus on when treating sexual dysfunction ?
A. fear Correct B. depression C. aggression D. conflict resolution
Research has supported all of the following behavioral assumptions EXCEPT:
A. fear can be acquired through modeling. B. phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans. Correct C. animals can learn to make avoidance responses. D. phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning in humans.
Which of the following is an example of a specific social anxiety?
A. fear of public speaking Correct B. fear of snakes C. fear of tornados when a tornado warning is in effect D. fear of generally functioning poorly in front of others
Jose and Ted both get racing hearts once in a while. When it happens to Ted, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed these panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. When Jose's heart starts beating strongly, he looks to his current activity to understand what is producing the sensations (hard work). Ted apparently has a high degree of:
A. fear. B. anxiety. C. obsessive imagery. D. anxiety sensitivity. correct
When talking with a potential suicidal individual on a suicide hotline, the final step for the counselor is to:
A. formulate a plan. Correct B. establish a positive relationship. C. understand and clarify the problem. D. assess the caller's suicide potential.
At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Hello. I am interested in you as a person and am going to stay on the phone with you as long as you want—all night, maybe." Which prevention goals and techniques of suicide prevention does this statement represent?
A. formulating a plan B. assessing suicide potential C. understanding and clarifying the problem D. establishing a positive relationship Correct
At a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor. "Have you ever tried to commit suicide in the past? [If yes] How did you try to do it?" Which one of the goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent?
A. formulating a plan B. assessing suicide potential Correct C. establishing a positive relationship D. assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources
A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's:
A. fugue state. B. schizophrenia. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder. Correct
Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. Research into the causes of this difference have MOST often focused on possible:
A. genetic and neurotransmitter causes. B. cultural belief system and social support causes. Correct C. prejudice within military and police forces. D. early childhood differences in educational experiences.
If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I:
A. get married to someone I really love. B. survive a bad car accident. correct C. travel on vacation near where I live. D. experience a sudden bout of mania.
A recent study showed a positive correlation between the time spent on Facebook and the likelihood of experiencing an eating disorder among adolescent girls. This result showed that:
A. girls who spend time on Facebook are less likely to have eating disorders. B. having an eating disorder causes one to disengage from face-to-face interactions. C. being on Facebook is a way to avoid eating. D. exposure to media might be related to an increase in eating disorders. Correct
What is the cause of death in the majority of male suicides in the United States?
A. hanging B. car accidents C. drug overdose D. use of guns Correct
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy:
A. has not received much support at all in therapy applications. B. receives support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder. C. receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. Correct D. is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
A. have relatives who are atypically anxious. B. are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C. misinterpret bodily sensations. Correct D. experience more stress than average.
If you live in a city, own your home and pay taxes, you are least likely to experience which of the following events next year?
A. having a house fire B. being audited by the IRS C. being the victim of a violent crime D. being diagnosed with cancer Correct
Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines stopped, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown free 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, though severely injured, because she landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably contributed most to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:
A. her personality. B. her social support. C. the severity of the trauma. Correct D. the nature of her childhood experiences.
Residents of Japan are more likely than residents of the United States to show higher rates of somatic complaints, MOST likely reflecting:
A. higher levels of the emotions that produce somatization. B. the effects of living in a collectivist culture. C. a Western bias that sees somatization as an inferior way to handle emotions. Correct D. an Asian bias to celebrate somatization as the only "real" response to emotion.
Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?
A. humanist B. biological Correct C. behavioral D. psychodynamic
When an experimenter stimulates a rat's lateral hypothalamus, the MOST likely result is:
A. hunger. correct B. loss of appetite. C. death by starvation. D. intense sexual desire.
Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been given a(n):
A. in vivo test. B. modeling test. C. covert sensitization test. D. biological challenge test. Correct
Which of the following is the BEST example of alexithymia?
A. inability to control one's eating B. inability to describe one's feelings accurately Correct C. inability to act independently D. inability to describe one's body accurately
Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which of the following causes of biopolar disorder?
A. inappropriate neurotransmitter levels B. genetic linkage patterns C. brain structure Correct D. ion activity at the cellular level
René Descartes' mind-body dualism is:
A. inconsistent with modern views of the relationship between the mind and bodily illnesses. Correct B. supported in diagnoses such as those of factitious and somatoform disorders. C. reflected in current research on the psychophysical disorders. D. supported by the idea that one's emotions can have an impact on physical health.
Retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include:
A. interviews with the person who attempted suicide. B. interviews with people who know the person who attempted suicide. C. interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide. Correct D. suicide interventions with people acquainted with the person who committed suicide, and who might attempt "copycat" suicides.
According to Bayview Child Health Center's medical director, Nadine Burke, the BEST approach to use with children who have experienced difficult, traumatic lives is to:
A. involve the legal system to remove them from the difficulty; that will solve most of the children's problems. B. use a combination of medical and psychological assessment and treatment. Correct C. use insight therapy; the physical problems will diminish as the child understands the sources of trauma. D. work with the family in a holistic psychological assessment and therapy.
If your parent has just been diagnosed with essential hypertension, the physician would think your parent's hypertension:
A. is caused by purely physical factors. B. has both physical and psychological causes. Correct C. is caused by purely psychological factors. D. is likely to lead to other disorders such as diabetes and ulcers.
Compared to a person who is happy and self-confident, a person who is bored and depressed:
A. is more likely to eat nutritional food. B. is equally likely to eat nutritional as junk food. C. cannot discriminate junk from nutritional food. D. is more likely to eat junk food. Correct
A couple has been married for almost 50 years; then one of them dies. The probability that the surviving spouse will commit suicide:
A. is much higher than normal. Correct B. is a little higher than normal, but drops to normal levels within about six months. C. doesn't change much at all. D. drops substantially, especially if the couple had been having marital difficulties.
Behaviorists believe that compulsive BEHAVIOR:
A. is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety. Correct B. originally is associated with an increase in anxiety. C. is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations. D. is exhibited by everyone.
Which of the following would be a behavioral symptom of depression?
A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger D. staying in bed for hours during the day correct
Which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression?
A. lack of desire to eat B. a negative view of oneself C. experiences of sadness and anger Correct D. staying in bed for hours during the day
According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:
A. learned helplessness. B. irrational expectations. C. regression to the oral stage. Correct D. learned anxiety turned inward.
If a study shows that an antidepressant medication is effective, that study is:
A. less likely to be published than a study showing an antidepressant medication is not effective. B. more likely to be published than a study showing an antidepressant medication is not effective. correct C. about as likely to be published as a study showing an antidepressant medication is not effective. D. almost certainly not going to be published; studies showing antidepressant effectiveness have been available for decades.
To what can we attribute much of the dramatic rise in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder in recent years?
A. less strict criteria for defining schizophrenia B. a growing belief that most cases of this disorder are iatrogenic C. a growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder *correct D. the growing belief by clinicians that many women suffer from this disorder
Based on the available research, we can conclude that:
A. listening to particular kinds of music can trigger suicide. B. failed suicide attempts may trigger listening to particular kinds of music. C. teenagers are usually listening to particular kinds of music when they commit suicide. D. sometimes listening to particular kinds of music is related to suicide attempts. correct
Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of:
A. localized amnesia. B. selective amnesia. C. continuous amnesia. Correct D. generalized amnesia.
Combat veterans are MOST likely to report symptoms of:
A. localized amnesia. correct B. continuous amnesia. C. generalized amnesia. D. selective amnesia.
Compared to white Americans and African Americans, Hispanic Americans have:
A. lower rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol. Correct B. lower rates of high blood pressure and higher rates of high cholesterol. C. higher rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol. D. higher rates of high blood pressure and higher rates of high cholesterol.
A person who is recovering from depression continues to take tricyclic medication for several months after most symptoms are gone. This is called:
A. maintenance therapy, but this is not necessary; once symptoms are gone, they tend to not reappear. B. maintenance therapy, and is often necessary to keep symptoms from reappearing. Correct C. placebo therapy, but this is not necessary; once symptoms are gone, they tend to not reappear. D. placebo therapy, and is often necessary to keep symptoms from reappearing.
Terry has been diagnosed as having a paraphilia, specifically, transvestic disorder. Terry is MOST likely to be:
A. male. Correct B. gay. C. female. D. elderly.
If a chronically ill child was removed from home and placed in foster care, and then became quite healthy, one might suspect that the parent (usually the mother) was experiencing:
A. malingering. B. a psychophysical disorder. C. a somatoform disorder. D. a factitious disorder. Correct
A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying a:
A. metaworry. B. basic irrational assumption. Correct C. compulsion. D. condition of worth.
White Americans receiving Medicaid are:
A. more likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication but may be less likely to respond to the medication. correct B. more likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication and may be more likely to respond to the medication. C. less likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication and may be less likely to respond to the medication. D. less likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication but may be more likely to respond to the medication.
Teenagers are different from people older than them who commit suicide because teenagers are:
A. more likely to be depressed. B. more impulsive and have poorer problem-solving skills. Correct C. more likely to have feelings of hopelessness. D. more prone to homicide than suicide
The relationship between gender and somatic symptom disorder generally is that:
A. more men than women are diagnosed with both somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. B. more women than men are diagnosed with both somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. Correct C. more men than women are diagnosed with somatization pattern, but more women than men are diagnosed with predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. D. more women than men are diagnosed with somatization pattern, but more men than women are diagnosed with predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder.
If one were looking for a biological cause of an erectile disorder, one would MOST productively look for a:
A. neurological problem. B. vascular problem. Correct C. reproductive problem. D. renal problem.
Imagine someone gets hit in the nose by a batted ball. The latest research suggests that swearing will:
A. not reduce pain because the pain is real, not factitious. B. not reduce pain because the pain is real, not somatoform. C. reduce pain. Correct D. reduce pain only if the person is used to swearing a lot
The disorder that is characterized by eating binges followed by forced vomiting is called:
A. obesity. B. obsession. C. anorexia nervosa. D. bulimia nervosa. Correct
Where would one be MOST likely to see the words, "Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels"?
A. on a bulimia blog B. in a treatment program for those with anorexia C. on a pro-anorexia Web site Correct D. in an obesity prevention program
Which of the following people would be MOST likely to cut out sweets, then eliminate more and more types of foods, but not force vomiting?
A. one experiencing restricting-type anorexia nervosa Correct B. one experiencing purging-type anorexia C. one experiencing bulimia nervosa D. one experiencing acute-type bulimia
What appears to be the KEY factor in determining the types of food that are likely to be eaten in a binge?
A. oral stimulation through crunchiness B. high protein through meat C. minimal chewing with soft texture Correct D. taste of the food
Clients identify the situations that trigger pedophilic fantasies and then learn to avoid the situations or cope with them more effectively. The treatment approach being used is:
A. orgasmic reorientation. B. antiandrogenic drugs. C. aversion therapy. D. relapse prevention. correct
People suffering from anorexia nervosa tend to:
A. overestimate their body size. Correct B. underestimate their body size. C. correctly estimate their body size. D. vary in accuracy in estimating their body size.
Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 (who wouldn't be!). For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, gradually the fears diminished, and they disappeared within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):
A. panic attack. B. phobic reaction. C. acute stress disorder. Correct D. posttraumatic stress disorder.
Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):
A. panic disorder. Correct B. phobic disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
If a deer jumps out in front of you while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active?
A. parasympathetic nervous system B. b cortisol system C. conservation system D. sympathetic nervous system Correct
One problem with analogue studies of depression is that:
A. people from different cultural backgrounds show different symptoms of depression. B. one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression. Correct C. computers are presently unable to simulate depressive symptoms as humans experience those symptoms. D. genetic correlational studies don't necessarily demonstrate causal links between genes and depression.
After Marie's plane crashed, her mother came to stay with her. Her friends visited often, and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. This situation, which probably contributed to Marie's coping ability after the accident, relates to ______ as a factor in her response to the stress.
A. personality B. social support Correct C. severity of the trauma D. the nature of her childhood experiences
Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n):
A. phobia. B. panic reaction. C. acute stress reaction. D. posttraumatic stress reaction. Correct
A student who fears being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress.
A. physical B. cognitive C. emotional Correct D. developmental
Increasingly concerned about my minor heartbeat irregularities, I think that my health is being threatened, and more and more often I misinterpret my body's normal signals. Which viewpoint BEST explains my experiences?
A. psychodynamic B. biological C. cognitive Correct D. behavioral
Mindfulness therapy teaches people to accept their worries and live in the present moment, which is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach?
A. psychodynamic B. biological C. cognitive Correct D. behavioral
The therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions, but not his obsessions. In addition, he does "homework" in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. MOST likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy?
A. psychodynamic B. psychodynamic, with therapist interpretation C. behavioral Correct D. cognitive
The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a:
A. psychodynamic clinician. B. behavioral clinician. C. cognitive clinician. Correct D. sociocultural clinician.
If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using:
A. psychodynamic therapy. B. behavioral therapy. C. cognitive therapy. Correct D. sociocultural therapy.
A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture?
A. psychological Correct B. physical C. deprivation D. sexual
An individual who has been diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely first seek:
A. psychological help. B. medical help. Correct C. both psychological and medical help. D. neither psychological nor medical help
A person experiencing bulimia nervosa feels a sense of relief after a bingeing-vomiting session. The person's behavior has been:
A. punished. B. negatively reinforced. Correct C. positively reinforced. D. exposed and prevented.
"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This quote most likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?
A. rational-emotive therapy B. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ****correct C. intolerance of uncertainty therapy D. biofeedbac
According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses like making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals are at risk for developing:
A. realistic anxiety. B. neurotic anxiety. Correct C. moral anxiety. D. existential anxiety.
José just saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work and everything seems hopeless. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:
A. recurrent depression. B. reactive depression. Correct C. endogenous depression. D. melancholic depression.
A biofeedback procedure involving an electromyograph (EMG) MOST likely would be used to:
A. reduce malingering. B. reduce painful muscle tension. Correct C. monitor increases in surface skin temperatures. D. increase insulin production in people with diabetes.
A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is:
A. reexperiencing the traumatic event. Correct B. experiencing avoidance. C. experiencing reduced responsiveness. D. experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.
The preoccupation with food characteristic of anorexia nervosa is thought to:
A. result from starvation. Correct B. be the cause of the disorder. C. be more pronounced in younger children with anorexia. D. result from overeating.
The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat:
A. schizophrenia. B. depression. Correct C. bipolar disorder. D. generalized anxiety.
Which of the following is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the Iraq/Afghanistan wars?
A. seeing dead or gravely wounded civilians B. seeing friends seriously wounded or killed Correct C. being injured or hospitalized themselves D. being treated for a combat-related stress disorder
If a researcher believes that dissociative identity disorders are iatrogenic, that researcher believes that dissociative identity disorders:
A. should be treated by physicians rather than by psychologists. B. are schizophrenic rather than anxiety disorders. C. are unintentionally produced by therapists. D. cannot be measured using standard personality tests. correct
Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is:
A. showing two out of several multiple personalities at the same time. B. suffering simultaneously from Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy. C. feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her. Correct D. malingering.
If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is:
A. simply too stressed at the time for memories to be laid down. B. at a different arousal level after the stress is over. Correct C. a smoker. D. one who habitually drinks too much.
DSM-5 recommends a diagnosis of paraphilia only when associated behaviors, fantasies, or urges last at least:
A. six months. Correct B. one year. C. two years. D. three years.
My office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on my desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor. If I am experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would MOST likely be in what category?
