Abnormal Psychology - Final Quizlet
___ determines male anatomy in fetus
Testosterone
____ is the part of the brain that receives and integrates sensory information
Thalamus
What is the second neurobiology pathway?
Thalamus-Visual Cortex -Amygdala (triggers an organized response to threat)
Males-reverse anorexia is also known as the ____ ____ ___
The Adonis effect
What is the best definition of working memory?
The ability to maintain and manipulate information for a short period of time.
A nurse in a pediatrician's office is instructing the new assistant. Together, they review files in order to help the assistant become familiar with the job and the terminology. When they review one file, they see the word "anoxia." What can they conclude about the child based on the inclusion of this term in his file?
The baby suffered oxygen deprivation and may have intellectual disabilities.
Two patients are in the local mental hospital: one is diagnosed with delusional disorder and the other with schizophrenia. What is the major difference between these two patients?
The behavior of the patient with delusional disorder is not bizarre, and other than in areas related to his delusions, he experiences no social or occupational impairment.
What is one of the advantages of structured interviews in assessing clients?
The interviewer can probe further when necessary.
What is an attribution?
The perceived cause of something
What is the benefit of personality tests in psychological assessment?
The same stimuli are used every time the test is given.
7.1.80. If a patient with somatic symptom disorder is described as presenting symptoms in a histrionic manner what has the clinician concluded?
The symptoms were presented in a vague but seductive and dramatic manner.
During a lecture on eating disorders, the lecturer tells the audience, "Let's be candid, anorexia is a misnomer." Most of the people around you are puzzled until the expert explains. What does she say?
The term anorexia means "loss of appetite" but people with this disorder are actually hungry.
7.1.100. What was Sigmund Freud's original conclusion concerning reports of child sexual abuse by patients with conversion disorders?
The trauma causes conversion.
A researcher is investigating the biological and psychological characteristics of a sample of individuals with XYY syndrome. Which of the following is he likely to find?
Their mean IQ is about 10 points lower than average.
A patient is presented with a test that consists of a series of human figures in ambiguous situations. What test is being administered to the patient
Thematic Apperception Test
What makes defining abnormality difficult?
There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal
7.1.111. What is one reason for the limited research on the psychological treatment of somatic symptom disorders?
These people tend to see physicians, not psychologists.
What have outcome studies found regarding the value of assertive community treatment programs for schizophrenia?
They can effectively reduce the number of days that patients spend in psychiatric hospitals.
7.1.37. Your friend has just come from a therapist who has recommended eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder. Because you are taking a course in abnormal psychology, your friend asks what you think. Based on the literature, what would you say
This technique does not seem to have a theoretical basis, and the limited effectiveness it does show may be due to the fact that it involves exposure.
An epidemiologist is about to testify to Congress on the findings of comorbidity. Which of the following points will she want to make after reviewing research on comorbidity?
Those with severe impairment often have more than one disorder.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the cross-tolerant relationship between benzodiazepines and alcohol?
Tolerance to one means tolerance to the other.
What are the causes of Intelecutal Disabilities? List the Infectous diseases:
Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, HIV, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Encephalitis, Meningitis
_____ individuals may experience emotional distress over social intolerance, but not everyone who is this experiences gender dysphoria
Transgender
____ disorder is when men dress in the clothes of the other gender for sexual arousal-they do not identify as women
Transvestic
How many symptoms must be present to meet the criteria for substance use disorder?
Two or more
Stress can make us weaker or stronger - there is a _____ curve between adversity and well-being
U-shaped
7.1.97. Under what circumstances is a physical complaint assumed to be part of a somatic symptom disorder?
Various known physical causes are ruled out.
What is one of the major problems in treating alcoholism with Antabuse?
Voluntary compliance with drug taking is low.
What did Freud think about anxiety?
We want to protect our ego so we use defense mechanisms
____ ____ ___ are fixed weights or small ranges of weight
Weight set points
Which of the following sex differences might reflect greater erotic plasticity in women?
Women are more likely than men to describe themselves as attracted to both sexes.
Which of the following is a reason frequently given by scientists to explain the much higher rate of eating disorders among females?
Women are much more likely than men to base their self-image on body image
current neurochemical hypothesis regarding schizophrenia focus on
a broad array of neurotransmitters
Which of the following must a person exhibit in order to be diagnosed with alcohol use disorder in DSM-5?
a problematic pattern of use
Schizophrenia is involves false beliefs which are classified as a _____
a psychosis
In 1866, what did the British physician Langdon Down describe for the first time?
a subgroup of intellectual disabilities
____ ____ the application of psychological science to the study of mental disorder
abnormal psychology
What is amenorrhea?
absence of menstruation
people with OCD feel like just by having the thought they have to ______ on it
act
Sheila in Shameless has ______
agoraphobia
Fragile X syndrome is characterized by
an abnormality on the X sex chromosome.
While major depression is ________, dysthymia is _________.
an episodic disorder; a persistent disorder
What is a blackout?
an inability to remember what happened
____ is the inability to experience pleasure
anhedonia
what term is used to describe patients who feel no joy or excitement, even while doing things they formally enjoyed
anhedonia
Young people with ____ generally perceive their families as cohesive and non-conflictual.
anorexia
____ is a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight.
anorexia nervosa
7.1.35. Which of the following types of medication is most often prescribed for PTSD?
antidepressant medications
____ ____ is when there is high levels of diffuse negative emotion
anxious apprehension
According to attachment theory, people who were ____ ___ to their caretakers developed anxiety
anxiously attatched
A study was done in the Netherlands following World War II that looked at the causes of schizophrenia. Based on the finding of this study, a logical social policy would be one that
assisted pregnant mothers with nutrition.
In schizophrenics, hallucinations are usually _______ in content.
auditory
SPD (Schizotypal Personality Disorder) is comorbid with _____ disorder
avoidant
What is most likely to be affected by a tumor on the hypothalamus?
basic biological urges
What is a cognitive-behavior therapist likely to do in treating Frances, whose battle with depression was described in the text?
be very directive in getting her to look at her distorted thinking
Why is mindfulness not an effective therapy for somatic symptom disorder?
because they would just focus more on their "illness"
What happens when negative reinforcement is applied?
behavior increases
____ conditioning is resistance to the drugs behavioral effects - conditioned place preference
behavioral
____ ____ is a multidisciplinary field that includes both medical and mental health professionals who investigate psychological factors in the symptoms, cause, and treatment of physical illnesses
behavioral medicine
_____ is one of the biggest symptoms of bulimia nervosa
binge eating
The three categories of risk factors for developing a mental disorder are ___ , ___, ____
biological, psychological, and sociocultural
People who develop panic disorder, usually tend to be preoccupied with ____
body sensations
How are disorders grouped in DSM-5?
by similar kinds of symptoms
In terms of the outcome of treatment for anxiety disorders, recovery
can be complete
What is one of the primary limitations of case studies?
can be viewed from many different perspectives
____ is associated with positive psychology
cancer
We usually use ____ ___ to study unusal behvaiors
case study
____ is immobility and marked muscular rigidity; excitement and overactivity, waxy flexibility
catanonia
___ is also associated with a stuporous state; which means: ____ ____
catanonia, reduced responsiveness
In the __ ____ system, nicotine has pervasive effects on a number of neurotransmitter systems
central nervous
A police officer pulls over a driver suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. The driver is asked to exit the car and walk a straight line. This test is designed to detect the effects of alcohol on the _______
cerebellum
The ventricles of the brain are filled with ____ _____
cerebrospinal fluid.
What is one common cause of lead exposure in children?
chipping lead-based paint
_____ model is classification that divides emotions into pleasant or unpleasant and mild or intense
circumflex
Cognitive behavior therapy teaches individuals to cope more effectively with _______.
circumstances that precipitate drug use
Mabel is taking an antipsychotic to treat her schizophrenia. Which of the following drugs would be expected to cause Mabel to gain the most weight?
clozapine (Clozaril)
aside from the response, what is very important in an anxiety disorder?
cognition
_______ treatment approaches teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and about themselves.
cognitive
Side effects of Benzodiazepines include Diazepam (Valium) and Alprazolam (Xanax):
cognitive and psychomotor impairments, no alcohol, high potential for addiction
Frances suffers from bulimia nervosa and is seeing a therapist who is focusing on normalizing her eating patterns on her dysfunctional attitudes. Which form of therapy is her therapist providing?
cognitive behavior therapy
What is the fundamental difference between the cognitive-behavioral approach and the 12-step AA approach to the treatment of alcohol abuse
cognitive-behavioral approaches emphasize skills to control addiction rather than always requiring complete abstinence.
These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably
cognitive-behavioral.
