Abnormal Psychology Chapter 5
__________ as many girls as boys are exposed to childhood sexual abuse. a) Twice b) Three times c) Four times d) Five times
a) Twice
The most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the U.S. is a) Mood dysregulation disorder b) Cyclothymia c) Major depressive disorder d) Bipolar disorder
c) Major depressive disorder
The depressive cognitive triad, according to Beck's cognitive theory of depression, is a) pessimistic views of self, world, and future. b) negative beliefs about how things work in the world. c) negative schemata triggered by negative life events. d) distorted ways of reaching conclusions about events.
a) pessimistic views of self, world, and future.
Twin studies yield heritability estimates of __________ for major depressive disorder. a) 37% b) 85% c) 25% d) 70%
a) 37%
Which form of bipolar disorder is considered to be the most severe form of mental illness? a) Bipolar I b) Bipolar II c) Cyclothymic Disorder d) None of the above
a) Bipolar I
Which of the following symptoms differentiate Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder from Persistent Depressive Disorder? a) Joint or muscle pain indicates Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder but not Persistent Depressive Disorder. b) Depressive symptoms must persist for at least two years in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder but not in Persistent Depressive Disorder. c) Sleeping too much or too little is indicative of Persistent Depressive Disorder but not Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. d) The only distinction is in the timing and frequency of the symptoms.
a) Joint or muscle pain indicates Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder but not Persistent Depressive Disorder.
According to the DSM-5, bereavement-related symptoms are no longer excluded from the diagnosis of a) Major depressive disorder b) Persistent depressive disorder c) Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder d) Bipolar I disorder
a) Major depressive disorder
All of the following are mood disorders in the DSM-5 except: a) Mixed Anxiety/Depressive Disorder b) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder c) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder d) Cyclothymia
a) Mixed Anxiety/Depressive Disorder
Jacqueline has been consistently depressed for the past three years. Based on this information, the best diagnosis for Jacqueline would be a) Persistent depressive disorder. b) Cyclothymic disorder. c) Bipolar disorder. d) Disruptive mood regulation disorder.
a) Persistent depressive disorder.
The symptoms of ____________ must occur most severely within the week before menses. a) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) b) Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) c) Perimenstrual Distress Disorder (PMDD) d) Premenstrual Myalgia Syndrome (PMS)
a) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Which of the following is a major problem that remains in the use of medication for the treatment of depression? a) Relapse after medication discontinuation. b) Permanent memory loss associated with some medicines. c) There is little effect upon negative attributions. d) All of the above are problems in medication treatment.
a) Relapse after medication discontinuation.
The diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder includes the criterion that a) The symptoms must resolve completely within a few days of the onset of menses. b) The symptoms must persist in similar severity from a few days before to a few days after the onset of menses. c) The symptoms must be most severe during menses. d) The symptom of self-depreciation must be present.
a) The symptoms must resolve completely within a few days of the onset of menses.
Studies of the epidemiology of suicide suggest that a) around 9% of people report suicidal ideation at one point in their life. b) suicide rates decrease with age. c) men are more likely to attempt suicide. d) rates are lower among regular churchgoers.
a) around 9% of people report suicidal ideation at one point in their life.
Electroconvulsive therapy a) can be a highly effective in treating depression, especially depression with psychotic features. b) is so risky that it is only reserved for people who are actively suicidal. c) is no longer used in the treatment of depression. d) is usually recommended if a person does not respond to SSRIs in the second week of treatment.
a) can be a highly effective in treating depression, especially depression with psychotic features.
Mindfulness-based therapy is adapted from a) cognitive therapy. b) IPT. c) psychoanalysis. d) behavioral therapy.
a) cognitive therapy.
Among individuals who are depressed, a) cortisol levels are often poorly regulated. b) most have Cushing's syndrome as well. c) levels of dexamethasone are dysregulated. d) All of the above are correct.
a) cortisol levels are often poorly regulated.