A. social anxiety disorders B. panic disorders C. obsessive-compulsive-related disorders Correct D. specific phobias
Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on:
A. social learning theory. B. state-dependent learning. Correct C. active-avoidance learning. D. associative memory learning.
Which professions put one MOST at risk for an eating disorder?
actors and certain athletes
If one found that the average weight and size of cheerleaders had declined significantly over the years, and that those who aspired to be cheerleaders had a high level of eating disorders, that would be evidence for ______ causes of eating disorders.
A. societal Correct B. family C. psychological D. biological
Which of the following theoretical orientations is MOST helpful in understanding the origin of gender identity disorder?
A. sociocultural B. biological Correct C. family systems D. cognitive
Research suggests that which of the following would be MOST likely NOT to develop a stress disorder following trauma?
A. someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control Correct B. someone who has a poor level of psychological adjustment prior to the trauma C. someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation D. someone who could be described as not very handy
Which of the following individuals is experiencing the MOST stress as measured by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?
A. someone who has just won the lottery B. someone whose spouse has just died Correct C. someone who has just retired D. someone whose child is seriously ill
Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:
A. stressor. correct B. stress response. C. stress disorder. D. psychophysical disorder.
I have just arrived in a city where I know no one, and English is not spoken by very many people. I feel as though my mind is separating from my body, and I am actually observing myself do things. What I am experiencing is:
A. temporary depersonalization. Correct B. depersonalization disorder. C. posttraumatic stress disorder. D. transient posttraumatic distress.
A graph that shows a spike in deaths due to heart attacks on the day in which a community experienced a significant disaster demonstrates that:
A. the disaster caused the heart attacks. B. the community was an unhealthy place to live prior to the disaster. C. medical care is not adequate in times of disaster. D. stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and deaths. Correct
Most sex therapists are uneasy about recent reliance on drug treatments for sexual dysfunctions because:
A. the integrated approach to therapy might be ignored. Correct B. drug treatment is generally not effective. C. of the risk of drug dependence. D. it makes the treatment of sexual disorders more complex than it needs to be.
An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:
A. the particular medication used to treat the problem. B. the cause of the problem. C. the severity and duration of the problem. Correct D. the demographic characteristics of the person.
One difference between the eating disorders and other disorders is:
A. the recovered person often misses his or her symptoms. Correct B. medication is ineffective as a treatment. C. the incidence of the disorder is rising. D. remission is rare.
While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example?
A. the trees Correct B. the lightning C. the rain storm D. the feelings of fear
A modern explanation of why many anorexic people continually have food-related thoughts and dreams is that:
A. thoughts of food occur in order to avoid eating. B. fantasy about food fulfills basic needs of the id. C. such thoughts and dreams are the cause of food deprivation. D. such thoughts and dreams are the result of food deprivation. Correct
In treating erectile disorder, the "tease" technique involves:
A. three or more episodes of intercourse each night for a month. B. stimulating the penis, but stimulation is stopped once erection occurs. Correct C. stimulating the penis until ejaculation, followed by a pause and then another period of stimulation. D. stimulation of the penis, but before ejaculation can occur, the woman squeezes the penis below the head to prevent ejaculation.
All of the following are examples of current trends in sex therapy EXCEPT:
A. treating partners who are living together but not married. B. treating the elderly who have sexual dysfunctions. C. treating homosexual people with sexual dysfunctions. D. treating only those who do not have other serious psychological problems. Correct
If you really wanted to impress your friends, you would refer to "hair-pulling disorder" by the scientific name:
A. trichotillomania. Correct B. musomania. C. traumatomania. D. gephyromania.
People who experience obsessions show:
A. typical levels of worry about real problems. B. thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them. Correct C. thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist. D. a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate.
Which of the following is MOST descriptive of an orgasm?
A. vascular congestion B. muscle contraction Correct C. cardio relaxation D. psychological desire
A male friend of yours has been diagnosed with agoraphobia and is receiving treatment. This is:
A. very common; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are males and receive treatment. B. very uncommon; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are females and do not receive treatment. Correct C. somewhat common; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are males but do not receive treatment. D. somewhat common; most people diagnosed with agoraphobia are females, but do receive treatment.
Freud believed that "hysterical" symptoms:
A. were rooted in the oral stage. B. enabled people to avoid unpleasant activities. Correct C. were medical problems that needed medical, not psychological treatment. D. were more common in men than women.
Religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) would be considered a compulsive behavior:
A. when done to provide comfort and reduce tension. B. when done more than once a day. C. when they are time-consuming, interfere with daily function, and cause distress. Correct D. never.
If you have a high level of cytokines, we know that:
A. you have developed antibodies to protect you from infection. B. you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses. Correct C. your liver is not producing bile. D. your immune system is unusually healthy.
the correlational method of research man include all of the following except
ABAB (reversal) studies
is a participants self stimulation is observed punished observed again without punishment, and punished again the design is an
ABAB reversal
One study shows that, in "substance-free" dorms, the percent of students who are binge drinkers is:
About one-half the percent of students, nationwide, who are binge drinkers
If researchers using matched control subjects find that abused children are sadder than non abused children, those researchers show that...
Abuse is probably what is causing the difference in sadness between these two groups
What statement is most consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression?
Accepting the negative thoughts and working with them is preferably to rejecting them entirely
ego defense mechanisms
According to psychoanalytic theory, strategies devel- oped by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse
Hypnotic Suggestion
According to Bernheim and Liebault, a mental process could both cause and cure even a physical dysfunction.
fixation
According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.
Fixation
According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.
Oral Stage
According to Freud, the first 18 months of life, during which children fear that the mother that feeds and comforts them will disappear; if she does, a "oral character" is displayed marked by extreme dependence or mistrust.
superego
According to Freud, the psy- chological force that represents a person's values and ideals
ego
According to Freud, the psychologi- cal force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle.
id
According to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses.
Ego
According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle.
Id
According to Freud, the psychological forces that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses; its instincts are believed to be sexual.
Superego
According to Freud, the psychological forces that represents a person's values and ideals.
Conscience
According to Freud, we develop this when we go against our parents' values and feel guilty.
symbolic loss
According to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object (for example, a loss of employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one. Also called imagined loss.
transference
According to psychody- namic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past.
transference
According to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past.
Humors
According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning - yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.
That eating disorders are rising among nonwhite Americans to levels approaching the rates for white Americans is MOST likely due to:
Acculturation
If you were looking at a photograph of yourself and adjusting the size until you thought the picture looked like you, you would MOST likely be participating in an assessment of your:
Accuracy in estimating body size
If an individual had experienced normal sexual functioning for years and gradually developed a problem with becoming aroused under any conditions, the type of dysfunction would be:
Acquired and generalized
Conditions of Worth
Acquired by children who are repeatedly made to feel that they are not worthy of positive regard; standards that tell them that they are lovable and acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines.
A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called??
Acute Stress Disorder
A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing...
Acute Stress Disorder
What is the best example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation?
Adding positive activities to the patients life
To justify analogue experiments with animals, researchers must...
Balance the suffering of the animals with the knowledge to be gained
Because of the likelihood of convulsions, withdrawal from ____ is especially dangerous
Barbiturates
In single-subject experimental designs, the participant is observed and measured before the manipulation of an independent variable. This initial observation period is called the:
Baseline Period
Research shows that parents who want to decreased the likelihood that their young daughters will experience orgasms disorder as adults should:
Be affectionate with each other
Based on past results, one would predict that women who win the Miss America Pageant in the future will:
Be smaller than those who lose
The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was...
Beck
if a patient is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the patient is most likely being treated by a follower of:
Beck
What is the correct match of person and approach?
Beck and cognitive therapy
Dangerous
Behavior that is consistently careless, hostile, or confused and that may cause a person to place themselves or those around them at risk.
"Drug dependence may envelop because one finds drug use rewarding when it reduces tension." Which view of substance abuse would MOST agree with this statement?
Behavioral
A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ____ symptoms
Behavioral
Jose is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and ear meals with his wife. In short, he should increase his positive activity. His therapist most likely reflects the ____ orientation.
Behavioral
People who talk rapidly, dress flambouyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ____ symptoms of maina.
Behavioral
Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?
Behavioral
While inflicting pain, perhaps unintentionally, on an animal or person, a teenage may become sexually aroused and later turn out to be a sadist. The theory that BEST describes this example of the development of sadism is:
Behavioral
If your therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforce non depressive actions, and improve your social skills, your therapist would be using..
Behavioral Therapy
Focusing on the addition of positive activities of the life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as..
Behavioral activation
structured
Behavioral and cognitive clinicians typically use what form of interview?
A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that is found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives?
Behavioral and sociocultural
A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is not showing what symptom?
Behavioral symptoms
A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases, the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mat when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of...
Behavioral therapy
exposure treatments
Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread.
A recently married, physically healthy man expresses great love for his new spouse, yet feels almost no sexual desire for her. One likely cause of his condition is:
Belief in a cultural double standard about women
Psychodynamic Theorists
Believe that a person's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware.
Behavioral Theorists
Believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life, concentrating wholly on behaviors.
The man who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the US was:
Benjamin Rush
The central feature of bulimia nervosa is:
Binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior
A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives, and who otherwise fits definition of anorexia is experiencing:
Binge-eating/purging anorexia nervosa
Following a very-low-calorie weight-loss program, participants would be at MOST risk for:
Bingeing
Assume a researcher finds that overuse of a drug reduces the body's production on neurotransmitters. Thus, if an abuser of this drug stops taking the drug, withdrawal symptoms occur until the brain begins producing normal levels of neurotransmitters again. Such a finding would most directly support which view of the cause of substance-abuse disorders?
Biochemical
If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the...
Biochemical orientation
The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?
Biological
A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n):
Blind design
The purpose of an antagonist drug is to:
Block or change the effect of an addictive drug
The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to...
Bond with the primary personality
Dorothea Dix
Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States. She personally helped est. 32 state hospitals.
The correlational method and the experimental method and the experimental method are similar in that...
Both have external validity
In the bilateral ECT, the electrical current passes through...
Both sides of the brain
Similarities between bulimia and anorexia include:
Both tend to begin a period of dieting among people afraid of becoming obese
Cerebrum
Brain region in the forebrain that consists of the cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala.
psychosurgery
Brain surgery for mental disorders. Also called neurosurgery
psychosurgery
Brain surgery for mental disorders
The disorder that is characterized by eating binges followed by forced vomiting is called:
Bulimia nervosa
the technique that uses Xrays of the brain taken at different angles to create a static pictures of the structure of the brain is called:
CAT scan (computerized axial tomography)
Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs...
Calm people and reduce their inhibitions
Transient depersonalization and derealization...
Can be induced by a life-threatening experience
When more than one research method produces similar results, researchers...
Can have more confidence in the results
Parents who feed their children when they are anxious and comfort them when they are tired rather than giving them a nap, run the risk of producing children who:
Can't assess their own needs
Of the following, which has the LOWEST risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change?
Cannabis
A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is better understood. This study is...
Case Study
The chief sources of data used to support the theories of psychodynamic and behavioral clinicians are...
Case studies
The clinical practitioner would be more likely than the clinical researcher to rely on which method of investigation?
Case study with a single participant
What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active>
Catatonic depression
Alcoholics Anonymous supports the belief that alcoholics should:
Cease drinking entirely
If someone receives "modern: sex therapy, chances are that the therapy will:
Center on specific sexual problems
An individual with depression who is receiving therapy is told that many, even most of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. Most likely, the therapist is...
Challenging automatic thoughts
Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are working in which phase of Beck's treatment program?
Changing primary attitudes
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
A person experiencing unipolar depression writes in an activity schedule, "Go to store; doctor's appointment; visit museum; read novel; clean room" What treatment approach is this person most likely receiving?
Cognitive therapy
According to research studies, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for...
Cognitive therapy
If a therapist thought that eating disorders were BEST explained by an interaction of sociocultural, psychological, and biological factors, that therapist would be taking a(n):
Cognitive-behavioral perspective
Throughout most of the United States, it is illegal to use marijuana, even for medical reasons. Compared to other nations, this is:
Common; most countries do not allow either medical or recreational use of marijuana
What is thought to be the cause of vaginismus (the involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles)?
Conditioning of a fear response
Kelly is a long-time serious drinker. In the last year she has started having huge memory lapses. When this happens she makes up wild stories to help her gill in what she does not remember. This symptom is called:
Confabulation
MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Consists of over 500 self-statements that can be answered "true," "false," or "cannot say." The questions contribute to categories and the scores across categories then contribute to a profile.
What is a likely long-term consequence of anorexia?
Continuing concern about weight and appearance
Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of...
Continuous Amnesia
As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range of score within a group is small, then...
Control Group
The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably...
Correct, lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression
Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by...
Correction underlying physical pathology
Sobriety High and Drug Court programs:
Cost more than regular educational programs, but save society money in the long run
If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using...
Couple therapy
When a detishist imagines the object of the fetish, then immediately imagines an aversive stimulus, the behavioral approach being used is:
Covert senstization
Major depressive episode includes...
Criteria: Minimum of 2 weeks Significant distress or impairment Symptoms occur most of the day nearly every day
Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officer have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. Research into the causes of this difference have most often focused on possible...
Cultural belief system and social support factors
The history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's...
Culture
A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does inclue brief depressive and manic episodes is called ______ disorder
Cyclothymic
What conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?
Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia
Epigenetic
DNA folded and moved around can change the way genes are expressed
A person who is suicidal and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of abnormality?
Danger
A person who has receiving the best and most current treatment for an eating disorder would receive treatment designed to:
Deal first with changing the eating habits, then with what caused them
in 1995, 600,000 people were in public mental health institutions in the US. since 1955, the number of institutionalized persons has:
Decreased
Which of the following problems is a possible medical complication of anorexia nervosa?
Decreased heart rate
In the United States, over the sat several decades, the typical duration of sexual intercourse has:
Decreased, as has the distress of those suffering from early ejaculation
William, a 20-year-old who is having his first sexual relationship, has gone to see a sex therapist about a sexual dysfunction problem. What is William MOST likely suffering from?
Delayed early ejaculation
An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. However, the individual has very good recall of previous life events and has a strong sense of self. The most likely diagnosis for this individual is...
Depersonalization Disorder
A newly developed drug causes users to lose some muscle control and slur their words, The drug also results in a slowing of central nervous system activity. MOST likely this drugs is a:
Depressant
Symptoms of depression
Depressed Mood* (kids, irritable mood) Decreased interest or pleasure*(anhedonia) Changes in weight or appetite Sleep disturbance Hypersomnia, insomnia Psychomotor agitation or retardation Fidgeting Fatigue, loss of energy Feelings or guilt or worthlessness Difficulty concentrating or making decisions Suicide ideation, thoughts of guilt, thoughts of death Always ask, are you thinking of harming self or others? Document that you asked or be liable Do the symptoms lead to significant distress or dysfunction? Have to have 5 from list, but at least one of first 2
Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that
Depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards
Which research finding provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression
Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women
If a therapist were seeing patients for treatment of hypoactive sexual desire, the therapist would be MOST likely to find which of the following disorders as well?
Depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Course of depression
Depression tends to be episodic; Each episode is associated with increased likelihood of subsequent episode; 5-10% develop bipolar disorder after first episode; Many continue to exhibit symptoms between episodes
Unipolar depression
Depression without a history of mania,
unipolar depression
Depression without a history of mania.
A man experiencing the process of erection and partial elevation of the testes is in which stage of sexual response?
Desire
Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful?