What two relationship problems have researchers found that are associated with various mental disorders?
conflict and anger
People who feel that they are able to _____ events in their environments are less likely to show symptoms of anxiety than people who believe they are helpless.
control
7.1.78. Terry is unable to see, even though a medical examination reveals no physical problems with her eyes or brain. What is the most likely diagnosis?
conversion disorder
Differences between people with people without PTSD are _____
correlations
What are examples of adaptive skills?
daily living and socialization skills
People who say they are alone but feel happy are at increased risk of ____
death
As a period of remission from a depressive episode increases, the risk of relapse _______.
decreases
Biggest criticism for putting ASD under PTSD category is that it is
defining normal reactions to trauma as a disorder
In _____ ___ disorder, people needs others to be responsible for most aspects of their life, fears being rejected, and they will always agree with others
dependent personality
The diagnostic manual has always treated personality disorders as
discrete categories
____ ____ is a sudden inability to recall extensive and important personal information that exceeds normal forgetfulness
dissociative amnesia
People with somatic symptom disorder are very ____
dramatic
____ ____ statistical analyses to identify items & patterns of scores that differentiated various groups
empirical keying
If concordance rate with adoptive parents is greater than concordance rate with biological parents, then ____ factor assumed
environmental
The "placebo response" is the result of ________ on the part of the _________.
expectations; participant
The term "recurrent," as applied to mood disorders, means that the patient
experiences several episodes, separated by periods of normal mood.
7.1.86. What part of the body is the most frequent preoccupation of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder?
facial features
Adoption studies are important in behavior genetics because they help to provide evidence on ____ versus ____ contributions.
genetic vs enviormental
Which of the following symptoms is likely to show the most improvement with the use of antipsychotic medication?
hallucination
In the long term treatment of alcoholic patients, SSRIs
have been: not very valuable
A physician prescribes Viagra to treat a patient's erectile dysfunction and advises him to be aware of possible side effects such as
headaches and altered vision
___ ____ are : increased stress is correlated with such illness behaviors as more frequent visits to physicians
illness behaviors
___ ___ disorder is defined as persistent, clinically significant impulsive behaviors that are not better explained by other diagnoses.
impulse control disorder
The most common age when symptoms of schizophrenia may initially appear is
in adolescence and early adulthood.
avolition refers to
indecisiveness and a a lack of willpower
How do SSRI drugs produce their antidepressant effect?
inhibiting reuptake of serotonin
Low adversity makes you ___ ___ to stressors
less resilient (bc you do not know how to deal with it)
Fight or flight is a ____ reaction to much stress in the modern world.
maladaptive
___ ___ means persistent maladaptive behaviors
mental illness
7.1.77. The symptoms of conversion disorder often resemble
neurological diseases.
What two subtypes of bulimia nervosa are described in DSM-IV?
purging and non-purging
Therapists give patients who they expect to have DID give their patients ______
questionnaires
how has research on comorbidity changed the focus of epidemiology research?
shifted focus from counting the number of people with a disorder to measuring the functional impairment associated with the problems
During an interview, a patient suffering from schizophrenia gives answers that seem to be responses to the questions but are entangled in irrelevant details. What term is used to describe this phenomenon?
tangentiality
Which of the following statements is correct about the autism spectrum?
that psychologists are in the middle of a diagnostic upheaval
Dr. McManas has a patient from Chile who is experiencing negative behaviors and unusual symptoms that are hard to diagnose. Who or what should the doctor consult in order to diagnose his patient?
the DSM-IV glossary of culture-bound symptoms
On what does the DSM-5 place primary emphasis?
the consequences of certain behavioral symptoms
Assume that variables X and Y are significantly correlated; the third variable problem means that
the correlation could be explained by their joint relation with some other factor
You need between___ and ___ vital friendships for optimal wellbeing, suggests research
three and five
7.1.76. Which of the following is a problem associated with somatic symptom disorders?
unnecessary surgery
In bulimia, self-esteem and much of the daily routine is centered around___ and ___
weight and diet
A weight level the body seems to defend by adjusting its rate of energy use is called the
weight set point
What is an example of a reward system?
when you feel hungry, you grab food, which makes u feel good when you eat
In anxiety disorders, relapse rates higher for ____than ____
women, men
____ ___ ____ therapy increases interoceptive awareness and correct distorted perceptions
-Bruch's modified psychodynamic therapy
______ activity associated with anxiety
Cognitive
Behavioral symptoms of mania?
Gregarious, Energetic, Impulsive
____ cause people to experience hallucinations.
Hallucinogens
___ was used for PTSD
MDMA
Symptoms of ____ ____ ___ are somewhat different and 6 are required
PTSD
Clinical psychology education
PhD, PsyD
____ is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression is different from cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at birth. Being____ does not imply any specific sexual orientation
Transgender, transgender
7.1.31. Following September 11, New York City college students had lower rates of PTSD if they were better at enhancing and suppressing emotional expression. This is an example of what psychologist Edna Foa calls emotional processing, which involves three key stages. Which of the following is one of her stages?
Victims must engage emotionally with their traumatic memories.
7.1.12. On what group was the first focus of research on posttraumatic stress disorder as the aftermath of traumatic events?
Vietnam War veterans
A researcher discussing the prevalence of eating disorders makes reference to what she says is a cohort effect for these disorders what does this mean?
Women born after 1960 have a higher rate of bulimia nervosa than women born prior to 1960.
What is the major difference between men and women in the sexual response cycle?
Women may be able to respond to stimulation during the resolution phase.
______ is fear of small animals
Zoophobia
In the term "harmful dysfunction", the word "dysfunction" refers to
a disruption of thought, feeling, or perception
In the term "harmful dysfunction," the word "dysfunction" refers to
a disruption of thought, feeling, or perception.
What is Antabuse?
a drug that blocks the breakdown of alcohol
Intermittent Explosive Disorder is when:
a person who is normal explodes and throws shit
Which of the following individuals would meet the common criteria for defining obesity?
a person who weighs 20 percent more than the expected weight
In the past year, Alice's mother and two friends died. Because she has been laid off several times, Alice has moved and currently lives in an unsafe neighborhood. Alice reports that she has a lot of pain, but the physician is unable to find a specific cause. Following the criteria in DSM-5, the physician diagnoses her with
a somatic symptom disorder
7.1.94. In a family with somatic symptom disorder, the male relatives are at increased risk for antisocial personality disorder. What are the underlying characteristics that tie these disorders together?
absence of inhibition and high negative emotion
____ ____ beliefs- completed convinced that beliefs are true
absent insight/ delusional
Psychology split into two camps which are- _____ who are more interested in science and ____ who are interested in practice of psychotherapy.
academics, Clinicians
____ = Pattern of observable behaviors associated with emotion
affect
The trauma itself isn't the problem-it is the _____
aftermath (how you react to it)
A categorical approach assumes that
all distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative
Which of the following can be concluded from cross-cultural studies?
all mental disorders are shaped, to some extent, by cultural factors
Confirming a specific biological cause of general paresis was greatly aided by eventually discovering that
all such patients had a history of syphilis.
___ in schizophrenia is impoverished thinking, poverty of speech
alogia
In bipolar disorder, periods of elated mood tend to ________ periods of depression
alternate with
Although the course of alcoholism is different in every individual, nearly all cases of alcoholism involve
alternating periods of heavy use and abstinence.
In the brain, emotional stimuli involving fear follow two primary pathways leading to the _____
amygdala
When a perceived threat is registered in the brain's cortex, it sends a signal to the part of the brain responsible for activating the stress response known as the
amygdala
People with PTSD show alterations in the functioning, and perhaps structure, of the ____ and ____
amygdala and hippocampus
____ is associated with the anticipation of future problems
anxiety
In paraphilias, the central problem is that feelings of sexual arousal _____.
are not associated with loving relationships between adults
second generation anti-psychotic medications are called
atypical anti psychotics
Which of the following might a person suffering from alcohol withdrawal delirium experience?
auditory hallucinations
Autism is the most familiar ASD, which is why professionals increasingly use the term ___ ___ ___
autistic spectrum disorders.
A client who has habitual negative thoughts of being a failure and worthless would be described as having _______ in Aaron Beck's theory.
automatic negative thoughts
_____ is an example behavior of people who want to increase safety but they are counter productive
avoidance
John B. Watson was best known for promoting _____
behaviorism
Different people exhibit different cardiovascular reactivity to stress, greater or lesser increases in ___ and ____ when exposed to stress in the laboratory.
blood pressure and heart rate
___ is a personality disorder in which people have unstable interpersonal relationships, control over impulses
borderline
___ personality disorder Is when people have recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats
borderline
___ personality disorder is when there is a significant, consistent, unstable self-perception
borderline
Using observation as part of a clinical interview can help the interviewer to
both confirm and question clients self report
Theories that attempt to link psychophysiology to the etiology of psychopathology have implicated
both overarousal and underarousal.
THC in marijuana produces a sense of euphoria by stimulating:
cannabinoid receptors, thereby activating the dopamine reward system.
_____ assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative
categorical
A system that classifies mental disorders on the basis their qualitative differences is known as a
categorical approach.