Functional studies of people with major depression show a) elevated activity in the amygdala. b) decreased activity in the amygdala. c) diminished volume in the prefrontal cortex. d) diminished volume of the hippocampus.
a) elevated activity in the amygdala.
While many difficulties might get a person thinking about suicide, __________ seems to predict the switch from suicidal thoughts to suicidal actions. a) impulsivity b) mania c) drug abuse d) helplessness
a) impulsivity
. Research indicating that people with bipolar disorder describe themselves as very responsive to rewards may help explain why those with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for becoming manic after a) life events involving goal attainment. b) increasing the number of life needs. c) deep depression. d) receiving gifts.
a) life events involving goal attainment.
For a period of one week, Alan experienced episodes of extreme elation that caused significant functional impairment. Based on this information only, Alan was experiencing a a) manic episode. b) hypomanic episode. c) depressive episode. d) none of the above.
a) manic episode.
Across paradigms, treatment of mood disorders typically includes a) psychoeducation. b) cognitive therapy. c) behavioral marital therapy. d) behavioral activation.
a) psychoeducation.
In bipolar disorder, depressive episodes are typically triggered by a) similar factors as in major depression. b) difficulty facing the seriousness of the disorder. c) aftereffects of manic episodes. d) neurological changes.
a) similar factors as in major depression.
The diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder should NOT be made when a) there has ever been a manic episode lasting longer than one day. b) there has never been a manic episode lasting longer than one day. c) the temper outbursts are frequent and inconsistent with the child's developmental level. d) there is a family history of bipolar disorder.
a) there has ever been a manic episode lasting longer than one day.
In regard to suicide and gender, more __________ attempt suicide and more __________ actually kill themselves. a) women; men b) women; women c) men; men d) men; women
a) women; men
Jill is seeking treatment for depression, which started after she ended a long-term relationship. Which of the following would be a global depressive attribution she might make? a) "My relationships end badly because I get jealous and I drive them away." b) "There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me." c) "Sometimes I feel there is something the matter with me. Maybe I am not pretty enough." d) "My next relationship will likely be better."
b) "There must be something wrong with me, because I always attract people who are wrong for me."
In the DSM-5, __________ is included in persistent depressive disorder. a) Chronic bereavement-related depression b) Chronic major depressive disorder c) Bipolar I disorder d) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
b) Chronic major depressive disorder
96. Joint or muscle pain is specifically excluded from the criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. a) True b) False
b) False
Psychomotor agitation involves all but: a) Pacing. b) Limbs feeling heavy. c) Wringing hands. d) Fidgeting.
b) Limbs feeling heavy.
Major depressive disorder is three times more common among __________ populations. a) High SES b) Low SES c) Middle class d) None of the above
b) Low SES
In one prospective study, feelings of rejection and self-hatred preceded the behavior of _______________. a) Suicidal self-injury b) Nonsuicidal self-injury c) Mania d) None of the above
b) Nonsuicidal self-injury
Which of the following statements is true? a) Serotonin is used to lower dopamine levels. b) People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors. c) People who are vulnerable to depression may have highly sensitive serotonin receptors. d) A person who has very sensitive serotonin receptors is expected to experience lots of depressive symptoms as their serotonin levels drop.
b) People who are vulnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors.
Nancy is a 28 year old female who presents with the symptoms of low energy, poor self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness and has had a depressed mood for most of the day more than half of the time for 2 years. The best diagnosis that describes her condition is a) Major Depressive Disorder b) Persistent Depressive Disorder c) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder d) Seasonal Affective Disorder
b) Persistent Depressive Disorder
Which of the following treatments for seasonal affective disorder is now considered a first-line recommendation in the APA Treatment Guidelines for Depression? a) Hypnosis b) Regular bright light exposure c) Psychodynamic therapy d) Traveling to a warmer climate during winter months
b) Regular bright light exposure
Which of the following statements is true? a) There is a negative relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity. b) There is a positive relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity. c) Creativity causes improvements in mood. d) Depression causes creative outbursts.
b) There is a positive relationship between bipolar disorders and creativity.