Determining general laws of behavior
Unconditional Self-Regard
Developed by those who received unconditional positive regard early in life; One's worth as a person, even while recognizing that he or she is not perfect.
A factor increasing the likelihood of a relapse of bulimia is:
Development of a pattern of frequent vomiting
Psychological Abnormality Components
Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, and Danger
One very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "subpersonalities" of those instructed to fake DID. The study showed that the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with DID...
Differed from one another, but the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not
A research study on a group of children with autism will compare treatment delivered by parents at home to treatment delivered by teachers at school. If the study finds that the treatment delivered at school is more effective, which item is the BEST example of a confounding variable?
Differences between the parents and teachers
Deviant
Different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre; behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society;s ideas about proper functioning.
preoccupation somatoform disorders
Disorders in which people misinterpret and overreact to minor, even normal, bodily symptoms or features.
dissociative disorders
Disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes.
A person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder has recovered almost completely, even though the person had not received any therapy. The person was least likely to have been diagnosed with...
Dissociative Amnesia
Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part?
Dissociative Disorder
An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to as a result of dissociative disorder. This disorder is most likely..
Dissociative Identity
A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy or surviving is...
Experiencing increases anger, anxiety, and guilt
biopsychosocial theories
Explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, develop- mental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences.
Tanya is a behavioral therapist who exposes bulimic patines to situations that usually cause binge episodes and then prevents them from binge eating. The technique that she is suing is called:
Exposure and response prevention
One of the therapy methods commonly used to treat bulimia nervosa is:
Exposure and response therapy
A recent study showed a post ice correlation between the time spent on Facebook and the likelihood of experiencing an eating disorder among adolescent girls. This result showed that:
Exposure to media might be related to an increase in eating disorders
If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then the study has
External Validity
The ability to generalize results from a study of certain individuals to other individuals not studied is called...
External Validity
Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects, Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of...
External, specific, and unstable attrition
The major ethical concern with research on Facebook users is:
Facebook users don't always know they are being studied
Which of the following conclusions about family patterns and eating disorders is MOST supported by systematic research?
Families of those with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa vary widely
Disengaged Family Structure
Family style marked by very rigid boundaries between the members.
What problem did early behavioral therapists focus on when treating sexual dysfunction?
Fear
Psychotic Features
Features such as out of touch with reality, hallucinations, etc.; during height of episode they show this; experience psychosis out of depression episode, may be schizophrenic
Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is...
Feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her
Which of the following pains are MOST analogous (comparable)?
Female-to-male gender dysphoria and male-to-female gender dysphoria: androphilic type
A pattern of abnormalities, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder characterizes someone with:
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What is the term for the use of and attrition to inanimate objects as a preferred method of achieving sexual excitement?
Fetishism
Consequences of anorexia nervosa include all of the following EXCEPT:
Fever and high blood pressure
Hypoactive sexual desire may include all of the following EXCEPT:
Finding sexual activity repulsive
Psychodynamic therapies may not be very effective in the treatment of substance-related disorders because:
Finding the cause of a substance-related disorder is less important than treating the abuse as an independent problem
If all you know about someone is that the person has been binge drinking in the past month, then you know the person had at least:
Five drinks at a time at least once, and probably is a male
To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by...
Flipping a coin to determine group assignment
Emotion Focused Therapies
Focuses on acceptance and mindfulness of your emotions. Includes dialectical behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment theory.
Philippe Pinel
France. argued that the mentally ill should be treated with sympathy and compassion
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory to explain both normal and abnormal psychological functioning as well as a corresponding method of treatment, a conversational approach with the same name.
benzodiapines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____at certain receptor sites in the brain.
GABA
If someone felt assigned to the wrong sex and identified with the other gender, that person would MOST likely receive a diagnosis of:
Gender dysphoria
Diathesis Stress Model
Genetics -> stress -> changes in neurotransmitters and hormones -> psychopathology
Richard Von Krafft-Ebing
German neurologist. Discovered that syphilis caused general paresis
Emil Krapelin
German researcher. DSM. created a system of classification
Role Playing
Gestalt therapy technique in which therapists instruct clients to act out various roles in the hopes that they will come to accept feelings that previously main them uncomfortable.
Skillful Frustration
Gestalt therapy technique in which therapists refuse to meet their clients' expectations or demands in order to help them see how often they try to manipulate others into meeting their needs.
Adrenal Glands
Glands located on top of the kidneys that, during times of stress, secrete the hormone cortisol; abnormal secretions of this hormones have been tied to anxiety and mood disorders.
Which is the best example of interpersonal role transition?
Going away to college for the first time
For people with bulimia nervosa, binge episodes produce feelings of:
Guilt and depression
Women are MORE likely to be orgasmic when they have:
Had a relatively long relationship with their first sex partner
The perceptual distortions some drugs produce are called:
Hallucinosis
In the early asylums, treatment for mental illness began with the intention to provide...
Harsh Treatment
Which of the fowl long findings BEST argues against the idea that female orgasmic problems are due to society's message to women that they should deny their sexuality? Many women with arousal and orgasmic difficulties:
Have a history of rape or child sexual molestation
A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to...
Have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child
On hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What could be a potential confound in this study?
Having the drug group be inpatients and the placebo group be outpatients
The first step in treating anorexia nervosa is to:
Help the person start to regain the lost weight
During his first night in the detox unit, Quent developed what seemed like a case of the flu. He ached all over and had diarrhea. He was probably withdrawing from:
Heroin
The drug that produces effects similar to what neurotransmitters called endorphins produce is:
Heroin
Sociocultural Model
Holds that abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the broad forces that influence an individual.
Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following except...
Hormonal functioning
which of the following aspects of TYPE A personality make a person MOST vulnerable to heart disease?
Hostility and time urgency
Which statement is FALSE regarding the obstacles that clinical scientists face in studying psychological disorder?
Humans have unusually stable (unchanging) moods and behavior
Which of statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?
Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking
The part of the brain MOST closely associated with the control of eating and body weight is the:
Hypothalamus
The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n)
Hypothesis
Which of the following statements would offer the LEAST support for the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?
Hypotism has helped people give up smoking
Fredrich Anton Mesmer became famous (or infamous) for his work with patient suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed...
Hysterical
Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than those with mental disorders to say:
I'm different and I like it
Vomiting as a compensatory behavior for those experiencing bulimia:
Ironically, leads to greater hunger and more frequent binges
A paraphilia:
Is a response to a socially inappropriate object or situation
Our expectation, values, and goals combine to form our...
Identity
A case study of a patient includes history, tests, and interviews with associates. A clear picture us constructed of this individual so her behavior is understood. This approach is...
Idiographic
Face Validity
If an assessment makes sense and is reasonable
In which of the following cases are you MOST likely to develop an eating disorder?
If you have an identical twin with anorexia nervosa
Which of the following responses from the person he exposed himself to would be at LEAST satisfying to an exhibitionist?
Ignoring the exhibitionist
Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs...
Immediately and it is short term
One longitudinal study found that men who developed alcoholism were initially MORE:
Impulsive in adolescence
A person with a substance abuse problem has just self-administered by intramuscular injection an overdose of fentanyl, a powerful synthetic narcotic. A potentially fatal side effect of fentanyl overdose is that breathing stops. Assuming the drug would interfere with breathing when it reaches the brain, the person would experience breathing difficulty:
In a few minutes
secondary gain
In psychodynamic theory, the gain achieved when hysterical symptoms elicit kindness from others or provide an excuse to avoid unpleasant activities.
primary gain
In psychodynamic theory, the gain achieved when hysterical symptoms keep internal conflicts out of awareness.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of female sexual interest arousal disorder?
Inadequate lubrication during sexual activity
There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the ____ of schizophrenia in this small population.
Incidence
In a scientific experiment. the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the...
Independent Variable
Detoxification procedures may involve any of the following EXCEPT:
Initially increasing the substance dose to make the substance aversive
Dysfunctional
Interfering with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way; Behavior, thoughts, and emotions that so upsets, distracts, or confuses people that they cannot care for themselves properly, participate in ordinary social interactions, or work productively.
Tony just does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an...
Interpersonal deficit
A person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of...
Interpersonal deficits
If your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life and how they might be changing or how your expectations might be different from someone else's, you therapist would be using...
Interpersonal therapy
Structured Interview
Interview in which clinicians ask prepared questions.
A study included 60 ppl suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty received aspirin, 20 received a sugar pill that looked like aspirin, and 20 got nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappeared. In the other two groups the "cure" rates were 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants were treated identically. This study:
Is an experimental study
One who studies the history of the feild of abnormal psychology MOST likely would compare our current understanding of abnormal behavior to a book that...
Is in the process of being written
Compared to a person who is happy and self-confident, a person who is bored and depressed:
Is more likely to eat junk food
Unlike the opioid drugs morphine and heroin, methadone:
Is synthetic
One factor that contributed to the decline of moral therapy was...
It did not work for everyone
What is the MOST common outcome of gender dysphoria in childhood?
It disappears by adolescence or adulthood
How does Viagra work?
It increases blood flow into the penis
Which of the following is NOT true about obesity?
It is a mental disorder
Which statement is true about the research in the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating unipolar depression?
It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 % of the cases
I was running down a familiar country lane when all of a sudden nothing looked familiar. It took me several seconds to realize where I was, and I continued my run without incident. What I experienced was...
Jamais Vu
The first physician to specialize in mental illness was:
Johann Weyer
The popular star whose death raised awareness of eating disorders was:
Karen Carpenter
A patient in an alcohol rehab center tells you a detailed story about growing up in the Tennessee. A day later you visit the patient again, and the patient does not recognize you. Most likely, the patient is suffering fro,:
Korsakoff's syndrome
A patient in an alcohol rehabilitation center tells you a detailed story about growing up in the mountains of Tennessee. Later, you find out that the person in fact never even visited Tennessee. A day later you visit the patient again, and the patient does not recognize you. Most likely, the patient is suffering from:
Korsakoff's syndrome
A person took a drug an hot or two ago. Now the person sits alone, quietly and intensely listening to the sap running in a tree whose leaves appear a brilliant purple to the drug user. MOST likely, the person has recently used:
LSD
A person took a drug and hour or two ago. Now the person sits alone, quietly and intensely listening to the sap running in a tree whose leaves appear a brilliant purple to the drug user. MOST likely, the person has recently used:
LSD
What underlies Hilde Bruch's ego deficiency view of children with eating disorders in a sense of:
Lack of control over the lives and a misperception of internal cues
Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is...
Learned helplessness
Case studies are useful for...
Learning a great deal about a particular patient
A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that..
Life stress and depression are related
Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs than men. This is the...
Life stress theory
Relapse for both bulimia and anorexia is MOST likely triggered by:
Life stresses
A man who has never been able to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse would MOST likely be diagnosed with what type of erectile disorder?
Lifelong
If a woman had never experienced normal sexual functioning with her husband and had a problem with becoming aroused with him, but found she could be aroused with other men, the type of dysfunction would be:
Lifelong and situational
Epidemiology of depression
Lifetime prevalence (U.S.)- 16.2% with depression at some point in lifetime, most common; Women 2x at risk & for anxiety; Age group at most risk- young adults (15-24)
The most likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2011?
Lived near New York City
Two people of the same gender and wight consume the same amount of alcohol int he same amount of alcohol in the same amount of time. Nevertheless, one of them sobers up substantially sooner than the other. MOST likely, this different is due to:
Liver function: some people's lives metabolize alcohol after than those of others
Combat veterans are likely to report symptoms of
Localized Amnesia
Shawn experiences a mugging and robbery in which his dog is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, he is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of...
Localized Amnesia
Which statement about psychodynamic theory in treating unipolar depression is accurate?
Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression
Which of the following is a sociocultural cause for male erectile disorder?
Loss of job
What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future?
Low-- so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression
Im women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found at:
Lower levels in the stomach, making them more susceptible to getting drunk
the test with the highest validity in identifying psychological disturbances is the:
MMPI
Terry has been diagnosed as having a paraphilia, specifically transvestic fetishism. Terry is MOST likely to be:
Male
What is the MOST likely explanation for the different explanations of eating disorders in men and women?
Male eating disorders are more likely to be tied to work or sports
What the #%*$!!! Is going on? The insurance company says I have to stop my anger management program now!" The client who says this is MOST likely voicing concern about a:
Managed Care Problems
On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. Most likely, David is experiencing...
Manic phase of bipolar 1 disorder
A person who uses the drug Ecstasy at a crowded party begins to feel too hot, and immediately drinks lots of fluids. This person:
May be in trouble; the person may experience hypothermia or water intoxication
Is there any explanation of a genetic explanation for substance abuse disorders?
Maybe; those with a substance use disorder are more likely than those without a disorder to have an abnormal D2 receptor gene
Enmeshed Family Structure
Members are grossly overinvolved in each other's activities, thoughts, and feelings.
What statement is not generally accurate regarding gender and depression?
Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression
Recent research on body dissatisfaction among college students suggests which of the following?
Men who are overweight and underweight are more dissatisfied than those who are of medium weight
The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that...
Mental illness should be treated humanely and with respect
The "club drug", which damages nerve endings is associated with high rates of HIV-postive tests but which is NOT considered hallucinogenic, is:
Methamphetamine
What kind of unipolar depression is behavioral treatment most effective in treating?
Mild depression
Chronic (persistent) Depressive Disorder
Minimum of 2 years of symptoms; Can be low grade symptoms (formally called dysthymia, subtle, interferes with functioning but not enough to disrupt completely); Prevalence: 4.6% of the population
Humanistic-Existential Model
Model of abnormality consisting of humanistic and existential theories/theorists together because of their common focus on broader dimensions of human existence such as self-awareness, strong values, sense of meaning in life, and freedom of choice.
Genetic factors in depression
Moderate genetic influence; Environment equally strong or stronger influence in development of depression;
One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector". How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?
Moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration
Dysthymic disorder
Mood disorder that is similar to but longer and less disabling than major depressive disorder
Free-basng has the effect of making cocaine:
More concentrated
A young woman who is very concerned about being attractive to others, is more sexually experienced, and has relatively few obsessive qualities is:
More likely to be experiencing bulimia than anorexia
A personality change that often accompanies dissociative figures is that people become...
More outgoing
A wounded veteran of the U.S. Civil War suffering from "soldiers' disease" MOST likely was suffering from:
Morphine dependence
What statement provides the most persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?
Most abused children don't develop the disorder
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the relationship between gender and eating disorders?
Most cases of eating disorders occur in females
Recent studies of pedophiles show that:
Most have at least one other psychological disorder
Many teenagers go on occasional eating binges. Which of the following is TRUE about this behavior?
Most people who engage in the behavior are not bulimic
Which statement about rape is accurate?
Most rape victims are young
To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display...
Motor immobility or lack of excessive activity
Marijuana users in the 1960s were less likely to develop drug dependence than users around the year 2000 because the marijuana available in the 1960s had:
Much less THC
Which of the following is MOST descriptive of an orgasm?
Muscle contraction
Of the following, the MOST appropriate diagnosis for a man who is strong and fit but does not see himself that way is:
Muscle dysmorphobia
Once a study in abnormal psychology finds significant results, researchers...
Must ask a number of questions about the details of the study
The idea that both partners share the accountability for sexual dysfunction is known as:
Mutual responsibility
Raymond has dissociative identity disorder. All of his sub-personalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a..
Mutually cognizant pattern
All the opioid drugs are known collectively as:
Narcotics
Hippocrates' contribution to the development of understanding mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of...
Natural Causes
Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's
Negative interpretation of events
If you were trying to convince a friend not to be a cocaine user, what would you cite as the GREATEST damage stemming from cocaine use?