The etiology of a problem behavior is its
cause
etiology means _____
cause
What type of drug is alcohol (choose the best answer)?
central nervous system depressant
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are
central nervous system depressants
The most notable symptom of CHD is ___ ___
chest pain
Systematic desensitization is based on the principles of ____ ____
classical conditioning
_____ _____ is the process by which fears are learned suggests that the process is guided by a module, or specialized circuit
classical conditioning
For diagnosing TSD or ASD, you look at the psychological factors, the two-factor system, which includes _____ and _____
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
____ ____ used to subdivide or organize a set of objects
classification systems
Two of the most common OCD is associated with ____ and ____
cleaning and checking
Research comparing behavioral and psychoanalytic therapies has found that
clients see the therapist-client relationship as most important to outcome in both types of therapy.
Programs on ____ ___ therapy focused on education, social skills, and relapse prevention procedures does not lead to obviously better outcomes than a routine period of incarceration
cognitive behavioral
___ ___ therapy is based on the belief that paraphilias are based on a variety of cognitive and social deficits
cognitive behavioral
Barbara is seeing a therapist to help her with her drinking problem, and her therapist is trying to improve Barbara's social skills and ability to solve problems. This therapist is probably a
cognitive behavioral therapist
A comprehensive, integrated program aimed at the improvement of the cognitive abilities of schizophrenic patients, including those that are concerned with social cognition and performance on laboratory tasks, such as attention, working memory, and problem solving, is known as
cognitive enhancement therapy.
It is now widely accepted that ___ play a important role in the development of anxiety disorders as mediators between experience and response
cognitive factors
The ___ ___ paradigm views abnormal behavior as the product of learning.
cognitive-behavioral
The U.S. Congress and all 50 states have passed laws that are intended to protect society from people who have been convicted of violent or repeated sexual offenses. One set of laws, sometimes called Megan's laws, are actually called
communication notification laws
In their therapy for sexual dysfunctions, Masters and Johnson thought that, in addition to sensate focus, it was also important to include
communication training
Juan has been diagnosed with both major depression and alcoholism. This is referred to as _____
comorbidity
____ is high for depression, other anxiety disorders, and substance abuse
comorbidity
______ the presence of more than one condition within the same period of time
comorbidity
evidence for the role of environment in the etiology of schizophrenia is
compelling
Evidence for the role of the environment in the etiology of schizophrenia is
compelling.
TYPE A BEHAVIOR characteristics:
competitive, hostile, time urgent, superachiever
Every evening, Ramin must knock on his front door three times before going to bed. He discovered that this was an effective way to ward off robbers. His knocking on the door is an example of
compulsion
what are the two defining features of paraphilic behaviors?
compulsion and lack of flexibility
7.1.67. What is the basis for the controversy about the role of trauma in the etiology of dissociative identity disorder?
concern about the validity of retrospective reports
In twin studies the key comparison involves determining how many pairs of twins either have the same disorder or are free of the disorder; this involves the calculation of
concordance rates
____ validity - assesses the relationship between two measures that are given at the same time
concurrent
In clinical setting, reliability focuses on _____ whereas validity focusses on ____
consistency of measurements, meaning or importance of assessment procedures
You are attending a convention of therapists and hear one of them talking about "improving communication and negotiation skills." What is the most likely form of therapy this person practices?
couples therapy
___ is the forced urge to use drugs
craving
2 features associated with problematic use of chemical substances re ___ and ___ ___
craving and psychological dependence
According to labeling theory, a psychiatric diagnosis serves to
create a social role that perpetuates abnormal behavior.
____ validity - assesses how well a measure correlates with other measures that assess the same or similar constructs
criterion
Sometimes panic attacks are _____ in which they occur only in the presence of a certain stimuli
cued
Cases of intellectual disabilities of unknown etiology—often referred to as ___ __ intellectual disability are generally assumed to be variations in the normal distribution IQ.
cultural-familial
___ ___ syndromes sets of symptoms that occur together uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups
culture-bound
The ___ ___ ___ implies that the mental health is the simply the absence of mental illness.
current disease model
7.1.93. People who suffer from somatic symptom disorder also commonly suffer from
depression.
Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy was developed specifically as a treatment for ___
depression.
_____ is when you feel like you are in a dream state
derealization
DSM-5 diagnoses are grouped under 22 primary headings based on
descriptive similarity
_____ is the elimination of phobias by relaxation, hierarchy of fears , and Gradual exposure
desensitization
Some experts suggest that a better term than "eating" disorder would be "___________" disorder.
dieting
____ ___ a process in which a clinician weighs how likely it is that a person has one diagnosis instead of another
differential diagnosis
Intellectual disability is defined ________ in more industrialized countries than in less industrialized countries.
differently
Despite all the difficulties of life, majority of people manage to live with ___ and ____
dignity and purpose.
As in aversion therapy, aversive pharmacological interventions pair ingestion of the substance with a noxious physical reaction. The best known substance used in this manner is:
disulfiram (antabuse)
The vast majority of trauma victims ____ develop a dissociative disorder
do not
Most people who are treated for amphetamine abuse:
do not use another substance.
PTSD ____ change the brain
does
An important characteristic of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is that development _____ end in adolescence
does not
In the absence of other etiological factors for alcohol use disorder, being raised by an alcoholic parents
does not appear to be a critical consideration in the development of the disorder
The serotonin hypothesis of alcoholism is that intoxication increases the production of serotonin, correcting a genetic deficiency in serotonin activity. This can lead to a debilitating process because when the person stops drinking, the serotonin level:
drops to levels even below what it was
DSM-V describes substance use disorders in terms of a maladaptive pattern behaviors that are related to a continued use of ___
drugs
A common problem with ASD is where the subtleties of speech production are unusual: speech is disturbed in rate, rhythm, and intonation. The child or adult with ASD sounds unusual to the normal listener, even when the speech content is normal. These disruptions are referred to as
dysprosody.
The acronym ECT stands for (shock) or _______ therapy.
electroconvulsive
Which form of treatment for certain mental disorders produces retrograde amnesia?
electroconvulsive therapy
The most obvious characteristic of anorexia nervosa is extreme ____, or more technically, the refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight.
emaciation
Which of the following symptoms is a diagnostic criteria for both anorexia and bulimia?
excessive emphasis on body shape and weight.
Symptoms of anxiety disorders:
excessive worry, normal vs pathological worry
What are the phases of the human sexual response cycle described by Masters and Johnson?
excitement, orgasm, and resolution
Repeated skin picking is ______
excoriation disorder
___ ____ is a prediction of what may happen in certain situations
experimental hypothesis
The newest and most exciting method of imaging brain functions involves _____
fMRI
The California Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP) was designed for men convicted of either rape or child molestation. The treatment was comprehensive using cognitive behavioral therapy and several other interventions. In a carefully controlled study, the SOTEP results
found no difference in subsequent sexual crimes between the treatment and the control group
DSM-IV-TR divided Intellectual disabilities into ____ levels based on IQ scores-now based on conceptual, social and practical functioning
four
The adrenal gland releases ____ and ____ during stress
glucocorticoid and epinephrine (adrenaline)
Women more likely to ____ for mental health services
go
People suffering from dysthymia may
go several years without seeking treatment.
in a positive correlation of factor A and factor B, if factor A goes up, Factor B goes ___
goes up
_____ insight-understands that beliefs are definitely or probably not true
good
In the United States, women tend to be valued for _____ and men tend to be valued for _____.
good looks; achievements and appearance
Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
hallucinations
Some people who have taken _____ experience flashbacks called hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.
hallucinogens
the ___ ____ definition states that there is two criteria upon which mental disorders are defined
harmful dysfunction
Jaime becomes unreasonably angry during normal conversations and is unable to hold a job- this example demonstrates both elements of the ____ ____ ___of mental disorder
harmful dysfunction view
Antidepressant therapy in treating bulimia _______.
has not been proven effective in helping patients reduce bulimic behaviors
____ ____ work with behavioral medicine and help people with physical illness with their mental implications
health psychologists
The major goal of most family treatment programs is to
help family members improve coping skills
Your textbook suggests that withdrawal from nicotine is on a par with withdrawal from
heroin.
In _____ addiction, tolerance develops rather quickly, reduces sex drive, infertility
heroine
___ Can induce nausea and vomiting among novice users, constrict the pupils of the eye, and disrupt the coordination of the digestive system
heroine
___ can induce a state of dreamlike euphoria, which may be accompanied by increased sensitivity in hearing and vision
heroine
Cannon hypothesised that stress makes us more susceptible to illness because intense or chronic stress overwhelms the body's what?
homeostasis
chemical messenger produced by the endocrine glands is called a _____
hormone
very few anxiety disorders require _____
hospitalization
_______ therapy has the underlying rationale that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially able to solve their own problem
humanistic
Animal studies have revealed that one part of the brain influential in appetite and weight control is the
hypothalamus
The difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders is the presence of ________ in the latter instead of a full-blown manic episode.
hypothamia
Which of the following is an essential feature of the experimental method?
hypothesis
In psychoanalytic theory, sexual and aggressive drives are part of the ___
id.