Which of the following factors has NOT been proposed as an explanation for the gender difference in depression? a) Girls are more likely to be exposed to sexual abuse than boys. b) Women tend to be more creative than men. c) Women are more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors in adulthood. d) Social roles promote emotion-focused coping among women.
b) Women tend to be more creative than men.
. Stressful life events a) are only related to the first episode of depression. b) are important in triggering episodes of depression. c) play little role in the onset of depressive episodes. d) mediate the relationship between genetics and environment.
b) are important in triggering episodes of depression.
Which of the following disorders has the highest heritability estimates? a) major depressive disorder b) bipolar disorder c) persistent depressive disorder d) cyclothymia
b) bipolar disorder
Which of the following is a chronic, milder form of bipolar disorder? a) dysthymic disorder b) cyclothymic disorder c) manic-depression d) hypomanic disorder
b) cyclothymic disorder
All of the following are characteristics of Electo Convulsive Therapy EXCEPT a) passing a current of 70-130-volt current through the patient's brain b) electrodes are placed on each side of the forehead c) The patient is given a muscle relaxant d) The patient is unconscious for the procedure
b) electrodes are placed on each side of the forehead
If Stephanie is characterized as a person high in neuroticism, she a) is not likely to become depressed, but likely to become anxious. b) is at elevated risk for developing depression. c) is likely to experience low levels of anxiety, but high levels of depression. d) is most likely clinically depressed.
b) is at elevated risk for developing depression.
Research has demonstrated a relationship between __________ and depression, which is moderated by __________. a) loss; IQ b) life stress; social support c) diet; exercise d) overly optimistic cognitions; intelligence
b) life stress; social support
Lizzie has a depressive disorder. Which medication from the list below is NOT LIKELY to be prescribed? a) imipramine b) lithium carbonate c) an MAO inhibitor d) fluoxetine (Prozac)
b) lithium carbonate
Scott has bipolar disorder. Which medication is the most likely to be prescribed? a) imipramine b) lithium carbonate c) an MAO inhibitor d) fluoxetine (Prozac)
b) lithium carbonate
Stressful life events appear to be a causal factor in depression, on the basis of research showing that a) depressed people experience more losses of marriages and jobs. b) many people report life stresses before they become depressed. c) depression rates increase after major disasters. d) lab induced stress leads to increased depression.
b) many people report life stresses before they become depressed.
. Jacob's psychiatrist has recommended electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), and Jacob is debating whether to consent to this treatment. Which of the following risks should Jacob consider when making his decision? a) bone fractures caused by the seizure b) memory loss and confusion c) developing a seizure disorder d) permanent changes in brain structure
b) memory loss and confusion
Most researchers believe that a) mood disorders are caused by a single gene that regulates mood. b) mood disorders are caused by a set of genes. c) mood disorders are caused by a dysregulation of norepinephrine. d) mood disorders are caused by a single gene called N34.
b) mood disorders are caused by a set of genes.
Which of the following personality traits has been most strongly associated with depression? a) agreeableness b) neuroticism c) extraversion d) avoidance
b) neuroticism
Over time, people with depression typically experience a) longer interactions than with people without depression. b) remember even the smallest negative feedback about themselves. c) the depressed person feeling less depressed. d) more depression even if there is an effort to reduce the depression in the conversation.
b) remember even the smallest negative feedback about themselves.
Recent trials of psychological treatment of bipolar disorder have shown that a) only medication should be used to treat bipolar disorder. b) several established treatments can help people with bipolar disorder stay on medication and avoid hospitalization. c) these treatments only help with the highs (mania) and not the lows (depression). d) these treatments work better in decreasing symptoms than medication.
b) several established treatments can help people with bipolar disorder stay on medication and avoid hospitalization.