Overdose effects
Biological factors in depression
Neurochemical factors with serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine; Neurophysological influences EEG asymmetry, Asymmetry in brain compared to people without depression
neuroimaging techniques
Neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, such as CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs. Also called brain scans.
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, eating disorders
Some individuals experience a normal interest in sex but choose not to engage in sexual relations. Such people would be diagnosed with:
No sexual dysfunction
A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. Most likely, that person is experiencing...
No stress disorder
A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior is called...
Nomothetic
Clinical researchers are usually concerned with a(n) _______ understanding of abnormality, while practitioners focus on a(n) ______ understanding
Nomothetic, Idiographic
A woman eats chips and dips, burgers and fries, and drinks a couple of shakes. Afterward, she goes to the gym and does 90 minutes of aerobics, spends an hour on the stair stepper, and then does weight for another hour. She does not eat for 72 hours. The set of assumptions underlying her behavior would lead to a diagnosis of:
Nonpurging-type bulimia nervosa
Based on current research, all of the following individuals have a higher risk of dying early EXCEPT:
Normal-weight people
Someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. You can be reasonably sure that this person's disorder is...
Not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder
Which BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization?
Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street
Students were given a sensation-seeking test and then divided into two groups, depending on their score. A researcher observed how many times students in each group got out of their seats 2 hours. The dependent variable is;
Number of times getting out of one's seat
automatic thoughts
Numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction.
Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?
Obsessive Compulsive Disorver
Of the following, the psychological disorder that anorexia nervosa MOST resembles is:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
A person who recently injected cocaine reports reaching the peak of euphoria. Usually, that euphoria:
Occurs at about the same time as the peak of dopamine-using neuron activity
If someone opposes the medical use of THC, MOST likely, the person may do so because:
Of legal or moral reasons
Hippocrates
Often called the father of modern medicine; taught that illnesses had natural causes - he saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from internal physical problems.
Carl Rogers
Often considered the pioneer of the humanistic perspective; believed that the road to dysfunction began in infancy.
Psychodynamic Model
Oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models.
In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient..
On the street or in jail
A heroin overdose is likely to occur when:
One has been without for a period of time and then takes one's usual dose
Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a...
One-Way amnesic relationship
In what proportion of suicides and rapes in the United States does alcoholism play a role?
One-third
According to reports about the effectiveness of Drug Courts and Sobriety High problems, how likely are those who complete these programs to violate the law again compared with those who do not complete them?
One-third as likely
unstructured
Open-ended questions that learn about the client's thought process are considered ________.
The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that
Organic factors can cause mental illness
A man being treated for a fetish to women's hats first obtains an erection rom looking at women's hats, then begins to masturbate while looking at a picture of a nude woman. At the moment of orgasm, he masks sure to be looking at the picture of the nude women. The behavioral approach being used it:
Orgasmic reorientation
Psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, was a form of what we now would call...
Outpatient Therapy
If grandma is 90 and healthy, what is the percent chance she still masturbates at least occasionally?
Over 20 percent
Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for boys to get off of her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of an...
PTSD
Years after the U.S. civil war was over, many veterans diagnosed with "melancholia" or "soldier's heart" still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their most likely diagnosis would be...
PTSD
The following are all examples of sociocultural causes of hypoactive sexual disorder EXCEPT:
Pain medication
Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?
Parasympathetic nervous system
The function of the double blind design is to guard against
Participant and experimenter expectancies
Actuarial Data
Participants respond to a test, the faster they respond, the more suicidal they are. Formula used to predict outcomes based on objective data from prior instances. More reliable than clinical judgment.
Pat and Jody each have five screwdrivers (OJ and vodka). Pat gets very drunk. Jody does not. Which of the following is MOST likely to be true?
Pat is a woman, Jody is a man
Pat and Jody each have five screwdrivers (OJ and vodka). Pat gets very drunk. Jody does not. Which of the following is MOST likely to be true?
Pat is a woman. Jody is a man.
A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the time Freud was practicing that...
People are more likely to receive treatment for "problems in living"
Which of the following statements is true?
People with bulimia nervosa run the risk of becoming both anorexic and obese
"Depression and eating disorders are correlated." What does this statement mean?
People with eating disorders also tend to be depressed
panic attacks
Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass
Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. it has lasted for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she most likely be diagnosed with?
Persistent
Based on current research, what is the relationship between personality and stress disorders?
Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them
A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a _______ response to stress
Physical
Psychiatrists
Physicians who complete 3 or 4 additional years of training after medical school (residency) in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning.
A researcher randomly divides young women suffering from anorexia into two groups. Participants in Group A receive psychotherapy and drug treatments; Participants in Group B receive attention (but no therapy) and a "sugar pill". The researcher then compares participants in the two groups on relief of anorexia symptoms. One important criticism of the preceding research is that it is a...
Placebo Effect
If you are an oversight female teenager with an eating disorder, you are MORE likely that your peers to do all of the following EXCEPT spend more time:
Playing video games
If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential physically, educationally spiritually that program would have elements MOST similar to...
Positive psychology programs
A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than six months. This woman is experiencing...
Postpartum depression
A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called...
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
The people most likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in...
Poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old
In the classic type of pedophilic disorder, those MOST at risk are:
Prepubescent boys
Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health
Prevention and positive psychology
Which statement is BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances...
Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment
According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really...
Problems in Living
The use of methadone in drug maintenance programs is controversial because methadone;
Produces withdrawal sometimes more difficult than heroin withdrawal
Clinical Psychologists
Professionals who earn a doctorate in clinical psychology by completing 4 years of graduate training in abnormal functioning and its treatment and also complete a one-year internship at a mental hospital or mental health agency.
Rorschach Test
Projective test in which clinicians present one inkblot card at a time and ask respondents what they see, what the inkblot seems to be, or what it reminds them of.
psychodynamic clinicians
Projective tests are used by ________ to help assess the conscious drives and conflicts they believe to be at the root of abnormal functioning.
A clinician wishes to begin a drug abuse prevention campaign in a community. The most important thing the clinician can do is to:
Provide a consistent message across the media about drug abuse
Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of...
Psychoanalysis
Which sequence is correct in terms of prominence of mental health treatments in the United States during the twentieth century and beyond?
Psychoanalytic, Biological, Cognitive, Sociocultural
A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is most likely from which orientation?
Psychodynamic
Which theoretical model is supported by finding monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?
Psychodynamic
unstructured
Psychodynamic and humanistic clinicians typically use what form of interview?
The clinician who would be most likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced " is a...
Psychodynamic clinician
Free association, interpretation of associations, and dream interpretation are all techniques used primarily by...
Psychodynamic therapists
Bernheim and Liebault use hypnotic suggestion to induce hysterical disorders in "normal" people providing support for which perspective of abnormality...
Psychogenic
A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture?
Psychological
antidepressant drug
Psychotropic drugs that improve the moods of people with depression.
antipsychotic drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucina- tions, and delusions found in psychotic disorders.
antianxiety drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety. Also called minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics.
antibipolar drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suf- fering from a bipolar mood disorder. Also called mood stabilizers.
Antipsychotic Drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions found in psychotic disorders; common ones are quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), and haloperidol (Haldol).
Antidepressant Drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help improve the moods of people with depression; they include sertraline (Zoloft), fluoxetine (Prozac), and escitalopram (Lexapro).
Antianxiety Drugs (Minor Tranquilizers or Anxiolytics)
Psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety; these drugs include lorazopan (Atavan), alprazolam (Xanax), and diazepam (Valium).
Antibipolar Drugs (Mood Stabilizers)
Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder; one of the most widely used of these drugs is lithium.
Misusing diuretics and laxatives following a binge is a symptom of the ___ of bulimia nervosa
Purging-type
A woman eats cookies, cake, ice cream, and almost everything else that is sweet. At some point during the binge, she takes a high dose of laxative to "empty out" the food. Her taking the laxative, and the assumption underlying why she does it, would lead to a diagnosis of:
Purging-type bulimia nervosa
To study some differences, a researcher selected a group of 10 men and 10 women and treated all participants exactly the same. Each participant was given a test of psychological function. This study is an example of a(n)...
Quasi-Experimental Study
Which statement about the long-term effects of rape on women is accurate?
Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health
What appears to be the KEY factor in deterring the types of food that are likely to be eaten in a binge?
Rapidity through soft texture
In order to change the high rates of obesity among U.S. children and adolescents, which of the following should be addressed?
Rates of exercise and dietary habits
What is the MOST common outcome for individuals with anorexia nervosa?
Recovery
Depersonalizarion ______, while derealization _____
Refers to oneself; Refers to the external world
According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from...
Regression to the oral stage
The contingency management approach is an example of the application of ___ to the treatment of depresson
Reinforcement
Behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include...
Reinforcing nondepressed behavior
The technique of having a client with pedophilia identify situations in which he performs inappropriate behavior and then teaching him more appropriate coping strategies is called:
Relapse-prevention training
In Victorian times, a woman diagnosed as "insane: was presumed to have a dysfunction of her:
Reproductive organs
After medical school, a psychiatrist recieves three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning; this training is called a(n)
Residency
If someone had a sexually dysfunction, we know that this person would not be having difficulty in which of the following phases of the sexual response cycle?
Resolution
Affective Inventories
Response inventories that measure the severity of such emotions as anxiety, depression, and anger.
Cognitive Inventories
Response inventories that reveal a person's typical thoughts and assumptions and can uncover counterproductive patterns of thinking that may be at the root of abnormal functioning.
Social Skills Inventories
Response inventories used particularly by behavioral and family-social clinicians that ask respondents to indicate how they would react in a variety of social situations.
A person who stopped eating candy and other sweets, then gradually eliminated other foods until he or she was eating almost nothing could be experiencing:
Restricted-type anorexia nervosa
The preoccupation with food characteristic of anorexia nervosa is thought to:
Result from starvation
What effect has the use of sodium amobarbital had in treating dissociative amnesia and fugue?
Results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others
Three chronic marijuana users- a "light" user, a "moderate" user, and a "heavy" user- stop using marijuana. Several weeks later, abnormal blood flow, which had occurred in the brains of all three prior to quitting, had MOST likely:
Returned close to normal for the "light" and "moderate" users only, but still remained at abnormal levels for the "heavy" user
Internal validity reflects how well a study...
Rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied
In the past, dissociative identity disorder was most likely "misdiagnosed" as...
Schizophrena
one who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict and explain abnormality is a clinical:
Scientist
Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?
Self-hypnosis
There person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is...
Seligman
The levels of ___ are low in many people with depression and those with eating disorders
Serotonin
Major depressive disorder
Severe pattern of unipolar depression that is disruptive and not caused by drugs or other factors; Criteria: Major depressive episode No history of manic episode or mixed episode Any history of manic episode (excessive energy and impulsiveness) puts you in bipolar category, episode is 1 week, mania category
A woman reports having vivid sexual fantasies, yet is unable to experience either clitoral or labial swelling, or vaginal lubrication. The MOST likely diagnosis for this woman would be:
Sexual interest arousal disorder
A woman who experiences little sexual response to erotic cues and physical stimulation is MOST likely experiencing:
Sexual interest/arousal disorder
The Rosenthal effect:
Should be avoided by using a blind design
"many people are not away of the sources of their abnormality, because abnormality often arises from unconscious psychological processes; such people need insight about those processes." Who would agree most strongly with this statement?
Sigmund Freud
Which statement is true about case studies and single-subject designs?
Single-subject designs have more internal validity
Barbiturates were first prescribed to help people:
Sleep
What is a physical symptom of depression?
Sleeping poorly
One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would most likely represent which theoretical orientation?
Sociocultural
Researchers have found that substance use disorders are more common among some religious groups that others, and generally are more common among some groups than among others. Together, these findings provide the MOST support for which view of substance abuse disorders?
Sociocultural
What theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?
Sociocultural
hysterical somatoform disorders
Somatoform disorders in which people suffer actual changes in their physical functioning.
The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in the psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning...
Somatogenic
Research shows that danger to self or others is found in...
Some cases of abnormal functioning
There are several factors related to unipolar depression-- reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. How do these factors relate to depression? The most recent research shows that...
Some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression
A woman's dyspareunia is MOST likely caused by:
Some physical condition
Who is MOST likely to receive phalloplasty?
Someone experiencing gender identity disorder
Which person would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person's behavior is dysfunctional?
Someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice
According to Martin Seligman's theory, who would be most likely to develop learned helplessness?
Someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event
Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder, because of specific circumstances...
Someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado
Surveys have found that 43 percent of people today believe that mental illness is called by...
Something people bring on themselves
structured
Specific prepared questions, such as yes or no questions are considered ________.
Mania
State or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking
Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in..
State-Dependent Learning
In treating erectile disorder, the "tease" technique involves:
Stimulating the penis, but stimulation is stopped once erection occurs
A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive...
Stress Response
Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a...
Stress Response
"Why do we do natural experiments?" asks a student. "After all, each disaster that causes a natural experiment is unique." A good answer would be, "Using natural experiments, researchers have learned quite a lot about...
Stress disorders
Psychosocial factors in depression
Stress: higher levels of cortosol in people that are depressed as well Major depressive episodes increased chance of becoming depressed Cognitive theories: depressed people think they're worthless, negative future outlook, bad underlying belief systems when depressed Depression requires a lot of social support; isolated because depressed, or depressed when isolated Depressive rumination: thinking negatively for hours One group medication, one group psychotherapy, both recover but therapy side copes better, medication slips back easier; if give both to one, you have slightly better response rate
caudate nuclei
Structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions.
Which item is in an analogue study?
Studying the effects of stress in nonhumans
Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This an example of:
Subject Bias
A college professor's work performance recently has deteriorated, and his colleagues find him difficult to talky to. If this is due to a problem with drugs, the best description of this professor's behavior as detailed above would be:
Substance abuse
The long-term pattern of maladaptive behavior caused by the regular use of some chemical or drug is called:
Substance abuse
A modern explanation of why many anorexic people continually have food-related thoughts and dreams is that:
Such thoughts and dreams are the result of food deprivation
According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT
Suicidal ideation
Anorectic patients receive a gradually increasing diet over the course of several weeks, encouragement, education, and reassurance that they will not become obese. The form of therapy they are receiving is:
Supportive nursing care
If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I...
Survive a bad car accident
A client who is talking calmly and rationally all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced...
Switching
If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active?
Sympathetic nervous system
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Systematic desensitization, shaping children's behavior, social modeling A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).
Gambling disorder is MOST common among:
Teenagers and college students who are feeling distressed
In addition to failing to explain why some people who experience severe trauma do not develop dissociative disorders, behavioral theorists also have the most difficulty explaining how...
Temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder
Which "new diagnosis" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and subways MOST likely receive?
Terrorism Terror
Evidence for the effectiveness of self-help programs comes MOSTLY from:
Testimonials from those who have gone through such a program
response inventories
Tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes.
Response Inventories
Tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific ares of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes.
validity
The accuracy of a test's or study's results. [the extent to which the test or study actually measures or shows what it claims.]
Validity
The accuracy of a test's or study's results; that is, the extent to which the test or study actually measures or shows what it claims.
Most clinicians would agree that paraphilic activities should NOT be considered a disorder when:
The behavior is part of an otherwise typical sex life
self-efficacy
The belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary.
Encoding Specificity Principle
The belief that retrieval will be more successful when cues available during recall are similar to those present when the material was memorized (being intoxicated at the time)
The "weight set point" is:
The body's natural weight
Which of the following is the MOST accurate biological explanation for people who gain weight after losing it?