A researcher has collected nationwide data for the age of mothers at the time they give birth and the incidence of Down syndrome. What relationship between maternal age and Down syndrome is this researcher likely to find?
incidence of Down syndrome increases among those born to mothers who are older
According to attachment theorists, why do anxious attachments develop during the first year of life?
inconsistent and unresponsive parenting
In DSM-5, disorders are defined in the terms of the _____
individual.
In the shuttle box behavior study, dogs in the _______ shock did not jump to safe side. Agitated at first but later laid down and took the shock.
inescapable
In the shuttle box behavior study, dogs in_____ shock group learned helplessness
inescapable
At what point in life is a person's temperament likely to emerge?
infancy
In the US in the early 20th century, the most common forms of disease were
infections diseases
According to research, what types of clients are most likely to improve
intelligent, successful people in the first few months
Compare the following treatment options. Which would be considered an option of last resort for treating a suicidal patient?
involuntary hospitalization
What is vaginismus?
involuntary muscle spasms that prevent intercourse
What is the perceived role of classical conditioning in the development and sustainment of PTSD?
it creates fears when the terror of trauma is paired with the cues associated with it
In the middle of an episode of binge eating, how is a woman likely to describe how she feels?
lacking control
Kidney and thyroid gland complications are possible consequences of the use of:
lithium
While the specific drug action is not clearly established, which of the following drugs is widely used to treat bipolar disorder?
lithium
Glove anesthesia involves
loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist.
When optimal conditions prevail, the child develops a______ of intercourse as the preferred form of sexual expression
lovemap
Case studies are a particularly useful method of researching mental disorders that have a ____ ____ in the general population
low prevalence
Jacob wasn't able to experience sexual pleasure unless his partner spanked him during sexual foreplay. Sex therapists would diagnosis Jacob as a(n) _____.
masochist
Nathan pays prostitutes to punish and abuse him to achieve sexual arousal. A psychologist would likely diagnose Nathan as a _____.
masochist
Seligman suggests the best prevention for helplessness is early experience with ____
mastery.
What is the meaning of the term "interpretation" from psychoanalysis?
material the therapist shares with patients to help them understand their own behavior
With regard to DSM-5, failure to achieve orgasm
may be considered indicative of a disorder if the person in question is distressed by it.
7.1.14. Acute stress disorder (ASD) was not included in early editions of DSM. Its inclusion in DSM-5 was justified in part because ASD
may predict future PTSD.
The statistic formulated by adding a group of scores together and then by dividing that sum by the total number of scores is called the
mean.
Dissociative disorders involve _______ outside of conscious awareness, and extreme cases involve a split in the functioning of the individual's _______.
mental processing; self
____ ____ Studies the results of many studies
meta-analysis
____ describes how the body becomes adapted to the drug
metabolic
The frequency and intensity of panic attacks tend to decrease during ___ ____
middle age
depression and bipolar are most frequent amount _____ ____
middle-aged adults
The current emphasis on using brain imaging procedures with patients suffering from schizophrenia is based on the belief that such procedures
might help identify the neuropathology that causes schizophrenia.
the current emphasis on using brain imaging procedures with patients suffering from schizophrenia is based on the belief that such procedures
might help identify the neuropathology that causes schizophrenia.
Maladaptive reactions to trauma have long been an interest to the ____
military
MMPI stands for
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
Jim has been diagnosed with intellectual disability. In her report, a social worker notes that Jim is likely to need close supervision for community living over a long period. What term has traditionally been used to describe the type of intellectual disability that would require this level of support?
moderate
____ = Pervasive and sustained emotional state
mood
Anxiety disorders share similarities with major ___ ___
mood disorder
Which problems commonly occur along with alcoholism?
mood disorder and antisocial personality disorde
Which has high comorbidity with problem drinking?
mood disorders
____ ____ is a condition that is most likely to be rated as severe in a 12-month diagnostic window
mood disorders
For an assignment you are asked to create a poster that shows the similarities and differences between psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy. When you are finished, your poster shows that psychodynamic therapy is
more directive.
What two factors are combined to measure disease burden?
mortality and disability
Dissociative identity disorder Formerly known as ___ ___ disorder
multiple personality
Ghia and Armondo often fight because Ghia always believes he is right and is never willing to see things from Armondo's perspective. He also brags constantly in order to get others to admire him. Ghia demonstrates characteristics of ____________ personality disorder.
narcissistic
Most mental health professionals today identify themselves with
no single paridigm
Olivia grew up in a society where mourners pull out their hair, go into an emotional frenzy, and speak in tongues. On a visit to the US, she did these things in public when she heard that a relative had died. According to DSM-5, her behavior would be considered
not psychopathological, because it is part of her culture
___ ____ is the alternative to the experimental hypothesis
null hypothesis
After reviewing the manual for scoring the MMPI-2, Elizabeth decides that the scoring can best be described as______
objective.
____ ____ is the least defined five factor personality trait
openness to experience
Avoidance is learned through ____ conditioning
operant
What type of conditioning/learning is token economies?
operant
avoidance is in________ conditioning
operant
While watching a television show, you hear one of the characters, a physician, talking about narcotic analgesics. What is another name for these drugs?
opiates
____ predicts multiple forms of preventive health behavior, and self car, but is not the cure
optimism
Schizophrenia is a disorder that is most often treated _______.
over an extended period of time
Biggest criticism of DSM _______ mild difficulties as mental disorders
overmedicalizes
Symptoms of ____ ____ develop suddenly and reach a peak within 10 minutes
panic attack
____ ___ is more intense than anxiety
panic attack
____ ____ is the sudden, overwhelming experience of terror or fright
panic attack
______ ____ is somatic and physical sensations like sweating and feeling dizzy - normally go ton hospital first
panic attack
____ is distrust and suspiciousness
paranoid
In recent years, the term addiction is being used to describe other kinds of impulsive behavior problems, including
pathological gambling.
Select the statement about major depressive disorder that is FALSE.
patients with the disorder have low mood, but they are only rarely at risk for suicide.
__ ___ disorder describes a person who is persistently engaging in sexual activities that involve children
pedophilic paraphilic disorder
Another defining symptom of anorexia nervosa is a ___, ____, ____ ____ in evaluating one's weight and shape.
perceptual, cognitive, or affective disturbance
What personality trait has been associated with eating disorders?
perfectionism
What is one of the most important psychological factors that can contribute to impaired sexual arousal?
performance anxiety
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are apart of the ____ nervous system
peripheral
The lifetime prevalence is 10% in ____ disorders
personality
____ prevents people from forming and maintaining close relationships
personality
_____ is defined as persistent, irrational, narrowly defined fears that are associated with a specific object or situation
phobia
The same part of your brain is responsible for _____ and ____
physical pain and rejection
Two reasons people can loose their memories:
physiological produced amnesia or
___ ___ is the idea that people think that they are below the norm
pluralistic ignorance
What term is used to describe the pattern of behavior that is apparent before a disorder develops?
premorbid history
_____ is used to describe the pattern of behavior that is apparent before a disorder develops
premorbid history
Expressed emotion in families is thought to influence the
probability of relapse by schizophrenic patients.
During electroconvulsive therapy, electric current is passed through the brain in order to _______.
produce a convulsion
____ are authorized to prescribe medication to clients
psychiatrists
What term is used to describe chemicals that can alter a person's mood, perception, or brain functioning?
psychoactive substances
Therapeutic neutrality is viewed as a key component of
psychoanalysis
Ella's therapist has told her that he practices "insight therapy," where an important therapeutic goal is gaining insight. Ella's therapist is most likely either _______ or _______.
psychodynamic and humanistic
___ ___ is the need the drug to relieve negative mood state or prepare for certain activities.
psychological dependence
7.1.85. Frank is experiencing a lot of pain. His condition would be classified as a somatic symptom disorder in DSM-5 if
psychological factors are judged to be significant.
Causes of depression and bipolar:
psychological, biological, social
Medical exams now require knowledge of ___
psychology
_____ properties affect how confident we can be in the testing results, includes standardization, reliability & validity
psychometric
Negative symptom of Schizophrenia includes all of the following except:
psychomotor retardation
Children with____ tendencies have been found to have difficulty recognizing sad and fearful expressions, mistaking them for other types of expressions
psychopathic
The symptoms and signs of mental illness are known as ______
psychopathology
What are examples of inappropriate compensatory behaviors that occur in Bulimia:
purging, Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxative, diuretics, and enemas, excessive exercise, fasting
Which symptom of dissociative fugue can be used to distinguish fugue from the other dissociative disorders?
purposeful, unplanned travel
As a clinician, you would be most concerned about the probability of posttraumatic stress disorder in a victim of which of the following?
rape
Compared to cognitive therapy and antidepressant therapy, ECT: produces _____ improvements
rapid
True dissociative disorders appear to be ___
rare.
Frontal lobe controls ____ and _____
reasoning and planning.