Which of the following statements is true? a) All people who experience manic symptoms will experience symptoms of depression at some point during their lifetime. b) An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I. c) An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II. d) Researchers often study triggers of manic and depressive episodes simultaneously.
c) An episode of depression is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar II.
Jack reports being in a wonderful mood. He has been very active at work lately, even working far into the night, as he seems to need only a few hours of sleep at night. He is very talkative and quickly moves from one topic to another, describing a scheme he has for making a fortune in the stock market. These behaviors represent a change from Jack's normal behaviors and have caused severe functional impairment. He reports no previous periods like this. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit Jack? a) Overanxious disorder. b) Dysthymic disorder. c) Bipolar disorder. d) Cyclothymic disorder.
c) Bipolar disorder.
Juan experiences symptoms of sad mood, increased sleep, agitation, poor appetite, and concentration difficulties most of the day. Julia, on the other hand, has symptoms of loss of interest in activities, lethargy, increased appetite, feelings of worthlessness, and recurrent thoughts of death. What can be concluded regarding Juan and Julia? a) Both Juan and Julia have bipolar disorder b) Juan has mania, whereas Julia has major depression. c) Both have major depression. d) Both have cyclothymic disorder.
c) Both have major depression
Which of the following describes the relationship between depression and suicide? a) Almost all people who commit suicide are depressed. b) Almost all people who are depressed attempt suicide. c) More than half of the people who attempt suicide are depressed at the time of the act. d) Contrary to popular belief, there is no relationship between depression and suicide.
c) More than half of the people who attempt suicide are depressed at the time of the act.
The slowing of thoughts and movements by those experiencing depression is called a) Psychomotor agitation. b) Social withdrawal. c) Psychomotor retardation. d) Melancholia.
c) Psychomotor retardation.
Which of the following statements is true? a) High levels of expressed emotion predict relapse in depression. b) Depressive symptoms are usually a result of expressed emotion. c) Symptoms of depression can create relationship problems. d) People with depression often elicit positive reactions from people around them because they tend to keep to themselves.
c) Symptoms of depression can create relationship problems.
Considering the etiology of depressive disorders, the latest evidence suggests that they are a) neurobiological. b) psychosocial. c) both neurobiological and psychosocial. d) mostly genetic.
c) both neurobiological and psychosocial.
In both animals and humans, too much cortisol appears to produce a) Cushing's syndrome. b) manic symptoms. c) depressive symptoms. d) HPA axis activity.
c) depressive symptoms.
After a stressful life event, most people a) become depressed. b) will have another stressful life event. c) do not become depressed. d) experience a reduction in social support.
c) do not become depressed.
Jolynn was experiencing major depression, and she went to a therapist who treated her with interpersonal therapy. Her therapist probably encouraged her to a) confront her parents with her anger at them for neglecting her as a child. b) keep a record of her moods over the course of the day and their relationship to the number of positive contacts she has with other people. c) examine her own way of relating to others in her environment. d) attempt to replace depressing memories with happy ones.
c) examine her own way of relating to others in her environment.
Studies suggest that interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) a) is relatively ineffective. b) is comparable in its effectiveness to psychoanalysis. c) is effective in relieving depression and preventing relapse. d) is effective in treating depression, but fails to prevent relapse, especially in the elderly.
c) is effective in relieving depression and preventing relapse.
If a psychiatrist chooses to prescribe an antidepressant to a person with bipolar disorder, a) lithium can be stopped for the time he or she is taking the antidepressant, but must be resumed as soon as the antidepressant is stopped. b) it should only be an SSRI. c) it is crucial that a mood-stabilizing medication be prescribed as well. d) it should only be a TCA.
c) it is crucial that a mood-stabilizing medication be prescribed as well.
. Mindfulness-based therapy is a) most effective for women. b) most effective for people who have had just one major depressive episode. c) most effective for people who experience recurrent depressive episodes. d) as effective as treatment as usual.
c) most effective for people who experience recurrent depressive episodes.