The brains is trying to restore the person to a set weight point
anxiety
The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger.
fear
The central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being.
hormones
The chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.
Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of...
The clinical practice of positive psychology
Recent research indicated that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuits involved in unipolar depression except...
The corpus callosum
Which statement is NOT a reason that demonology dominated vies of abnormality in Europe in the Middle Ages?
The culture rejected religious beliefs
Research on the aftermath of anorexia nervosa shows that:
The death rate from anorexia appears to be declining
Concurrent Validity
The degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with the measures gathered from other assessment techniques
The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience a clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy?
The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrom
Overgeneralization
The drawing of broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion regarding the use of Viagra and related drugs to treat erectile disorders?
The drugs work about 75 percent of the time and are often given without first assessing what is causing the problem
Which would MOST appropriately be studied using a quasi-experimental design?
The effects of parents with schizophrenia on children's adjustment
Which would be LEAST appropriately studied using a natural experiment?
The effects of premarital abstinence on later sexual funcitioning
A psychologist studies memory techniques in adult volunteers and learns how to facilitate memory and then applies the results to a new class of students in a psychology course. This demonstrates faith in...
The external validity of the study
Multicultural Psychology
The field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior.
fusion
The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in multiple personality disorder.
client-centered therapy
The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by being accepting, empathizing accurately, and conveying genuineness.
self-actualization
The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth
gestalt therapy
The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises.
Client-Centered Therapy
The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rodgers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance (unconditional positive regard), accurate empathy (skillfull listening and restatements), and genuineness (sincere communication).
gestalt therapy
The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role-playing and self-discovery exercises.
Which statement accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?
The hypothalamus stimulates to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteriods
Which of the following accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituatray- adrenal pathway of the stress response?
The hypothalamus stimulus the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.
basic irrational assumptions
The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis
Most sex therapists are uneasy about recent reliance on drug treatments for sexual dysfunctions because:
The integrated approach to therapy might be ignored
Which is an aspect of the experimental approach?
The manipulation of a variable by the researcher
Reliability
The measure of the consistency of test or research results.
Repression
The most basic ego defense mechanism that prevents unacceptable impulses from ever reaching consciousness.
benzodiazepines
The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.
(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) MMPI
The most widely used personality inventory consisting of more than 500 statements describing physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes, and psych symptoms to be label "true." "false," or "cannot say."
Delayed ejaculation appears MOST likely to be caused by disruptions in which of the following?
The neurological system
GABA
The neurotransmitter gamma- aminobutyric acid, whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder.
The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you...
The number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period
One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What is the control group?
The ones who got the placebo
Considering alcoholism in white American men, African American men, and Hispanic American men, which of the following is MOST accurate?
The patterns of drinking differ across ethnic group and age
Considering alcoholism in white American men, African American men, and Hispanic American men, which of the following is MSOT accurate?
The patterns of drinking differ across ethnic group and age
Which of the following thoughts would most likely be MOST arousing to a voyeur in the act of secretly watching a couple have sex?
The people would be humiliated if they knew I was watching
learned helplessness
The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements.
Which statement is the MOST appropriate conclusion about new drug studies, placebo studies, symptom-exacerbation studies, and medication-withdrawal studies?
The studies have led to calls for greater safe-gaurds for patiens
Positive Psychology
The study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities.
Cognitive Model
The perspective proposed by A. Ellis and A. Beck that holds that cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions and that we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition.
The chief danger of LSD use is:
The possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions
standardization
The process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured.
Standardization
The process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured.
assessment
The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant.
Assessment
The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant.
self-hypnosis
The process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events.
Which statement is true about the participation of women in the mental health professions?
The profession with the highest percentage of women is counseing
object relations theory
The psycho- dynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior.
working through
The psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems
ego theory
The psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego and considers it an independent force.
self theory
The psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self—our unified personality.
Which results are MOST likely from an epidemiological study?
The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the US
Why do people object to the use of Viagra and similar drugs being voluntarily covered by health insurance companies, but fail to object to birth control pills not being covered unless mandated by law?
The reason may be the sexual double standard; sex is OK for men but not for women
catharsis
The reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems.
A correlational study of college employees shows a strong positive correlation between self-reported stress levels and days of work missed for illness, allowing the researcher to conclude that...
The researcher can make a fairly accurate prediction of days a person will miss for illness if the persons stress level is known
Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1 hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of participants' memory of details from the passage. What was the dependent variable?
The results of the memory test
The controversy regarding research with animals centers on...
The rights of animals versus their usefulness in understanding human problems
In the united states, the prevalence of the unipolar depression in boys is...
The same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women
In correlational research, external validity is established when...
The sample is representative of the larger population
Abnormal Psychology
The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change of abnormal patterns of functioning.
An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is...
The severity and duration of the problem
The difference between bipolar 1 disorder and bipolar 2 disorder is...
The severity of the manic episodes
Which item is NOT associated with hypnotism?
The somatogenic perspective
cognitive triad
The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.
synapse
The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
A strong "feeling of knowledge" is associated with...
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Which was NOT a factor in the decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century?
The total lack of success of moral treatment
Exorcism
The treatment for abnormality in the early societies; the idea was to coax the evil spirits to leave or to maakke the person's body an uncomfortable place in which to live.
subpersonalities
The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder. Also known as alternate personalities.
A researcher ed an experiment to study the causes of aggression in children. Half the children ate a sugared cereal; the remaining half ate cornflakes. The researcher then recorded the number of aggressive acts displayed by the children in a one-hour play period after breakfast. In this experiment:
The type of cereal is the independent variable, and the number of aggressive responses is the dependent variable
Somatogenic Perspective
The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. Ex) Syphilis led to general paresis
multicultural perspective
The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective.
Multicultural (Culturally Diverse) Perspective
The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the bevior and functioning of its members.
Psychogenic Perspective
The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. Gained more attention after hypnosis
What are the two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression?
Theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Therapy approaches that seek to help change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking.
cognitive-behavioral therapies
Therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking.
Which is not a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?
Therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists
The MOST accurate summary of what has happened in the United States in the last 50 year to protect the rights of human research participants would be that..
There has been important progress, but concerns remain
How does binge eating disorder differ from bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?
There is less gender difference in the incidence rates
How does binge eating disorder differ from bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervose?
There is less gender differences in the incidence rates
If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be correct (based on the research) in saying that...
There is little evidence that debriefing works
If the correlation between severity of depression and age is -0.5, it means that...
There is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression
Which statement is the MOST accurate conclusion about the current state of abnormal psychology in the United States?
There is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment
According to Masters and Johnson, the resolution phase is more gradual and less sudden in women when:
They do not experience orgasm
Which is an accurate description of the symptoms of mania?
They don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others
Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because..
They freely choose and enjoy their behavior
What would those who support the Alcoholics Anonymous approach to treating alcoholism have to say about the cognitive-behavioral procedure called relapse-prevention training?
They would oppose relapse-prevention training because it does not require sobriety
What would those who support the Alcoholics Anonymous approach to treating alcoholism have to say about the cognitive-behaviroal procedure called relapse-prevention training?
They would oppose relapse-prevention training because it does not require sobriety
An individual goes to a casino two weekends every year. While there, he usually loses several thousand dollars gambling. In between casino visits, he neither gambles nor thinks much about gambling. The MOST accurate assessment of this behavior would be:
This behavior is not a gambling disorder
An individual goes to a casino two weekends every year. While there, he usually loses several about gambling. In between casino visits, he neither gambles nor thinks much about gambling. The MOST accurate assessment of this behavior would be:
This behavior is not gambling disorder
What do androphilia and autogynephilia have in common?
Those who are diagnosed are genetically male
Which statement best describes the difference between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?
Those with dissociative fugue change where they live
"Biggest Loser" contestants, if they are like the majority of obese people, are MOST likely:
To not display binge eating disorder
Couples in sex therapy who are working on eliminating the spectator role, are generally advised:
To refrain from having intercourse and focus on other body pleasure instead
A person took a drug at noon. Although remaining awake and alert, the person experiences poor coordination, palpitations, and treaty enhanced visual perceptions. By dinner, the symptoms have pretty well subsided. MOST likely, that person:
Took LSD
I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in...
Trait anxiety
A man who is biologically masculine but considers himself a woman and would like to live as a woman is:
Transgendered
"Cross-dressing" is another term for:
Transvestic disorder
What would a cognitive therapist be least likely to say to you?
Try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms
Women are ____ as likely as men to develop stress disorders.
Twice
The duration of most of the effects of cannabis is about:
Two to six hours
of the following, the one most likely to be diagnosed with depression is a
US woman who has lived all her life on a Native American reservation
An individual who is dependent on alcohol is experiencing delirium tremens. This reaction is:
Uncommon, starting within three days after an individual stops drinking
What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?
Unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss
Bulimia is always characterized by:
Uncontrollable overeating
Distressing
Unpleasant and upsetting to a person.
If you were to graph the relationship between the numbers of negative life events experienced in the last month and people's perception of stress, you would probably find a(n):
Upward-Sloping line (to the right)
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others as a treatment for orgasmic dysfunction in women?
Use of the squeeze technique
Clinical Practitioners
Use the knowleadge that clinical scientists acquire to detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning.
Clinical Assessment
Used to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped.
The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been MOST successful was the use of..
Various medications
In looking for a biological cause of an erectile disorder, one would MOST productively look for a:
Vascular problem
A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is...
Very uncommon, most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late 20s
At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and late dissociations just don't hapen" This therapists experience is...
Very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration
Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to another. This study would be...
Very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected another brain area to depression
Sigmund Freud
Vienna. developed theory of psychoanalysis
Josef Breur
Vienna. patients sometimes awoke free of hysterical symptoms after speaking candidly under hypnotism
Biological Theorists
View abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism, typically the brain.
A correlational study of college employees shows a strong positive correlation between self reported stress levels and days of work missed for illness. From this study, we know that:
We can make a fairly accurate prediction of days missed for illness if we know a persons stress level
It can sometimes lack validity, accuracy, and reliability and race, sex, and age can affect interview
What are the limitations of clinical interviews?
They require expensive equipment and their measurements can be inaccurate and unreliable.
What are the limitations to psychophysiological tests?
Affect, social skills, and cognitive inventories
What are the three types of response inventories?
When is couple therapy preferable to individual therapy?
When relationship conflicts and role transitions are paramount
Conditioned Response (CR)
When the UR is produced by the CS rather than by the US.
The man who brought about the reforms of moral therapy to northern England was:
William Tuke
A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when he tried to stop drinking alcohol has developed:
Withdrawal reactions
A client receives directed masturbation training and self-exploration instruction as part of the client's sex therapy. MOST likely, the client is a:
Woman being treated for orgasmic disorder
Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests...
Women and men are equally likely to develop depression
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about female orgasm?
Women who are comfortable masturbating are more likely to experience orgasm
Clinical Scientists
Workers in the field of abnormal psychology that gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study.
The BEST way to select a random sample of 10 students from a class would be to...
Write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close eyes, and pick 10 papers
A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of PTSD." Your response would most likely be..
Yes--- although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does
"The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. i don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" What is the best answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this?
Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called "flooding"
Martin Seligman has developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from
a belief that one has no control over the events in ones life
if you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA you would choose:
a benzodiazepine
Which of the following is the BEST example of the idiographic approach
a detailed study of one case
which of the following would provide the best evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression?
a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed
Which of the following would be LEAST likely to characterize the behavior of someone experiencing anorexia nervosa?
a hesitancy to think and talk about food
family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. these studies have found
a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients
on an impulse david decides to throw a huge party. it takes four days of round the clock work to get everything ready then david welcomes over 200 guests. when the police stop by because david has blocked a public road he flies in a rage. MOST likely david is experiencing
a manic phase of bipolar I disorder
if you were using the scientific method to conduct research in abnormal psychology, you would be seeking
a nomothetic understanding
culture
a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts
private psychotherapy
a person pays a therapist directly for counseling services. expensive and time consuming. insurance companies cap expenses.
If a friend were experiencing anorexia nervosa, you wouldn't be surprised to find that the friend was also experiencing all of the following EXCEPT:
a personality disorder
how do phobias and common fear differ?
a phobia leads to greater desire to avoid the object
"The heavier you are the more food you are likely to eat" if it is true, this statement expresses:
a positive correlation
Rorschach test
a projective test in which a standard set of symmetrical ink blots are presented one by one to the subject, who is asked to describe what they suggest or resemble
Sentence-completion test
a projective test which asks people to complete a series of unfinished sentences.
If someone were to correlate scores on the social Readjustment Rating Scale with the numbers of physical (health) complaints. one would most likely find
a significant positive correlation
norms
a society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct
hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as
a somatogenic perspective
a comprehensive approach that involves several techniques in treating anxiety disorders is called
a stress management program
Barry drank quite a lot at the biggest party of the year. Later, he had trouble falling asleep, so he took a barbiturate. If he dies from respiratory failure during the night, it is probably because the alcohol and barbiturate had:
a synergistic effect
managed care programs
a system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services.
after a couple divorced you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. MOST likely
a troubled marriage led to the depression
Characteristics of anorexia nervosa include all the following EXCEPT:
a view that one is currently unattractively thin
If you are overweight, the development of which of the following is MOST likely to appeal to you?
a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans
someone with skin picking disorder would be least likely to pick skin which area of the body?
abdomen
one of the assumptions of a functional analysis is that:
abnormal behaviors are learned
Somatogenic Perspective
abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes
Psychogenic Perspective
abnormal psychological functioning has psychological causes
One study shows that, in "substance-free" dorms, the percent of students who are binge drinkers is:
about one-half the percent of students, nationwide, who are binge drinkers
That eating disorders are rising among nonwhite Americans to levels approaching the rates for white Americans is MOST likely due to:
acculturation
If you were looking at a photograph of yourself and adjusting the size until you thought the picture looked like you, you would MOST likely be participating in an assessment of your:
accuracy in estimating body size
If you were being treated by a shaman, you would most likely be undergoing
an exorcism
a baby who was separated from its mother at birth and who subsequently became withdrawn, sad and tearful could be experiencing
anaclitic depression
seligmans study in which he created learned helplessness in the lab is an example of a____study
analogue
a researcher is interested in the effects of a new drug for treating anxiety and decides to study it in rats by conditioning in them the fear of a high pitched noise and then testing the rats reactions with and without the drug this is an example of
analogue experiment
a medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other "mood" disorders. the general term for this type of drug is:
antidepressant
jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self worth. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be an
antidepression drug
Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed:
antipsychotic drugs
a high school bully constantly ignores others' rights, and appears not even to realize that others do have rights. a likely DSM-IV-TR partial diagnosis for this bully would be:
antisocial personality disorder
people who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack and experiencing what cognitive theorists call
anxiety sensitivity
those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are:
anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them
psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive compulsive disorders
appear to work better when used in short term father than traditional ways
External Validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study
apply to subjects and situations other than the ones studied
which of the following is the best example of a broad social anxiety
apprehension about being evaluated by others
in order to determine if a persons fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia you could:
ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living. if he says yes he most likely has a phobia
when graduate schools choose students based on test scores, college grades, and relevant experience, they are engaging in:
assessment
All the treatment methods for bulimia nervosa share the immediate goal of:
assisting patients to eliminate their binge-purge patterns
A client being treated for alcohol abuse receives just enough of a drug called curare to produce temporary paralysis just as that client takes a swig of beer. Presumably, sufficient pairings of paralysis and alcohol will reduce the client's desire for alcohol. This production is called:
aversion therapy
those who are anxious unless their books are perfectly lines up on their desks and who must eat the food on their plates in a balanced order are exhibiting a
balance compulsion
Because of the likelihood of convulsions, withdrawal from ____________ is especially dangerous.