Biological factors of suicide:
reduced levels of serotonin (poor impulse control); genetic predisposition
7.1.36. Jane has been diagnosed with PTSD and has begun seeing a psychotherapist. Which of the following will be the most important strategy for her therapist to employ to achieve long-term benefit?
reexposure to the traumatic event
Patients with somatic symptom disorder are likely to ____ a referral to a mental health professional.
refuse
The incredible diversity of sexual experiences reported by his subjects led Alfred Kinsey to
reject the distinction between normal and abnormal sexual behavior.
7.1.113. Norman's primary care physician is convinced that his symptoms are due to a somatic symptom disorder, and the physician is encouraging Norman to accept a referral to a mental health professional. Norman is likely to
reject the referral despite negative test results.
In substance abuse treatment, the technique of stimulus avoidance aims at reducing __________.
relapse rates
____ is the consistency of a measurement
reliability
___ ___ index (RCI) -determine whether the degree of change from beginning to end of treatment is meaningful
reliable change
The phase of schizophrenia in which the most dramatic symptoms of psychosis have improved, but in which the person continues to be impaired in various ways, is labeled
residual
The experience of most schizophrenics may be seen as falling into three phases: prodromal, active, and
residual.
Most people respond to stress with ____
resiliency
Based on life histories of people who were ____ in situations likely to cause helplessness.
resilient
What is the final phase of the human sexual response cycle?
resolution
Trauma is "suspected" in DID, but much of the data is ______
retrospective
_____ is the action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released into a synaptic
reuptake
Gender dysphoria is not related to ___ __
sexual orientation
_____ is a person emotionally, romantically or sexually attracted to more than one sex, gender or gender identity though not necessarily
simultaneously, in the same way or to the same degree. Bisexual
In which of these situations would an agoraphobic be most likely to exhibit avoidance or fear?
sitting in the middle of a row in a crowded theater (jury duty)
____ _____ is progressive procedure involving the person repeatedly confronting the situations that they would have previously avoided
situational exposure
Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorder is commonly known as ____
sleepwalking
7.1.82. A history of multiple, somatic complaints in the absence of organic impairments is characteristic of
somatic symptom disorder.
7.1.75. Which category of disorders is often associated with unnecessary medical treatment?
somatic symptom disorders
____ _____ works with those who have doctorales
someone with a masters in Clinical psychology
In psychoanalytic therapy, what is supposed to happen to a patient's defenses?
strengthen healthy ones
_____ is any challenging event that requires physiological, cognitive, or behavioral adaptation
stress
To understand the relationship between stress and health, it is important to realize that
stress can affect health and health problems can create stress.
____ interview the clinician asks a standard set of questions with the goal of establishing a diagnosis
structured
7.1.66. There is dispute about the importance of trauma as a factor in the etiology of dissociative identity disorder (DID) because
studies of the long-term consequences of child physical or sexual abuse have found little evidence of dissociation.
___ ___ disorders are when problems arise from the impact of taking a drug (intoxication) or discontinuing its repeated use (withdrawal)
substance induced
Free association refers to
talking freely about whatever thoughts cross the mind
Jia has been on antipsychotic medications for a long time and has developed spasmodic movements of the limbs and trunk of the body. She also has trouble controlling her lips and tongue. Jia's symptoms are known as _______.
tardive dyskinesia
What is one common problem with prolonged use of traditional antipsychotic medications for treating psychosis?
tardive dyskinesia
what approach in humanistic therapies generalize to all therapies?
the bond btw client and therapist is crucial to success of therapy
Which of these would be the most effective reinforcer for changing specific behaviors associated with autism?
the child's favorite food
studies using MRI have found diminished size of structures in the limbic systems of schizophrenics brains. why is this finding potentially important
the limbic system integrates cognition and emotion
How do long-term outcomes for the treatment of anorexia nervosa compare to the long-term outcomes for the treatment of bulimia nervosa?
the long-term success is greater for bulimia nervosa.
IQ scores are derived from standard scores, and to calculate a standard score, you need to know
the mean and standard deviation.
According to DSM-5, it is possible for a person to be uninterested in sex or to have difficulty engaging in sexual relations and yet not be diagnosed with any sexual dysfunction because
the person might not experience any distress or interpersonal difficulty.
Successful long-term outcome for the treatment of alcoholism is best predicted by
the person's coping resources and available social support
The best predictor of schizophrenia symptom severity at follow-up is
the severity of psychotic symptoms at initial assessment.
Although Dr. Johnson has been trained in Exner's comprehensive system for scoring and interpreting the Rorschach Inkblot Test, he does not use the test as part of his clinical test battery. Having reviewed literature, D. Johnson found that
the test had questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity
the prolonged use of amphetamines has been linked to an increase in violent behavior, but it is not easy to interpret this link because...
the violence could be due to a drug user's lifestyle, not the drug itself
____ ____ test consists of 31 black & white pictorial cards & the patient is asked to make up a story about the images
thematic appreciation
The Sally-Ann task tests a child's __________ and has provided support for the lack thereof in many individuals with autistic disorder.
theory of mind
In client-centered therapy the bond between therapist and client that is seen as central to the process of therapy is know as the
therapeutic alliance
The diagnosis of mental disorders is often difficult because
there are no diagnostic scans or tests that can provide proof of disease
Which of the following is a proven connection between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia?
there is a genetic connection
what is one role of the indirect evidence supporting the hypothesis that viral infections play a role in the etiology of some cases of schizophrenia
there is a slightly elevated rate of schizophrenia among people born in the winter months
7.1.34. With respect to the value of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD),
there is no evidence that CISD prevents PTSD.
The close relationship between symptoms of anxiety and the symptoms for depression suggests that
these disorders may share common etiological features.
Therapists that go "in vivo" with you do what?
they actually do the activities with you and remind you of the techniques to cope with anxious stuff
7.1.74. What do dissociative and somatic symptom disorders have in common?
they both involve a degree of dissociation.
The validity of the distinction between restrictive type and binge eating/purging type of anorexia is questioned mainly because
they do not differ in terms of comorbidity, recovery, relapse, or mortality
What is an advantage of case studies?
they generate a lot of information
Research suggests that one reason why many children facing troubled family circumstances are protected against the development of psychopathology is
they have social support outside fam
Since Westernized societal emphasis on the "___ ___," bulimia nervosa is a ____syndrome
thin ideals, culture-bound
7.1.68. Iatrogenesis refers to
treatment that causes, not cures, a disorder.
Most of what we do is mediated by the ____ system
unconscious
Many people with schizophrenia become socially ____
withdrawn.
Which age group has the highest prevalence rates for alcohol dependence?
young adults
Which of the following would be a good title for an article in a health journal that reviews the relationship between optimism and health?
"Optimism: A Road to Good Health."
DSM-5 classifies stress related to physical illness as:
"Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions"
____ rarely work, and dieters are likely to be left with a sense of failure, disappointment, and self-criticism.
"Quick-fix" diets
A psychologist might question the concept of _____ in DSM because it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder.
"comorbidity"
Young people with gender dysphoria have been more harmed than helped by clinicians who insist on ____ the gender variant child by attempting to make them more gender-conforming.
"correcting"
Persistent Depressive Disorder is also known as _____
(Dysthymia)
A research report refers to the "spectrum of schizophrenia disorders." Which of the following best illustrates this concept?
. A family with a member suffering from schizophrenia is at higher risk for disorders such as schizoaffective disorder.
Hannah's doctors are convinced that her physical symptoms are not real, but they cannot decide whether this is an instance of malingering or factitious disorder. What factor will best help them to choose between these two possibilities?
. whether she is achieving some specific external gain
Worldwide, how many people out of every 100 will experience or display symptoms of schizophrenia at some time during their lives?
1
Agoraphobia without panic affect ___% of the population.
1%
____% of the population will experience or display symptoms of schizophrenia at some time during their lives
1%
Between ___ to ___ of all patients with BPD discontinue treatment prematurely.
1/2 to 2/3
There are ___ different personality disorders
10
Contemporary IQ tests have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of ___
15
To meet the criteria for intellectual disability, the onset of a person's intellectual and social deficits must occur by age __________.
18
Course and Outcome of Bipolar Disorders: Onset is ____ years old, avg. length of manic episodes _____
18-22 , 2-3 months
The cutoff score for intellectual disability is approximately two standard deviations below the mean. If IQ scores were normally distributed, this would mean that approximately _____ percent of the population would fall below this cutoff?
2
___ of people with diagnosable mental disorder do not receive treatment
2/3
The average victim of anorexia looses __-__% of normal body weight
25-30%
Panic disorder, agoraphobia (without panic disorder) and generalized anxiety disorder: women about ____ as likely as men
2X
The onset of autism spectrum disorder is always before the age of
3
Panic disorder and GAD affect approximately ___% of the population.
3%
The average victim of anorexia loses about what percent of normal body weight?
30 percent.
Men are ___ to ___% more likely to develop schizophrenia than women.