To be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, a person a) must be currently experiencing manic symptoms. b) must have experienced hypomanic symptoms as well as depressive symptoms at some point in their lifetime. c) must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime. d) must have experienced at least one depressive episode.
c) must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime.
Norepinephrine and serotonin are __________ implicated in mood disorder etiology. a) two parts of the autonomic nervous system b) antidepressant medications c) neurotransmitters d) structures in the limbic system
c) neurotransmitters
Studies suggest that suicide risk is a) always due to social factors. b) always due to environmental factors. c) partially heritable. d) caused by low levels of norepinephrine.
c) partially heritable.
Which of the following statements is correct? a) Cardiovascular health predicts depression. b) Depression predicts cardiovascular health. c) Cardiovascular health and depression are unrelated. d) Cardiovascular health and depression predict each other.
d) Cardiovascular health and depression predict each other.
Which of the following is not considered a common symptom of depression? a) Psychomotor retardation or agitation b) Sleeping too much or too little c) Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt d) High Energy Level
d) High Energy Level
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is distinguished from major depression by the addition of all of the following symptoms except: a) Breast tenderness or swelling. b) Bloating. c) Loss of interest in previously pleasureable activities. d) Joint or muscle pain.
d) Joint or muscle pain.
Given that antidepressant medications have been demonstrated to be effective, why are other treatments for depression still used? a) The medication is effective only for the first few weeks of use. b) Medication is effective in treating bipolar but not unipolar patients. c) The medications are only effective for children and adolescents. d) Patients often do not recover and relapse after they stop taking the medication.
d) Patients often do not recover and relapse after they stop taking the medication.
Which of the following disorders is newly included in the DSM-5? a) Bipolar I disorder b) Bipolar II disorder c) Bipolar III disorder d) Persistent depressive disorder
d) Persistent depressive disorder
Which of the following is a problem with seeking psychiatric help from a primary care physician? a) Primary care doctors only know how to prescribe SSRI's. b) Primary care doctors tend to overreact to psychopathology. c) It is more expensive to obtain psychiatric help from a primary care doctor. d) Primary care doctors often give medicine but are not trained to properly to diagnose episodes of depression.
d) Primary care doctors often give medicine but are not trained to properly to diagnose episodes of depression.
Kyle is a 55 year old male from Maine who presents with the symptoms of depression several consistently over the same months every year. During these times he sleeps longer and suffers from lower appetite and energy. The best diagnosis that describes his condition is a) Major Depressive Disorder b) Persistent Depressive Disorder c) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder d) Seasonal Affective Disorder
d) Seasonal Affective Disorder
According to hopelessness theory the most important trigger of depression is having attributions that are: a) Stable and Specific. b) Unstable and Global. c) Unstable and Specific. d) Stable and Global.
d) Stable and Global.
Tricyclics (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a) never used any more. b) parts of the limbic system implicated in mood disorders. c) neurotransmitters. d) antidepressant medications.
d) antidepressant medications.
Medications as a treatment for depression a) are no longer used, since psychotherapy has been demonstrated to be more effective. b) are used almost exclusively, since they have been found to be superior to psychotherapy. c) continue to be used despite evidence of ineffectiveness and serious side effects. d) are used most effectively in conjunction with psychotherapy.
d) are used most effectively in conjunction with psychotherapy.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder involves a) children. b) adolescents. c) adults. d) both children and adolescents.
d) both children and adolescents.
. In regards to depression, the amygdala a) helps a person recall painful memories. b) helps a person execute plans. c) regulates heart rate. d) helps a person assess how emotionally important a given stimulus is.
d) helps a person assess how emotionally important a given stimulus is.
Which of the following characteristics is strongly tied to suicidality? a) introversion b) hostility and cynicism c) ambivalence d) hopelessness
d) hopelessness
Behavioral activation involves a) increasing the number of meaningful relationships. b) increasing one's commitment to therapy. c) increasing serotonin levels. d) increasing the number of active, pleasurable experiences.
d) increasing the number of active, pleasurable experiences.