barbiturates
huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the:
basal ganglia
Based on past results, one would predict that women who win the Miss America Pageant in the future will:
be smaller than those who lose
deinstitutionalization policy
began in 1960's. practice of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from mental health hospitals.
deviance
behavior contrary to norms
dysfunction
behavior interferes with daily living
"Drug dependence may develop because one finds drug use rewarding when it reduces tension." Which view of substance abuse would MOST agree with this statement?
behavioral
"when i was young, i met a large dog. i wasn't afriad of the dog, but as i tried to pet it, the dog snarled and jumped at me. i have been afraid of dogs ever since." a therapist who that this sentence describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning most likely favors which model of abnormality?
behavioral
a clinician gathers data about what things might be reinforcing to someone's abnormal behavior. this variety of assessment is called:
behavioral
which of the following is true about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder
both drug and cognitive treatments are effective
a patient complains of a phobia. two lines of questioning by the clincian concern the specific object of the phobia and what the person does when he or she confronts that object. this clincian's orientation is probably:
behavioral
people who talk rapidly dress flamboyantly and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ____symptoms of mania
behavioral
the model most likely to emphasize the important of one's history of conditioning as the source of depression is the _______ model.
behavioral
the therapy elliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions but not his obsessions. in addition he does homework in the form of self help procedures between therapy sessions. most likely, elliot is receiving which kind of therapy?
behavioral
a decrease in social rewards especially a decrease in social support such as the support found in a happy marriage may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspective?
behavioral and sociocultral
the clinical interviewer most interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses would have what orientation?
behavioral clinician
the type of clinician who would be most likely to ask, " what are some things you enjoy doing and how often do you do them? would be a
behavioral clinician
the model of abnormality that focuses on learning is the:
behavioral model
Francoise is depressed. her therapist asks her about her daily experiences focusing on how often people say nice things to her. her therapist MOST likely has a
behavioral orientation
a person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT
behavioral symptoms
the most effective treatment for phobias is:
behavioral therapy
the history, values, institutions, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's...
behaviors valued by culture
if you live in a city, own your own home, and you pay taxes, you are the LEAST likely to experience which of the following events next year?
being diagnosed with cancer
cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive compulsive disorder also:
believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others
which of the following medications works primarily by enhancing GABA
benzodiaepines
The central feature of bulimia nervosa is:
binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior
A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives, and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing:
binge-eating/purging anorexia nervosa
Following a very-low-calorie weight-loss program, participants would be at MOST risk for:
bingeing
Assume a researcher finds that overuse of a drug reduces the body's production of neurotransmitters. Thus, if an abuser of this drug stops taking the drug, withdrawal symptoms occur until the brain begins producing normal levels of neurotransmitters again. Such a finding would most directly support which view of the cause of substance-abuse disorders?
biochemical
the strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective
biological
Narcolepsy is a :
biological disorder often triggered by strong emotions
the model of abnormality hat cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the:
biological model
The purpose of an antagonist drug is to:
block or change the effect of an addictive drug
humours
bodily fluids must be in balance. bloodletting and leeches used to accomplish this
what do obsessions and compulsions have in common
both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety
one hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups....in this rudy how could the experimenter bias be reduced
by having researchers who don't know who got which pill
Parents who feed their children when they are anxious and comfort them when they are tired rather than giving them a nap, run the risk of producing children who:
can't assess their own needs
Of the following, which has the LOWEST risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change?
cannabis
a psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so his behavior is better understood. This study is a
case study
a psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of associates. a clear picture is constructed of this indiidual so that his behavior is better understood. this study is:
case study
the clinical practitioner would be more likely than the clinical researcher to rely on which method of investigation?
case study with single participant
Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he most likely be diagnosed with?
catatonic
what would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active?
catatonic depression
if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced ______, according to psychoanalysts.
catharsis
a neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive compulsive disorder would be a suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain
caudate nuceli
Alcoholics Anonymous supports the belief that alcoholics should:
cease drinking entirely
particular strength of the interview process
chance to get a general sense of the client
Research on doll choice in preschoolers shows that:
children choose the thin doll rather than the chubby doll but don't know why
Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people will schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that
children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior
if you were a schiophrenic living in the first half of the 20th century and had a mother who was thought to be a schiophreniogenic, she would have been seen as:
cold and domineering
imagine that someone yells fire! in a crowded theatre and audience members begin to try to leave the building. some panic and begin pushing their way blindly through other people to an exit. this form of panic is
common and similar to the panic those with panic order experience
Throughout most of the United States, it is illegal to use marijuana, even for medical reasons. Compared to other nations, this is:
common; most countries do not allow either medical or recreational use of marijuana
community mental health
communities should care for disordered individuals instead of sending them away. flaw- people fear the mentally ill
one cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the:
community mental health approach
one major difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is that psychiatrists
complete a residency in a medical setting
what is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related
compulsions help people control their obsession
artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests
concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression
the biggest social threat to the use of comprehensive assessment techniques today is:
concerned about cost
if a new test for assessing anorectic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of other tests for assessing anorectic tendencies, then the new test has high:
concurrent validity
a previously neutral environmental even that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus is called a:
conditioned response
if you close your eyes and imagine biting into a big, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. the salivation to this imagery is an example of:
conditioned response
when i was a young child and watching tv with my mother a young mouse ran by. my mother screamed, scaring me. subsequently i have been afraid of mice. in this example, the mouse is the
conditioned stimulus
if you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards you could be exhibiting what rogers called
conditions of worth
Kelly is a long-time serious drinker. In the last year she has started having huge memory lapses. When this happens she makes up wild stories to help her fill in what she does not remember. This symptom is called:
confabulation
if a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would most likely be practicing:
conjoint family therapy
What is a likely long-term consequence of anorexia
continuing concern about weight and appearance
recent research on the role of religion in mental health shows that religious people:
cope better with life stresses than unreligious
obesity and lack of exercise have been linked MOST closely to which of the following psychophysiological disorders?
coronary heart disease
Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by:
correcting the underlying physical pathology
Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by
correcting underlying physical pathology
Sobriety High and Drug Court programs:
cost more than regular educational programs, but save society money in the long run
Despite popular misconceptions most people with psychological problems are not
dangerous
A person who was receiving the best and most current treatment for an eating disorder would receive treatment designed to:
deal first with changing the eating habits, then with what caused them
one way a clinician might try to reduce observer drift would be to:
decrease lengths of observation periods
Which of the following problems is a possible medical complication of anorexia nervosa?
decreased heart rate
According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when
defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety
the initial problem in studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy is:
defining what it means for treatment to be successful
the fact that hundreds of thousands of people with severe psychological disturbances end up living on the streets or in jails points out one deficiency of:
deinstitutionalization
roughly 2000 years agoa greek or roman physician would most likely diagnose a person experiencing an overall decline in intellectual functioning as suffering from:
delusions
sam once found a $100 on the sidewalk and did not turn it into the police. recently he has become more and more convinced that the police know this and have been following him and searching his house. he is certain that they mean to arrest him and put him in jail. his behavior involves what the ancient greeks referred to as:
delusions
What model of mental illness did most people hold during the Middle Ages?
demonological-influence of Sata
Europe in the Middle Ages
demonology returned because the church made a comeback.
A newly developed drug causes users to lose some muscle control and slur their words. The drug also results in a slowing of central nervous system activity. MOST likely this drug is a:
depressant
electoconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used most often in the treatment of
depression
imagine that you are doing an ABAB reversal design study in which you are measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. what is the first A in the study
depression
A factor increasing the likelihood of a relapse of bulimia is:
development of a pattern of frequent vomiting
The 4 "D's"
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
a student in an abnormal psychological class receives the highest test grade in a class of 50 students. this behavior is considered abnormal because it is:
deviant
deciding that a clients psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called:
diagnosis
research study on a group of kids with autism...... which of the following is the BEST example of a confounding variable?
differences between the parents and teachers
which of the following convinces researcher that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder
differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders
If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I'll be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in:
distorted thinking
A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality?
distress
Mario is so miserable that he can barely tolerate living. According to the definition to abnormality, this description is an example of:
distress
the MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally
do not accept one definition of abnormality and practice more than one form of treatment.
of the following the MOST accurate description of the symptoms of mania would be that they
don't include a sense of the impact of ones actions on others
Research indicates that the MOST important neurotransmitter in the "pleasure pathway" of the brain is probably:
dopamine
in preporation for a study of the effectiveness of an anti schizophrenia drug.....this is an example of
double blind design
A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none exists . which design would prevent this problem?
double-blind
GABA is related to
doubling the speed of neuronal firing
if a patient is a minority group member and has trouble affording treatment, feels uncomfortable with the therapist, and doesn't see results, the person is at risk for:
dropping out of therapy
the single most effective treatment for schizophrenia is:
drug therapy
an important factor to consider in using drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that:
drugs are believed to be over-used and don't help everyone
Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?
dysfunction
which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?
dysfunction
an individual has a 9 to 5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time, and expresses great distress over this fact. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is:
dysfunctional and deviant
A secret Service agent steps in front of the President of the United States prepared to be killed or injured if the Presidents safety is threatened.Psychologically speaking, the Secret Service agents behavior is
dysfunctional but no psychologically abnormal
A researcher spends 15 hours per dat conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country but he doesn't interfere with others lives. The best description go the researches behavior is that it is
eccentric
a researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. this person lives alone in the country, but doesn't interfere with others' lives. the best description of the researcher's behavior is that it is:
eccentric
combining any two or more treatment techniques results in an approach is called:
eclectic
Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the:
ego, superego, and id
if your friend had her brain waves recorded in order to measure electrical activity, she most likely had an:
electroencephalogram
therapies that have received clear research support are called:
empirically supported treatment
if a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that they do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be
enmeshed
Salvador Minuchin describes a family system in which members are overly involved in each other's affairs as a(n):
enmeshed family pattern
someone who believes that our experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the____explanation of the development of phobias
enviornmental
Describing the number of cases of mental retardation in the children of older mothers in 2005 would be a legitimate goal for an ____study
epidemilogical
The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder occur in a grip in a given time period is termed
epidemiological (incidence)
which of these statements would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad?
everyone is out to get me
The use of exorcism in early societies suggest a belief that abnormal behavior was caused by
evil spirits
the use of exorcism suggests a belief that what we call mental illness was caused by:
evil spirits
Hypertension is more common among African Americans than among white americans. Psychosocial stressors that can explain this difference include all of the following except
evolutionary factors, making African Americans more susceptible to hypertension.
according to the DSM 5 one must demonstrate which of the following set of symptoms in order to be diagnosed with general anxiety disorder
excessive worry for THREE months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress
is a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was
exhibiting a typical reaction
"you can do anything you want. you can lead a perfectly useless life. it is all up to you." a therapist who would say these frustrating statements as a primary part of the therapy process would follow the _____ tradition.
existential
a therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities, and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, inauthentic--empty--would most likely be:
existential
if you were being treated by a shaman, you would most likely be undergoing:
exorcism
mass madness is a general term that includes all of the following disorders common in the middle ages in europe except
exorcism
People with one anxiety disorder are most likely to
experience another anxiety disorder to
One of the therapy methods commonly used to treat bulimia nervosa is:
exposure and response therapy
your abnormal psych instructor asks you in class what kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive compulsive related disorders?
exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs
a combat veteran undergoing " eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing
exposure therapy
A recent study showed a positive correlation between the time spent on Facebook and the likelihood of experiencing an eating disorder among adolescent girls. This result showed that:
exposure to media might be related to an increase in eating disorders
One of the problems with animal research is the question of whether the results can apply to human beings. This is a question of
external validity
an adult frequently displays symptoms of depression at home, but seldom does so at work. in this case, clinical observations of this person at home would lack:
external validity
if, after conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly present alone (without the unconditioned stimulus), it will eventually stop eliciting the conditioned response through a process called:
extinction
because people who are manic have very elevated moods, a new test for mania includes questions about how happy the person feels and how often he or she laughs. this test has:
face validity
if a physician believes that a patients disorder is due to hidden needs, repression, or reinforcement, then the patient may receive diagnosis of
factitious disorder
what is the problem with conventional wisdom?
fails to account for family influence on mental illness
until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from:
family pedigree studies
fear differs from anxiety in that
fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general
which of the following is an example of a specific social anxiety
fear of public speaking
which of the following is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to post traumatic stress disorder?
feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities.
Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are
female or low income individuals
A pattern of abnormalities, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder characterizes someone with:
fetal alcohol syndrome
Consequences of anorexia nervosa include all of the following EXCEPT:
fever and high blood pressure
if you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the United States, your therapy will last for
fewer than 5 sessions
if you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the US, your therapy will last for:
fewer than 5 sessions per year
the greater reliability of the DSM-IV-TR is most likely because of:
field trials of new criteria and categories
Psychodynamic therapies may not be very effective in the treatment of substance-related disorders because:
finding the cause of a substance-related disorder is less important than treating the abuse as an independent problem
If all you know about someone is that the person has been binge drinking in the past month, then you know the person had at least:
five drinks at a time at least once, and probably is a male
according to Freud's psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can lead to entrapment at a developmental level. this is called:
fixation
your fear of spiders is debilitating because you are an entomologist. to treat this phobia your therapist puts you in a room with spiders and asks you to handle them. This technique might be used in
flooding
which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants such as xanex to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate?
for the drugs to be effective one has to keep taking them even when symptoms are lessened
greek and roman physicians described a person with mania as having symptoms of
frenzied activity and euphoria
therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role playing and a "here and now" orientation, are:
gestalt
For people with bulimia nervosa, binge episodes produce feelings of:
guilt and depression
as you are talking to your advisor, he stares at the wall and asks you if you see the ants crawling on it (there are none). Your advisor is:
hallucinating
The perceptual distortions some drugs produce are called:
hallucinosis
the MMPI-2 is considered by many to be superior to the orginal MMPI because the MMPI-2:
has a more valid indicator of personality and abnormal functioning than the original version more diverse than the people
If your parent has just been diagnosed with essential hypertension, you know that the physician thinks your parents hypertension
has both physical and psychological causes
if one were studying the hypothesis that people with high levels of stress are more likely to get cancer and wanted to include a matched control group that group would
have a low level of stress
current research suggests that those who experience severe stress
have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and cortisol following trauma
a woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to
have up to 50 percent chance of experiencing it with her second child
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eccentrics noted by researchers in the field?
having a diagnosable mental illness
one hundred psychiatric patients were assigned to two groups......what could be a potential confound in this study?
having the drug group be inpatients and the placebo group be outpatients
personality assessment using projective tests is designed to:
help assess the unconscious drives and conflicts they believe to be at the root of abnormal functioning
The first step in treating anorexia nervosa is to:
help the person start to regain the lost weight
a 12 year old is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. which of her characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder?
her age
During his first night in the detoxification unit, Quent developed what seemed like a case of the flu. He ached all over and had diarrhea. He was probably withdrawing from:
heroin
The drug that produces effects similar to what neurotransmitters called endorphins produce is:
heroin
abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of:
hormones
People with severe mental illness are less likely to be___ than they were 50 years ago
hospitalized in mental institutions
"that's all right. you're doing your best, dont worry. i am here for you." a therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would most probably follow the ____ tradition.