30 to 40
Course and Outcome of Depressive Disorders: Onset is ____ years old, length of episodes _____, minimum duration is ______
32, vary, 2 weeks
In specific phobia, women are _____ more likely than men
3X
___% of high school females are attempting to lose weight compared with __% of males
44% , 15%
About what percent of people with anorexia nervosa are estimated to die of starvation, suicide, or medical complications stemming from their extreme weight loss?
5 percent
The rate of antisocial personality disorder in men and women is
5 percent for men; 2 percent for women
___% of patients starve themselves to death or die of related complications, including suicide
5%
result would occur no more than ____ percent of the time by chance.
5%
A national survey found that almost _____ percent of American women have a negative body image, particularly concerning their waists, hips, and/or thighs.
50
At least ___% of the people who meet the criteria for one PD are comorbid for another PD
50%
____% of people are comorbid for major depressive disorders and anxiety disorders
60%
Estimates generally indicate that up to __% of the normal range of intelligence is attributable to genetics, but no research specifically identifies the extent of genetic contributions to cultural-familial.
75
Between 1927 and 1979, more than ______ citizens of Virginia were forcibly sexually sterilized.
8,000
___% of all deaths caused by lung cancer can be attributed to smoking tobacco.
80%
Specific phobias are most common type of anxiety disorder____%
9%
Which of the following is an important consideration in distinguishing clinical depression from normal sadness?
A clinical mood change is usually accompanied by a cluster of additional signs and symptoms
According to the conceptualization of stress used in the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, how would an outstanding personal achievement be viewed?
A stressful event.
Which of the following best exemplifies the psychoanalytic idea of countertransference?
A therapist begins to feel angry with the patient.
7.1.98. Which of the following is a significant problem in confirming a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder?
A true somatic illness will often be detected only later, after medical treatment has been exhausted.
A ____ ____ provides the best analogy for a diagnosis of mental disorder
A weather report
After reviewing the results of the follow-up research conducted by Manfred Bleuler, what conclusion could we reach concerning the outcome of schizophrenia?
About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will either recover or exhibit at least some significant improvement.
____ is the emotional reliving of past traumatic experience
Abreaction
_____ is fear of heights
Acrophobia:
_____ is fear of flying on an airplane
Aerophobia
____ is the desire for close relationships with other people
Affiliation
Two of the most important motives for understanding human personality and personality disorders are:
Affiliation and power
According to the textbook, European American and Latina women report higher rates of body dissatisfaction than
African American women
_____ is fear of being in places where escape may be difficult
Agoraphobia
What is a widely held view among current theorists of family therapy?
Altering family functioning can improve the mental health of family members
___ usually very prominent; risk for suicide
Anger
_____ is a bipolar medication where >50% respond; for rapid cycling; some side effects
Anticonvulsants
Which of the following summarizes the research evaluating psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression?
Antidepressants and cognitive therapy are both effective forms of treatment
____ and ___ ____are first-line therapies for PTSD
Antidepressants, therapeutic reexposure
____ ____ ____ is a condition that is more likely to be diagnosed in men than in women
Antisocial personality disorder
____ _____ are the most common type of dysfunction
Anxiety Disorders
What is the expected long-term outcome for people with anxiety disorders?
Anxiety disorders are often chronic conditions, some people do not recover.
What are the three A's in Schizophrenia?
Apathy, Avolition, and Alogia
____________ is a behavioral intervention that uses shaping and positive reinforcement to improve specific behaviors.
Applied behavior analysis
Consider the following schizophrenic patients. After reviewing their behaviors, which one appears to be having hallucinations?
April constantly hears a voice telling her that God wants her to become a movie star
______-The lack of a sexual attraction or desire for other people.
Asexual
What are some symptoms of avoidance behaviors in PTSD or ASD, ?
Attempts to avoid thoughts, feelings related to the event, Avoid people, places, or activities that remind them of the event, Numbing of responsiveness
___ is the best known and researched ASD.
Autism
DSM-5 does not contain a formal cutoff as to how thin is too thin. What does it suggest as a useful indicator in adults?
BMI below 18.5
IN ___ ____ disorder people, use splitting which means they alternately seeing people as entirely good or entirely bad
BPD (borderline personality disorder)
___ ____ disorder is one of the most perplexing, most disabling, and most frequently treated forms of PD
BPD (borderline personality disorder)
Use of ___ and ___ can lead to a state of intoxication that is identical to that associated with alcohol
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
According to operant conditioning, what happens when negative reinforcement is applied?
Behavior increases
Social factors of suicide:
Belongingness; Availability of guns, media
_____ _____ is a disorder in which people experience of mania/hypomania and depression
Bipolar disorder
7.1.5. Ray has the diagnosis of acute stress disorder; Bob has been diagnosed as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. What is a major difference in their conditions?
Bob has had symptoms for longer than Ray has had symptoms.
Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder
CBT
brain imaging techniques that provide static images of specific brain functions
CT and MRI
The number-one killer in the United States is ____
Cardiovascular Disease
___ ___is a group of disorders that affect the heart and circulatory system.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Tania suffers from schizophrenia, and hospital staff have observed that she has been purposelessly pacing back and forth and rubbing her hands together in a special pattern for several hours. Tania is exhibiting
Catatonic behavior
____ ____ is part of brain responsible for motor, coordination
Cerebellum
___ ___ creates fear when the terror of trauma is paired with the cues associated with it
Classical conditioning
___ ____ is a disorder where people have a combination of emotional, cognitive and behavioral symptoms
Clinical Depression
____ ____ is important Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD
Cognitive restructuring
____ ___ is technique for static image of specific brain structures
Computed Tomography (CT)
____ disorder implies that psychological conflicts are being converted into physical symptoms
Conversion
____ are idiosyncratic beliefs that are rigidly held in spite of their preposterous nature
Delusional beliefs
_____ are branches that receive messages from other neurons
Dendrites
___ _____ disorder is when you have feelings of being detached from oneself - Like living in a dream ("as if" feelings) - limited splitting
Depersonalization/Derealization disorder
____ also may directly cause some of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa-feeling out of control after a period of fasting
Dietary restraint
What was one of Alfred Kinsey's conclusions based on interviews with 18,000 men and women between 1938 and 1956?
Distinctions among sexual orientations were essentially meaningless.
____ coping is an attempt to alter internal distress.
Emotion-focused
_____ means there are many routes to the same destination
Equifinality
Which is most accurate with regard to the distinction between purging and nonpurging subtypes of bulimia?
Experts in the field have recommended dropping the distinction
___ ____ utilizes extinction learning. Although it is often effective, many patients experience "____ _____" over time.
Exposure therapy, "fear relapse
____ symptoms are defined by muscular rigidity, tremors, restless agitation, peculiar involuntary postures, and motor inertia
Extrapyramidal
What are the motor side effects of Antipsychotic Medication?
Extrapyramidal symptoms and Tardive Dyskinesia
____ is the part of the brain that is responsible for sensory, emotional and cognitive processes
Forebrain
What is the gender distribution of ASD?
Four times as many boys as girls have ASD.
Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in masochistic sexual activity?
Frank, who is a paramedic and is frequently the first one on the scene of a terrible accident
Although alcohol affects many neurotransmitters, its effect is particularly powerful on the neurotransmitter:
GABA.
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that functions to reduce levels of anxiety is called
GABA.
Stress is linked with more rapid progression of ___
HIV
These two systems are involved when we experience stress
HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) system and sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
_____ is fear of blood
Hemophobia
___ ____-index to measure the extent of genetic contribution
Heritability Ratio
____ is part of the brain that is responsible for memory formation
Hippocampus
____ and ____ created the (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Holmes and Rahe's
_____-is a person emotionally, romantically, or sexually attracted to people of one's own sex.
Homosexual
____ psychology with scientific methods.
Humanistic
_____ excessive sleepiness characterized by prolonged or daytime sleep
Hypersomnolecnce Disorder (very similar to narcolepsy)
____ increases the risk for CHD, as well as for other serious disorders, such as stroke.
Hypertension
____ is defined by a systolic reading about 140 and/or a diastolic reading about 90 at relaxed state.
Hypertension
illness anxiety disorder used to be called _____
Hypochondriasis
______ = Mild to moderate mania
Hypomania:
_____ Controls basic biological urges; Autonomic NS
Hypothalamus
Agnes, who suffers from anorexia is dangerously thin but has been steadfastly refusing to eat enough to gain weight. If Agnes could honestly explain to you why she doesn't eat, what would she probably say?
I am intensely afraid of becoming fat
People are considered disabled if they have a certain _____, however, the definition of intellectual disability has changed because there was an over classification of people with intellectual disabilities
IQ
_____ the manufacture of a disorder by its treatments
Iatrogenesis
___ ____ ___ allows people with PTSD to relive nightmares when awake and rewriting the script (CBT)
Imagery rehearsal therapy
What do research results tell us about the effectiveness of psychological treatments for sexual offenders?
In general, treatment is not very successful.