In modern applications of electroconvulsive therapy, electrical current a) is not used. Instead, convulsions are induced chemically. b) is passed only through the frontal lobe. c) is higher than in the past. d) is passed through the non-dominant hemisphere.
d) is passed through the non-dominant hemisphere.
People who are depressed most commonly have a) just lost their job. b) had a best friend die suddenly. c) recently broken up with their partner. d) low social support.
d) low social support.
In interpersonal psychotherapy, the focus of treatment is on examining a) how the past is influencing the present. b) cognitive biases in relationships. c) current behaviors and how they interfere with relationships. d) major interpersonal problems in current relationships.
d) major interpersonal problems in current relationships.
In Beck's theory, one form of cognitive bias leading to depression would be excessive attention toward a) the past. b) global disasters. c) childhood sexual abuse. d) negative feedback.
d) negative feedback.
Flight of ideas refers to a) delusional thinking. b) suicidal thinking. c) the thinking of a person with dementia. d) rapid shifts in topics while speaking.
d) rapid shifts in topics while speaking.
. Pleasure, motivation, and energy decrease in depression and increase in mania. This suggests neurological changes in the a) amygdala. b) second messengers. c) HPA axis. d) reward system.
d) reward system.
The DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymic disorder involves all of the following EXCEPT a) it must have occurred for at least two years. b) numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms. c) numerous periods with depressive symptoms. d) symptoms do not clear for more than six months at a time.
d) symptoms do not clear for more than six months at a time.
Given the inconsistent evidence about levels of neurotransmitters in people with mood disorders, researchers have begun to focus research efforts on a) whether specific levels of serotonin or dopamine are important. b) understanding the types of people who have no disturbances in their absolute levels of neurotransmitters. c) finding a new neurotransmitter. d) the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors.
d) the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors
. In the past year, John has had three depressive episodes and two manic episodes. Which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses would best fit John? a) bipolar I disorder -- rapid cycling specifier b) bipolar II disorder -- rapid cycling specifier c) cyclothymia d) major depressive disorder -- rapid cycling specifier
a) bipolar I disorder -- rapid cycling specifier
Including symptoms of severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year beginning before age 10, _____________________ is a new diagnosis in the DSM-5. a) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder b) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder c) Major Depressive Disorder d) Persistent Depressive Disorder
a) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
What percentage of people who meet the criteria for a diagnosis of MDD also experience an anxiety disorder during their lifetime? a) 70% b) 60% c) 50% d) 40%
b) 60%
The DSM-5 recognizes which of the following forms of bipolar disorders? a) Bipolar I and Bipolar II b) Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Cyclothymia c) Bipolar and Cyclothymia d) Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Bipolar III
b) Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Cyclothymia
Which of the following people is least likely to have major depression? a) A 45-year-old wealthy woman b) A 35-year-old unemployed man c) A 20-year-old wealthy man d) A 19-year-old wealthy woman who has had one episode of depression in the past
c) A 20-year-old wealthy man
21. Every winter for the past three years, Natalie has felt extremely depressed for a period of months and is unable to keep up with her responsibilities because of her low energy and difficulty concentrating. She always appears to feel better by early spring and is at her best during the summer. Which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses would best fit Natalie? a) Cyclothymic disorder b) Major depression— c) Seasonal affective disorder d) Natalie's symptoms reflect normal mood fluctuations and would not be given a DSM-5 diagnosis.
c) Seasonal affective disorder
The DSM-5 diagnosis of major depressive disorder includes __________ depressive symptoms that are present for at least two weeks. a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
d) 5
Which of the following best describes hypomania? a) A type of mania that alternates with depression. b) A type of mania more common in dysthymic patients. c) A more severe form of mania. d) A less severe form of mania.
d) A less severe form of mania.