humanistic
a therapist listens carefully to a client's words, then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. the hope is that the client will self-examine with acceptance and honesty. most likely the therapist is:
humanistic
a clinical interviewer says, in part, 'How do you feel about yourself today? how do you feel about whats going on in your life?' Most likely, that clinical interviewer's orientation
humanistic clinician
"when we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living." a psychologist from which background would agree most strongly with this statement?
humanistic existential
the model of abnormality that focuses on the roles in behavior is the:
humanistic-existential model
jeff's left arm suddenly went numb. his physician was unable to find a physical cause of the problem. jeff is apparently experiencing what the ancient greek physicians called:
hysteria
Mesmer became famous-or infamous- for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His parents disorders we termed:
hysterical
mesmer because famous (or infamous) for his work with pateitns suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. his patients' disorders are termed:
hysterical disorders
A study of a single person that is used to explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior in that person is consistent with the ____approach
idiographic
a mental health practictioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. this approach to abnormal psychology is called:
idiographic
general principles that explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior in that person is consistent with the ______ approach.
idiographic
which of the following reflects the MOST common obsessive thought
if i touch a doorknob i will be dirty and contaminated
In which of the following cases are you MOST likely to develop an eating disorder?
if you have an identical twin with anorexia nervosa
Henry goes into a fit of depression and self-abuse when anyone criticizes or expresses disapproval. Much of what he does is for the purpose of getting people to like him. Cognitive theorists would say that Henry's depression results in large part from:
illogical thinking
Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs:
immediately, and is short term
bipolar disorders have recently been linked to
improper sodium transport
One longitudinal study found that men who develop alcoholism were initially MORE:
impulsive in adolescence
A person with a substance abuse problem has just self-administered by intramuscular injection an overdose of fentanyl, a very powerful synthetic narcotic. A potentially fatal side effect of fentanyl overdose is that breathing stops. Assuming the drug would interfere with breathing when it reaches the brain, the person should experience breathing difficulty:
in a few minutes
a phobic person is taken to a snake handling convention in order to actually confront as part of destination training. this is an example of the ____technique
in vivo
The number of new cases of a disorder in a population that emerge in a particular time interval is called the
incidence
antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive compulsive disorder serve to
increase serotonin activity
Which of the following is typical of post traumatic stress disorder?
increased arousal, anxiety and guilt
Unlike the correlational method and the experimental method, the case study provides
individual information
Axis III includes:
information concerning relevant general medical conditioning from which the person is currently suffering.
current research suggest that schizophrenia may be related to:
inheritance
Detoxification procedures may involve any of the following, EXCEPT:
initially increasing the substance dose to make the substance aversive
The effect of norepinephrine and corticosteroids on a body experiencing stress is
initially to stimulate the immune system then to inhibit it
Asylums
institutions where mentally ill people could be sent. most became virtual prisons
Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that:
insurance companies provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems
Binet and Simon are known for their work in creating a:
intelligence test
which category of clinical tests tends to have the best standardization, reliability, and validity?
intelligence tests
If a particular study of alcoholism failed to control for cultural patterns in drinking among participants, the study would have low
internal validity
depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations such as poverty and menial jobs than man. this is the
life stress theory
a young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything and always will. the therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to
internal, global and stable factors.
a panel of psychologists and psychiatrists evaluates the test results and clinical interviews of a client in a sanity hearing. they all arrive at the same diagnosis. the panel has high:
interrater validity
Vomiting as a compensatory behavior for those experiencing bulimia:
ironically, leads to greater hunger and more frequent binges
If i believe that it is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way i want them, I am displaying basic:
irrational assumptions
a person who believes that one should be throughly competent, adequate and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying
irrational assumptions
research shows that the result of lobotomies was:
irreverasible brain damage and withdrawl
In a graph of a correlational study, the line of best fit
is a close as possible to all points in the graph
one of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that
is less effective with clients with obsessions but no complusions
Compared to a person who is happy and self-confident, a person who is bored and depressed:
is more likely to eat junk food
Defining abnormal behavior, using the four Ds
is still often vague and subjective
Unlike the opioid drugs morphine and heroin, methadone:
is synthetic
One factor that contributed to the decline of moral therapy was
it did not work for everyone
Which of the following is a limitation of the case study?
it does not result in high external validity
all of the following are merits of the correlational method EXCEPT
it provides individual information
Which of the following is true of the correlation coefficient?
it ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables
Psychoanalysis is NOT very effective for hospitalized mental patients because:
it requires levels of clarity, insight and verbal skills
if you were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder, you could expect that
it would lead to short term relief but relapse would occur if you stopped the medication
based on current research, what is the BEST conclusion about the cause of acute and post traumatic stress disorders? is nature or nuture more responsible for these disorders?
its probably an interaction. Both nature and nuture are important
david rosenhan sent "pseudopatients" to a mental hospital where they pretend to be disturbed. the results led him to conclude that _____ greatly impacts mental illness.
labeling
What underlies Hilde Bruch's ego deficiency view of children with eating disorders is a sense of:
lack of control over their lives and a misperception of internal cues
a woman in a middle level managers job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries even though she seems qualified as the men who are promoted. if she develops depression as a result of her work experiences the theory that BEST easily explains the onset of her depression is
lack of control theory
which of the following would be MOSTLY a motivational symptom of depression
lack of desire to eat
mass madness
large number of people sharing the same delusion (tarantism, lycanthropy)
according to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams isL
latent content
the first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to:
learn the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions
a woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. while there she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. how would cognitive theorists explain her behavior?
learned helplessness
A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that
life stress and depression related
Relapse for both bulimia and anorexia is MOST likely triggered by:
life stresses
Two people of the same gender and weight consume the same amount of alcohol in the same amount of time. Nevertheless, one of them sobers up substantially sooner than the other. MOST likely, this difference is due to:
liver function: some people's livers metabolize alcohol faster than those of others
an older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. a behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of
loss of positive social rewards
a teammate of a basketball team of a basketball player says," congratulations on those game winning free throws. weren't you bothered by the fans waving their arms behind the basket?" The basketball player replies Thanks i felt a littler nervous but to tell the truth.. I didn't even notice the fans. Most likely the player who made the foul shots has
low situational and trait anxiety
what are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future
low- so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression
In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found at:
lower levels in the stomach, making them more susceptible to getting drunk
Compared to white Americans and African Americans Hispanic Americans have
lower rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol
the generic term for the white blood cells that react to foreign invaders in the body is
lymphocytes
your aunt says, i know I'm depressed and i think and worry about my depression constantly however i never actually do anything about it. she is...
making ruminative responses
"What the &#%@# is going on? the insurance company says i have to stop my anger management program now!" the client who says this is most likely voicing concern about a
managed care program
"what the **** is going on?! the insurance company says i have to stop my anger management program now" the client who says this is most likely voicing concern about a
managed care program
a state of breathless euphoria or frenzied energy in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes
mania
a recent study of informed consent forms showed that
many research participants don't understand them
Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of:
mass madness
Tarantism and lyncanthropy are examples of
mass madness
a flash mob is MOST similar to
mass madness
A person who uses the drug Ecstasy at a crowded party begins to feel too hot, and immediately drinks lots of fluids. This person:
may be in trouble; the person may experience hypothermia or water intoxication
bob experiences unshakable sadness. his friends have given up trying to cheer him up because nothing works. an ancient greek physician would have labeled his condition:
melancholia
seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight, or more accurately more darkness may cause the release of
melatonin
If your university had a first year program designed to ease the transition from high school to college and to decrease the dropout rates, the program would have the elements MOST similar to:
mental health prevention programs
an interviewer who asks a client questions such as "where are you now?" "why do you think you're here?" or even "who are you?" is probably conducting a:
mental status exam
Of the following, the MOST appropriate diagnosis for a man who is strong and fit but does not see himself that way is:
muscle dysmorphobia
Alexis his dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a...
mutually amnesic relationship
All the opioid drugs are known collectively as:
narcotics
to form of experiment used most often to study the psychological effects of unusual or unpredictable events is
natural
Hippocrates contribution to the development of our understanding of mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of
natural causes
which of the following would be the best design to study the effects of disasters on survivors?
natural experiment
the white blood cells that destroy infected body cells are called
natural killer T cells
a therapists' preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environment and record their activities and behaviors. this approach is known as:
naturalistic observation
the assessment instrument most likely to be used to detect subtle brain abnormalities is the:
neuropsychological tests
according to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to
neutralize
a friend of yours has just been diagnosed with a dyssomnia. your friends particular diagnosis could be any of the following EXCEPT
nightmare disorder
an assumption of determinism is that abnormal behaviors:
no behavior is accidental. all is determined by past experiences.
someone you know has "tanorexia" and constantly achieves to have darker complexion throughout sun and tanning exposure. the most accurate diagnosis for this person is
no diagnosis. not yet considered a DSM disorder
clinical researchers are usually covered with an _____ understanding of abnormality, which practitioners focus on an ______ understanding.
nomathetic and idiographic
As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of human behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. the approach of clinical researchers is
nomothetic
experiments are consistent with the____approach
nomothetic
A woman eats chips and dips, burgers and fries, and drinks a couple of shakes. Afterward, she goes to the gym and does 90 minutes of aerobics, spends an hour on the stairstepper, and then does weights for another hour. She also does not eat for 72 hours. The set of assumptions underlying her behavior would lead to a diagnosis of:
nonpurging-type bulimia nervosa
panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
as a result of taking antidepressant drugs, a person is experiencing increased production of new neurons in the hippocampus. this is
normal and is one indication of successful treatment
Based on current research, all of the following individuals have a higher risk of dying early EXCEPT:
normal-weight people
The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as
norms
the explicit and implicit rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as:
norms
someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. you can be reasonably sure that this persons disorder is
not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or post traumatic stress disorder
If an epidemiological study shows that eating disorders are more common in Western countries than in eastern ones, we can appropriately conclude
nothing about the cause of such a finding
the motivation to form relationships with other is a central theme of:
object relations theory
while someone is watching, jennifer actually eats fewer sweets than usual. this tendency to decrease a behavior while being observed is an example of:
observer bias
more women than men experience all of the following disorders except
obsessive compulsive disorder
a clinician who is not up to date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. according to the DSM 5 that category is now called
obsessive compulsive related disorders
Of the following, the psychological disorder that anorexia nervosa MOST resembles is:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
A person who recently injected cocaine reports reaching the peak of euphoria. Usually, that euphoria:
occurs at about the same time as the peak of dopamine-using neuron activity
If someone opposes the medical use of THC, MOST likely, the person may do so because:
of legal or moral reasons
In the US today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient
on the street or in jail
in the US today, one is most likely to find a severely ill mental patient:
on the street or in jail
one problem with analogue studies of depression is that
one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression
A heroin overdose is likely to occur when:
one has been without heroin for a period of time and then takes one's usual dose
which of the following people is experiencing the MOST stress measured by the social readjustment rating scale
one whose spouse has just died
In what proportion of suicides and rapes in the United States does alcoholism play a role?
one-third
According to reports about the effectiveness of Drug Courts and Sobriety High programs, how likely are those who complete these programs to violate the law again compared with those who do not complete them?
one-third as likely
agoraphobia is the fear of
open space or crowds
when a young child yells and throws toys (temper tantrums) the parents give the child a good deal of attention. as time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. a behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
operant conditioning
the finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that
organic factors are responsible for mental disorders
under the instructions of a psychologist, Tina's mother record the number of times Tina hits her brother at home, and what happens immediately prior to the hitting. in this situation, Tina's mother is a:
participant observer
The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that:
patients were perceived as productive human beings whose mental functioning had simply broken down
One of the features of Alcoholics Anonymous is:
peer support
a significant change in the type of care offered now compared with the time Freud was practicing is that:
people are more likely to be treated for living problems
part of the downfall of moral therapy was that
people assumed all patients could be cured if treated with humanity
Clients check off either "applies" or "does not apply" to a series of 200 items dealing with what they do and what they think in a variety of situations. the kind of test they are taking most likely is a:
personality inventory
systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:
phobias
which of the following statements accurately reflects what we know from recent studies
phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning
A student who turns pale and nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a _____ response to stress
physical
for me, crossing a bridge is terrifying. if you hardly notice crossing a bridge we differ in:
physiological anxiety
a fake pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a
placebo
one important criticism of the preceding research is that it is a
placebo study
If you are an overweight female teenager with an eating disorder, you are MORE likely than your peers to do all of the following EXCEPT spend more time:
playing video games
Intoxication is actually a form of:
poisoning
What is the distinction of bethlehem hospital founded in 1547?
popularity called bedlam and it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients
What is the distinction of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547?
popularly called "bedlum"
a woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth, and have lasted over six months. The woman is experiencing
postpartum depression
Dorian was only 10 miles away when mt. st. helens exploded with one of the largest blasts in history. there was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. He was terrified to the core of his being. when rescue teams found him a week later he was cold hungry and scared. More than a year later he still has nightmares and wakes up in a cold sweat. this description BEST fits a
posttraumatic stress disorder
Raphael was just outside the parking garage of the World Trade Center when the explosion occurred. At the time he was terrified and had visions of the building falling on him. Ever since the bombing he has had periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of a
posttraumatic stress disorder
Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression and ruining her life. This is an example of a
posttraumatic stress reaction
a new assessment tool does a good job of differentiating those who later will be depressed and those who will not be depressed, and it produces results similar to those of other tools measuring depression. therefore, the new assessment tool has good:
predictive validity
a test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of schizophrenia within five years. the test may be said to have high:
predictive validity
what kind of validity is most important to clinicians in evaluating the utility of a classification system?
predictive validity
apparently people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark then they do such objects as computers and radios. this observation supports the idea of
preparedness
The total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the
prevalence
When community programs are focused on correcting social conditions that give rise to psychological problems, the approach is called:
prevention
a primary focus of the community treatment approach to abnormality is:
prevention
which of the following pairs of words best describes the current emphasis in mental health?
prevention and positive psychology
Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders ( babies of teenage mothers children's of those with mental disorders) are categorized as
preventive
providing treatment as soon as it is needed, so that problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term, is called:
primary prevention
the approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person pays a psychotherapist for services in called:
private psychotherapy
the approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person pays a psychotherapist for services is called:
private psychotherapy
Axis IV includes:
problems related to the social environment
The use of methadone in drug maintenance programs is controversial because methadone:
produces withdrawal sometimes more difficult than heroin withdrawal
a psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, an interpersonal skill. the psychologist is most likely:
promoting positive psychology
A clinician wishes to begin a drug abuse prevention campaign in a community. The most important thing the clinician can do is to:
provide a consistent message across the media about drug abuse
George is consumed with concern that his house will burn down. before he leaves, he makes sure that all his appliances are unplugged. he often has to go back home and check to make sure he did not leave any plugged in. which MMPI-2 scale would he most likely score high on?
psychasthenia (general anxiety)
a physician who offers psychotherapy is called a:
psychiatrist
Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:
psychoanalysis
The model most likely to use terms such as "resistance" and "transference" is the ______ model.
psychodynamic
a general term used for theories such as Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's is:
psychodynamic
in general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective?
psychodynamic
the model most likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes is the _______ model.
psychodynamic
the clinician who would be MOST likely to say,"tell me about how your parents cared for and protected you" is a
psychodynamic clinician
the model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:
psychodynamic model
a patient participates in weekly therapy for several years, gradually becoming aware of the impact of early life events on present functioning. the form of psychotherapy the patient is reciving is called:
psychodynamic theory
Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria could be induced by hypnosis?
psychogenic
a torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture?
psychological
Disorders that are thought to have both biological and psychosocial causes are
psychological disorders affecting medical conditions
Relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrate the use of
psychological treatments for physical illnesses
Youssef is the kind of person who breaks laws and rules with no feeling of guilt and is emotionally shallow. he would probably score high on the MMPI-2 scale called:
psychopathic deviate
a client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure, after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. the type of clinical test being used is:
psychophysiological tests
to study some gender differences a researcher selected a group of 10 men and 10 women and treated all participants exactly the same. each participant was given a test of psychological function. this study is an example of an
quasi experimental study
What is the term for studies that have the structure of experiments except that they use groups that already exist instead of randomly assigning participants to control the experimental groups?
quasi-experiments
the models or paradigm an investigator uses influences:
questions and observations the investigator uses
not al participants are the same. Researchers use ____ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation
random assignment
which of the following statements about the long term effects of rape on women is most accurate?
rape impacts a womans psychological well being but not her physical well being.