______ refers to the number of new cases in a population within a certain time
Incidence
__________ is a form of treatment that does not address eating disorders directly and was actually used as the placebo treatment in several early studies. Still, this form of treatment has been found to be more effective after 12 months than therapies that are directed at eating disorders.
Interpersonal therapy
Select the statement below that is TRUE of bulimia nervosa.
It is a more "modern" phenomenon than anorexia nervosa
What can we conclude about the epidemiology of dyspareunia?
It is much more common in women.
7.1.87. Which of these people is most likely to receive the diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder?
Kevin, who imagines he has a serious defect in his physical appearance
Social work education:
LCSW
Which of the following best exemplifies an individual with hoarding disorder?
Lamps fill every room in Illana's house, and she becomes furious when asked about donating a few
____ ____ is the system that regulates emotion and learning
Limbic system
_____ is a bipolar medication used for symptom alleviation; 40% patients don't improve; side effects
Lithium
Social causes of depression and bipolar disorder:
Loss plays important role in onset of depression, Stressful life events
____ is a mental picture representing a person's ideal sexual relationship.
Lovemap
in terms of childhood adversity, these four factors can can turn on some genes that pre-expose child to higher levels of anxiety
Maternal prenatal stress, multiple maternal partner changes, parental indifference (neglect), and physical abuse
___ ____ is when parents take complete control over meals, food and eating.
Maudsley Method
The reward system in the brain is located in the ___ ___ bundle
Medial forebrain
____ is responsible for motor activities (fighting and sex)
Midbrain
What is the number of symtpoms associated with different substance use disorders? (mild, moderate, severe)
Mild 2-3 symptoms, Moderate 4-5 symptoms, Severe 6 or more symptoms
What is the long-term outcome for people with schizophrenia?
Most people do not recover completely.
Which of the following statements is true about ASD?
Most people with ASD do not show savant performance.
_____ means that the same event can lead to different outcomes
Multifinality
____ and ____ can cause ASD and PTSD to be better or worse
Nature of the trauma and social support
____ is one of the most harmful and deadly addicting drugs.
Nicotine
___ ___ maintains avoidance by reducing fear (negative reinforcement); avoidance prevents the extinction of anxiety through exposure
Operant conditioning
Genetic contributions-MZ twins in ____ and ____
PTSD and ASD
_____ disorder are unexplained panic attacks that are recurrent and occur every month
Panic
_____-not limited in sexual choice with regard to biological sex, gender, or gender identity.
Pansexual
Attention to Threat and Biased Information Processing focuses on -
People prone to excessive worrying and panic are unusually sensitive to cues that signal the existence of future threats
An expert on eating disorders describes those with such disorders as "lacking interoceptive awareness." Which of the following characterizes this lack?
People with eating disorders do not recognize internal cues, including emotional states and hunger
Three Cognitive factors that impact anxiety disorders differently:
Perception of controllability, Catastrophic misinterpretation, Attentional biases
___, ___, and ____ all crucial factor in the development and maintenance of various types of anxiety disorders
Perceptions, memory, and attention
___, ___, and ____ all influence reaction to events
Perceptions, memory, and attention
Situations in Social Anxiety Disorder fall under two broad headings
Performance Anxiety, Interpersonal interaction
___ helps anchor and facilitate social interactions
Personality
____ disorders together are considered one of the most common forms of psychopathology
Personality
PD can be identified in the dimensional system using a new diagnosis called _____
Personality Disorder Trait Specified
____ abuse means abuse of/dependence on several types of drugs
Polysubstance
_____ is part of brain responsible for sleep and arousal
Pons
_____ insight-the person believes that beliefs are probably true
Poor
_____ symptoms in Schizophrenia are also called psychotic symptoms
Positive
____ ___ ____is very expensive technique for detailed images of brain and reflects changes in activity of brain regions
Positron Emission Tomography Scanning (PET)
____ _____ disorder is defined by symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal, but PTSD is either longer lasting or has a delayed onset
Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
____ is the desire for impact, prestige, or dominance
Power
When you experience arousal or anxiety from PTSD or ASD, you experience what symptoms?
Predicts a worse prognosis, Hypervigilance. Restlessness, agitation, and irritability, Exaggerated startle response
____ ___ is the evaluation of the challenge, threat, or harm posed by an event
Primary appraisal:
In January, Rita was beginning to perform poorly at work; she was neglecting her appearance, becoming withdrawn, and exhibiting odd behaviors. In June, Rita showed the full-blown symptoms of schizophrenia. Her behavior in January can be considered part of which phase of the disorder
Prodromal
Therapists who treat patients with DID are under this paradigm: _______
Psychoanalytic
____ ____ means that causality operates in both directions
Reciprocal Causality
____ means return of active symptoms
Relapse
Cognitive Therapy Helps clients to _____ how they think about situations in their lives and _____
Review, Decatastrophisize
Some operant approachs/ treatments of somatic disorders is to :
Reward successful coping and adaptation
____ ___ came up with the definition of stress and the reaction to it!
Richard Lazarus's
____ ___ disorder is when there is cognitive and perceptual difficulties along with eccentricity and social detachment
SPD (Schizotypal Personality Disorder)
_____ are medications for antidepressants
SSRI's
Effectiveness of _____ is likely at least partially due to the high comorbidity between PTSD and depression
SSRIs
___ ____ is genetically related to Schizophrenia
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Which of the following would be a legitimate summary of the role of genes in causing abnormal behavior?
Scientists have found the gene or genes responsible for only a few, rare forms of mental disorder.
_____ prevention includes the people who are at risk, in intellectual disabilities, this includes Head Start Programs
Secondary
____ ____ is the assessment of our abilities and resources for coping with that event (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) 1) stressors, 2) adverse outcomes
Secondary Appraisal
____ ___ means competence already in existence. Served as a buffer
Self-efficacy,
___ ___is a person's preference for male partners, female partners, both, or neither.
Sexual orientation
___ disturbance associated with dissociation
Sleep
____ ___ is the obstruction of the respiratory airway
Sleep apnea
___ also may directly affect the course of cancer
Stress
____ are small gap that separates neurons
Synapse
_____ ____ is a hierarchy of feared stimuli that reflects classical conditioning it is progressive relaxation
Systematic Desensitization
_____ ____ is the crucial feature of the treatment involves systematic maintained exposure to the feared stimuli
Systematic Desensitization
What is the first neurobiology pathway?
Thalamus -Amygdala -Flight or Fight (behavioral responses coordinated through projections from the hypothalamus)- Endocrine glands -Autonomic Nervous System
Two Pathways in the Brain that _____ and ____
That Detect Danger and Trigger Fear Responses
A newspaper headline heralds a finding that an excess of a particular brain chemical is the cause of a certain mental disorder. The article is not convincing to you. What potential flaw do you note in the report?
The chemical change could be due to other variables.
7.1.62. Not all psychologists agree that dissociative identity disorder is a psychological disorder. What is the most commonly asserted alternative hypothesis used to explain behavior described as "dissociative identity disorder"?
The patient responds to expectations by role playing..
A medical technician looks up from the microscope and says to his supervisor, "I think we have a case of hyperlipogenesis here." What would this information tell the physician about the patient whose tests were just analyzed?
The patient's body is storing an abnormally large amount of fat in fat cells
The cognitive behavioral model of relapse prevention is concerned with the abstinence violation effect. What is the abstinence violation effect
The pattern of going back to chronic drinking if one slips up even a little
When using the DSM model to determine abnormality of a behavior, what is TRUE?
The person either falls into a category or doesn't fall into a category
What have researchers found concerning the relationship between eating disorders and an individual's report of sexual abuse?
The rate of reports of sexual abuse among those with eating disorders is similar to that found in other pathologies.
As more genes are involved in determining a trait, what happens to the distribution of the trait in the general population?
The trait tends to be distributed as a normal distribution.
A cross-cultural researcher is investigating the relationship between body weight and wealth in third World countries. Which of the following is most likely to summarize the relationship?
There is a strong positive relationship between body weight and wealth
What is the general conclusion on research designed to match certain types of patients to particular alcohol treatment programs?
There is little evidence for the effectiveness of matching.
What is the general finding concerning the relationship of marital status and psychopathology?
There is more psychopathology among divorced and never-married people than among married people.
Your friend is a whiz when it comes to maps. He decides to create a computerized map showing the countries where eating disorders are likely to occur. He asks you for assistance in creating this visual image. What will you tell him?
These disorders occur almost exclusively in North America, Europe and Japan.
Why are cocaine and amphetamines called stimulant drugs?
They activate the sympathetic nervous system.
After gathering data on the typical individuals who seek treatment for hypoactive sexual desire, how will researchers describe these individuals
They are likely to have other mental and medical disorders.
After gathering data on the typical individuals who seek treatment for hypoactive sexual desire, how will researchers describe these individuals?
They are likely to have other mental and medical disorders.
As a clinician treating schizophrenia, you know that which of the following statements about second-generation antipsychotic drugs is true?
They are not significantly more effective than first-generation drugs for treating negative symptoms.