What appears to be the KEY factor in determining the types of food that are likely to be eaten in a binge?
rapidity through soft texture
the movement that has tried to find the common strategies that effective therapists use is called:
rapprochement movement
In order to change the high rates of obesity among U.S. children and adolescents, which of the following should be addressed?
rates of exercise and dietary habits
the therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by albert ellis is called:
rational-emotive therapy
jose just saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving though his neighborhood. a month later he is in psychologists office complaining that he cannot work; everything seems hopeless. there are several other symptoms consistent with these. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:
reactive depression
mindfulness based cognitive therapy
receives support in therapy applications fora wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder
imagine that a man inherits the tendency to be socially awkward. that leads him to choose inappropriate romantic partners who increase his level of stress. a biopsychosocial therapist would use the _____ effects explanation of his functioning.
reciprocal
What is the MOST common outcome for individuals with anorexia nervosa?
recovery
Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interfere with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. it has lasted now for three weeks and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. what type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with?
recurrent
A person with post traumatic stress disorder who is having flashbacks is
reexperiencing the traumatic event
which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use
relaxation therapy
A person who has difficulty expressing unpleasant emotions such as anger or hostility is displaying a ______ and is at greater risk for heart disease/ asthma
repressive coping style
a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning after medical school; this training is called a:
residency
after medical school a psychiatrist receives a three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning this training is called a
residency
Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:
resistance
the assumption behind the use of progressive tests as assessment tools is that:
responses come from the client's unconscious
A person who stopped eating candy and other sweets, then gradually eliminated other foods until he or she was eating almost nothing could be experiencing:
restricted-type anorexia nervosa
The preoccupation with food characteristic of anorexia nervosa is thought to:
result from starvation
Dr. tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage or 1 hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of their memory of details from the passage. what is the dependent variable?
results of the memory test
what we would call "conscience" is most like what Freud would call the:
superego
Three chronic marijuana users -- a "light" user, a "moderate" user, and a "heavy" user -- stop using marijuana. Several weeks later, abnormal blood flow, which had occurred in the brains of all three prior to quitting, had MOST likley:
returned close to normal for the "light" and "moderate" users only, but still remained at abnormal levels for the "heavy" user
which of the following is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the Iraq/Afganistan war
seeing friends seriously wounded or killed
a talented artist is experiencing severe bipolar disorder. in terms of artistic output only the BEST thing that artist could do is
seek treatment: psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output
humanists would say that an individual who cares about others, is spontaneous, courageous, and independent:
self-actualizing
if you believe that you can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary, Bandura would say that you had a positive sense of:
self-efficacy
an institutionalized individual behaving abnormally says, "the doctor claims i'm schizophrenic. how else would you expect me to act?" the individuals comments reflect:
self-fulfilling prophecies
a client reports having infrequent, but extremely disturbing, tactile hallucinations. the most useful of the following ways to gather information about this person would involve:
self-monitoring
The levels of _______ are low in many people with depression and those with eating disorders.
serotonin
although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter
serotonin
depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality
serotonin
Based on a recent research, it can be concluded that the impact of repeated combat deployments
significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD
which of the following is TRUE about case studies and single subject designs
single subject designs have more internal validity
when a gestalt therapist refuses to meet her patient's demands, the therapist is using:
skillful frustration
Barbiturates were first prescribed to help people:
sleep
which of the following would be a physical symptom of depression?
sleeping poorly
multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as most likely due to:
social pressures leading to stress
an inventory that asks about how one would act in a variety of situations is a ______ inventory.
social skills
Which of the following is BEST supported by current research?
social support seems to aid recovery in cancer patients
The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is:
social workers
Anorectic patients receive a gradually increasing diet over the course of several weeks, encouragement, education, and reassurance that they will not become obese. The form of therapy they are receiving is:
supportive nursing care
"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. it is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk" This complaint is consistent with a ____explanation of generalized anxiety disorder
sociocultural
Researchers have found that substance use disorders are more common among some religious groups than others, and generally are more common among some groups than among others. Together, these findings provide the MOST support for which view of substance abuse disorders?
sociocultural
Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?
sociocultural
the type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage" is a :
sociocultural clinician
the model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the:
sociocultural model
the model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:
sociocultural model
The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning?
somatogenic
eugenics sterilization reflects the ____ perspective on abnormality
somatogenic
there are several factors related to unipolar depression. reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress to name a few. how do these factors relate to depression? the MOST recent research shows that
some factors may cause depression while other factors may maintain depression.
research suggests that which of the following people would be most likely not to develop a stress disorder following trauma?
someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control
Which of the following patients is MOST likely to benefit most from the psychoanalytic treatment?
someone who is insightful and thinks clearly
current multicultural perspectives are most likely to focus on:
special external pressure is faced by members of a culture
another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is:
standardization
Aa a general rule is the sample is large the difference between the group is large and the range of scores within a group is small then the results are likely to be
statistically significant
a person with an anxiety disorder receives treatment. because of the treatment the persons anxiety level is lower, but he still finds it almost impossible to live a normal life. for this person, the improvement in the anxiety disorder is
statistically significant
Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane. It frightened her even thought she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karens dear of this dog is an example of
stimulus generalization
Hippocrates's contribution to the development of our understanding of mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of:
stress
which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects current research findings
stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression
Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a
stressor
poor health is BEST described as a
stressor
A college professor's work performance recently has deteriorated, and his colleagues find him difficult to talk to. If this is due to a problem with drugs, the best description of this professor's behavior as detailed above would be:
substance abuse
This long-term pattern of maladaptive behavior caused by the regular use of some chemical or drug is called:
substance abuse
A modern explanation of why many anorexic people continually have food-related thoughts and dreams is that:
such thoughts and dreams are the result of food deprivation
according to the DSM 5 all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT
suicidal ideation
studies that show most therapists these days are most likely to learn about the latest information on treatment of psychological disorders from:
talking with professional colleagues
Gambling disorder is MOST common among:
teenagers and college students who are feeling distressed
Which of the following " new diagnosis" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and subways MOST likely receive?
terrorism terror
Evidence for the effectiveness of self-help programs comes MOSTLY from:
testimonials from those who have gone through such a program
R.D Laing said " insanity- a perfectly rational adjustment to an insane world." This statement illustrates
that abnormality is situational
the DSM-IV-TR, the most widley used classification system of mental disorders, divides the categories along five separate axes. The Axis I disorders are disorders:
that typically cause significant impairment and may emerge in various points of the lifecycle
Greek and Roman views
the Greeks and Romans wanted to name the disorders
a friend asks you," you're taking an abnormal psych. course. whats the most effective treatment for social anxiety disorder? your BEST research based answer is
the best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast and longer than the best drug therapy
The "weight set point" is:
the body's natural weight
Which of the following is the MOST accurate biological explanation for people who gain weight after losing it?
the brain is trying to restore the person to a set weight point
During the middle ages in europe, demonology dominated views of abnormality for all of the following reasons except:
the culture rejected religious beliefs
Research on the aftermath of anorexia shows that:
the death rate from anorexia appears to be declining
The DSM 5 has added premenstral dysmorphic disorder as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy?
the diagnosis pathologies severe cases of premenstrual syndrome
study with a new antidepressant pill....... which of the following was the independent variable of this study
the drug
multicultural psychology
the field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, gender, etc. on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how to best adapt diagnoses and treatments to fit different cultures.
Johann Weyer
the first medical professional to specialize in mental illness
Research using the social readjustment rating scale indicates that
the greater the life stress, the greater chance of illness
which of the following accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?
the hypothalamus excited the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters causing even more arousal.
according to the psychodynamic perspective if someone keeps engaging in immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts
the immoral images represent id impulses
a clinician using an ABAB design to reduce frequency of sucidial thoughts in a client finds in the second A condition sucidial thought remain as low as they had been at the end of the first B condition. the clinical can be reasonably sure that
the independant variable is not controlling the social thoughts
which of the following best example of baseline data in a single subject design
the level of beaver before treatment begins
if you were working in a field of psychoneuroimmunology you would be studying
the links between stress and illness
Correlation coefficients indicate
the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables
which of the following is an aspect of the experimental approach?
the manipulation of a variable by the researcher
studies of diagnostic conclusions made by clinicians show that:
the pattern is basically the same as one that has been displayed by many other people paid too much attention to some info and not enough
considering data from several countries around the world, which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about the percentages of adults in each country who suffer from mood disorders each year?
the percentages are over twice as high in some countries as they are in others
The chief danger of LSD use is:
the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions
which of the following statements is TRUE about the participation of women in the mental health professions?
the profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling
Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?
the psychodynamic approach
an otherwise "normal" person during hypnotic suggestion is made to bark, sit, and fetch like a dog. the occurrence of these "abnormal" behaviors lends support to which explanation for abnormality?
the psychogenic perspective
there are many obsticles that hinder psycholoist attempts to understand and treat disorders. all of the following are obstacles except:
the relatively rigid unchangeable behavior and thought patterns of humans
The controversy regarding research with animals centers on
the right of animals versus their usefulness in understanding human problems
in the united states the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is
the same as it is for girls , but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.
abnormal psychology
the scientific study of abnormal behavior
the difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is
the severity of manic episodes
Kelly was in a passenger plane.....etc.
the severity of the trauma
the model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client's family structure, societal normals, and a client's roles in society is:
the sociocultural model
which of the following is the MOST appropriate conclusion about new drug studies, placebo studies, symptom exacerbation studies and medication withdrawal studies
the studies have led to calls greater safeguards for patients
positive psychology
the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities
Methods of supplying nicotine to those who are trying to quit smoking include all of the following except:
the subcutaneous nicotine pump
psychoanalysis
the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology
The decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century is due to all of the following EXCEPT
the total lack of success of moral treatment
The following experiment is conducted to study the causes of aggression in children. Half the children eat a sugared cereal. the remaining half eat cornflakes. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children in a one hour play period after breakfast is then recorded. in this experiment
the type of cereal is the independent variable and the number of aggressive responses is the dependent variable
brilliant scholars or champion athletes are not considered clinically abnormal because..
their behaviors are unusual to the norm but do not cause distress, dysfunction, or danger.
psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common:
their lack of strong support from controlled studies
a patient looks at a series of black and white pictures, making up a dramatic story about each. the patient is taking:
thematic appreciation test
when a clinician using the Rorschach focuses on the actual images that a person "sees, the clinician is emphasizing
theme
if you ask the question, "what type of therapy has been shown to be the most effective for my particular disorder?" you are asking a question about:
therapy outcome studies
Challenges faced by the clinical researchers include all of the following EXCEPT
there are very few graduate students trained in clinical research
If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be most correct (based on the research) in saying that
there is little evidence that debriefing works
what do acute and post traumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?
they are triggered by traumatic events
"Biggest Loser" contestants, if they are like the majority of obese people, are MOST likely:
to not display binge eating disorder
which of the following is the best way for clinicians to come to an understanding of abnormal behavior?
to rely on findings that have been supported by multiple research methods
A person takes a drug at noon. Although remaining awake and alert, the person experiences poor coordination, palpitations, and greatly enhanced visual perceptions. By dinner, the symptoms have pretty well subsided. MOST likely, that person:
took LSD
The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in older men seen at a clinic tells you the:
total number of older men with sexual dysfunction at the clinic
In many areas, asylums of the 1500s such a Bethlehem Hospital in London became
tourist attractions
In many areas, asylums of the 1500s, such as Bethlehem asylum in London, became:
tourist attractions
the practice of trephination was probably used to:
treat abnormal behavior such as hallucinations or to remove bone splinters or blood clots
ancient views
trephination and exorcism to rid the body of evil spirits
people with low incomes are ____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of these stress disorders.
twice
The duration of most of the effects of cannabis is about:
two to six hours
to receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least
two years
An example of evidence for psychophysiological disorders is that
ulcers, asthma, insomnia, and cronic headaches probably have physical and psychological causes
Of the following examples of case studies, the one MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be a case study including a well tested research- supported form of therapy used to treat
uncommon disorder
An individual who is dependent on alcohol is experiencing delirium tremens. This reaction is:
uncommon, starting within three days after an individual stops drinking
if you recognize your worth as a person, carl rogers would say that you have devloped:
unconditional self-regard
if you imagine biting into a big, juicy, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. the lemon is an example of:
unconditioned stimulus
Bulimia is always characterized by:
uncontrollable overeating
research by cognitive theorists on the topic of social anxiety disorder has shown support for the prevalence of all the following among those with this diagnosis EXCEPT
underestimating how badly the social event went
distress
uneasiness associated with issue
of the following statements, which is accurate based on current research
unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor
if a clinician begins by asking, "would you tell me about yourself?" the clinician is most likely conducting a:
unstructured interview
one limit of the clinical interview as an assessment tool is that:
unstructured interviews can lack reliability
a person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller than normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is:
unusual: those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller than normal hippocampus cause it to produce a low number of new neurons
a researcher trying to eliminate the Rosenthal effect would be sure to
use a blind design
clinical psychologists are unique among mental health professionals because they:
use psychological tests and conduct research
how does an MRI make a picture of the brain?
uses magnetic property of certain atoms in the brain to create a detailed picture of the brain's structure and activity
according to family systems theory, families that show "disengagement" are characterized by:
very rigid boundaries, children might find it hard to function in a group or to give or request support
in how many cases of psychological disorders does an individual gene appear to be responsible?
vitrually none- it take many genes
If you are similar to most other people , which of the following are you MOST likely to do to relieve stress?
watch TV, read or listen to music
one major difference between psychiatrist and psychologist is that psychiatrists
went to medical school
religious rituals and superstitions behavior such as not stepping on cracks would be considered a compulsive behavior
when they interfere with daily function and cause distress
of the following, those least likely to experience specific phobias are
white american males
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain
why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety
The man who brought the reforms of moral therapy to northern England was
william tuke
A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when he tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed:
withdrawal reactions
which of the following is an example of metaworry?
worrying about worrying
of the following, the BEST description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is:
worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal
Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was:
yellow bile, blood, black bile, and phlegm
group therapy
• A therapy format in which a group of people with similar prob- lems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems.
couple therapy
• A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship. Also called marital therapy
existential therapy
• A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater mean- ing and value.
client-centered therapy
• The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness.
multicultural perspective
• The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective.
relaxation training
•A treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations.