A psychologist wants to collect some information from individuals who have been diagnosed as suffering either acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. Which of the following could provide the best indication of the presence of certain symptoms in these individuals?
They are videotaped as they wait to be interviewed and react to an expected loud noise.
Which of the following was characteristic of the interviews Alfred Kinsey conducted between 1938 and 1956 about sexual behavior?
They focused on experiences that resulted in orgasm.
What is false of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?
They have no suicidal contraindications.
How do cocaine and amphetamines lead to hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia?
They increase dopamine and norepinephrine
What is one of the limitations of projective personality testing?
They provide little information on normal individuals or children.
What common thread runs through paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders?
They sometimes precede the onset of full-blown schizophrenia.
Which is most accurate with regard to why the purging and nonpurging subtypes of bulimia nervosa were removed from DSM-5?
They were not supported by the research
What has research on disease burden found concerning the relative impact of medical illnesses and mental disorders?
Although mental disorders account for a small number of deaths, they are a significant cause if disease burden.
How does the rate of alcohol problems compare in men and women?
Although the difference in the rates is narrowing, the rate is still much higher among men.
brain imaging is also good for ___ disease
Alzheimer's
Cessation of Menstruation is called _____
Amenorrhea
Which organization publishes the DSM-5?
American Psychiatric Association
____ ____ ___ published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)?
American Psychiatric Association
Low doses of ____ and ____ make people feel more confident, higher doses brief intense feelings of euphoria followed by depression and irritability
Amphetamine and Cocaine
___ and ___ increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates the blood vessels and the air passages of the lungs
Amphetamine and Cocaine
___ and ____ activate the sympathetic nervous system-psychomotor stimulants-stimulates epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
Amphetamine and Cocaine
___ and ____ suppress the appetite and prevent sleep, and leads to sexual dysfunction
Amphetamine and Cocaine
Which of the following profiles is most demonstrative of the disease burden of mental illness?
Amy suffers from bouts of major depression and meets diagnostic criteria for alcoholism.
_____ is the part of the brain that is responsible for fear, anger, aggression
Amygdala
A researcher is describing a theory of the interaction of genes and the environment on intelligence and uses the term "reaction range." Which of the following is an example of this concept?
An individual who may have genes for lower IQ can reach a higher level of intelligence in an enriched environment.
Which of the following best describes the criteria of the harmful dysfunction view of mental disorder?
An objective difference in perceptual regulation that prevents normal operations
Some medical complications of anorexia nervosa are:
Anemia, impaired kidney functioning, cardiovascular difficulties, dental erosion
____ and _____ are examples of anti anxiety medications which work on the neurotransmitter GABA - they work fast but they can cause addiction
Benzodiazepines include Diazepam (Valium) and Alprazolam (Xanax)
Your family is discussing autism because a neighbor was recently diagnosed as suffering from ASD. Most of the members of the family say they are not surprised, because autism occurs in better-educated families. You recognize that this is not true, so you tell your family that their false correlation is a result of a referral bias. They look at you with puzzlement and ask you to explain. What do you say?
Better educated families are more likely to seek diagnosis and treatment for their children at specialty clinics
Although it is certainly an unusual source of data for researchers, some have looked at Playboy centerfolds and Miss America Beauty pageant contestants. How is this research relevant to eating disorders?
Between 1959 and 1988, their ratio of weight to height for these groups declined dramatically.
Which of the following individuals with intellectual disability is most likely to be diagnosed with a form that is due to a known biological origin?
Beverly, who has physical handicaps
___ is an eating disorder found that 5 to 8% of the general population meet criteria
Binge
_____ model guides contemporary research in abnormal psychology
Biopsychosocial model
______ disorder has at least 1 manic episode
Bipolar I
_____ disorder has at least 1 major depressive episode, at least 1 hypomanic episode
Bipolar II
___ ____ disorder is when people are obsessive compulsive and have a preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance. It exceeds normal worry about imperfections
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Which of the following best describes the change in approach to drafting the DSM-5 compared to the DSM-IV?
Contemporary thinking was emphasized over hard data.
______ ___ is when symptoms mimic neurological disorders but they make no anatomical sense
Conversion Disorder
Psychophysiological Response to Stress is :
Coping and Predictability and control
DSM-5 groups ASD and PTSD in a new diagnostic grouping, which also includes ____ disorders
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and adjustment disorders.
____ ____ disorder is defined in the DSM-V as an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others and creates intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror
Traumatic Stress
___ ___ disorders are the least controversial
Traumatic stress
Recurrent hair-pulling is _______
Trichotillomania
OCD related disorders:
Trichotillomania and Excoriation disorder
_____ is a depressive disorder medication with more side effects then SSRI's
Tricyclics
______ are used for panic disorder and are less addictive than Benzodiezepams
Tricyclics: Imipramine or Trofanil
______ are used less frequently than the SSRIs because they produce bad side effects
Tricyclics: Imipramine or Trofanil
7.1.92. Which of these individuals is most likely to suffer from somatic symptom disorder?
Twenty-two-year-old Mary, who is from a lower socioeconomic background and has eight years of education
What are the two characteristics that would define a useful marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia?
Working memory deficits, Eye tracking dysfunction
Which of these is an example of a placebo in medicine?
a pill with inactive ingredients
Brain imaging studies indicate that severe depression is associated with _______ and _______.
abnormal activity patterns; structural changes in the brain
The cognitive-behavioral paradigm views ____________ as the product of learning
abnormal behavior
7.1.70. What term is used to describe the emotional reliving of past traumatic experiences?
abreaction
Intervention that works on the battlefield involves the process where individuals _____ the trauma and ____ to the normal state
acknowledge, return
____ interpretation means rules for interpreting the results
actuarial
7.1.8. The medical records of a patient at the local mental health center indicate that she has experienced a general numbing of responsiveness or detachment from others. Based on this symptom, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in her case?
acute stress disorder
___ ___ disorder includes re-experiencing, avoidance of reminders, and marked anxiety or arousal, normal reaction to trauma
acute stress disorder
_____ ____ ____ occurs within four weeks after exposure to a traumatic stress and characterized by dissociative symptoms
acute stress disorder (ASD)
What we really want to look at with intellectual disabilities is _____ skills
adaptive
Emotional responses are _____
adaptive because we have to mobilize responses that help the person survive in the face of both immediate danger and long-range threats adaptive
Which of the following treatments has been found to be effective in the short term for managing stress related to high blood pressure?
additional sleep
Parents who discipline consistently are likely to have children who are better ______
adjusted.
self-monitoring refers to
adult clients keeping records of their own behavior.
Mood disorders are most frequent among ______
adults under age 60
Mood disorders are most frequent among ______.
adults under age 60
In the search for genetic contributions to schizophrenic disorders, attention is being paid to a form of the COMT gene (called the Val allele), which seems to
affect the transmission of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.
In addition to conscientousness and extraversion, what is one of the "big five" dimensions of temperament?
aggressiveness
The only type of anxiety disorder that begins in late life is ______
agoraphobia
_____ fear of the marketplace or fear of public places
agoraphobia
_____ is the fear of crowded streets and shops, traveling on public transportation, avoidance and distress
agoraphobia
______ disorder is related to Panic Disorder
agoraphobia
What is the best definition of interrater reliability?
agreement among clinicians
The three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome are
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Anxiety disorders are also comorbid with _____ disorder
alcholol-use
According the World Health Organization, ______ use was responsible for 5 percent of the total burden of disease and disability worldwide in 2004.
alcohol
The rate at which_____ is absorbed is influenced by many variables, including: Volume and rate of consumption Presence of food in the digestive system
alcohol
The leading known preventable cause of intellectual disability is
alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Symptoms of ____ ____ include slurred speech, lack of coordination, an unsteady gait, nystagmus, impaired attention or memory, and stupor or coma.
alcohol intoxication
____ happens because of a reaction to the loss of body fat and associated physiological changes in Anorexia Nervosa
amenorrhea
The diagnostic procedure in which fluid is extracted from the protective membrane surrounding the fetus, and is tested for chromosomal and genetic defects, is called __________.
amniocentesis
7.1.104. Which of the following is an example of a retrospective report?
an adult describing what high school was like
Jamal responds as if he were deaf when his teacher calls on him in class. But when she plays soothing music before nap time, he covers his ears and may even scream as if he is in pain. It is clear that Jamal's hearing is intact, but he has __________.
an apparent sensory deficit
What is thought suppression?
an attempt to stop thinking about stuff
According to Ivan Pavlov's ideas on classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer presented with _____
an unconditioned stimulus
The three major types of eating disorders among adults:
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder
Traditional ____ medications are not effective in treating PTSD
anti-anxiety
_______ drugs reduce the level of anxiety a person experience and increase feeling of well-being
antianxiety
Ted wants to learn about the effects of the drug Prozac. Under what category of medications would he find the drug listed?
antidepresent
Treatment of bulimia uses ___ ___ along with ____
antidepressant medication, psychotherapy
____ and ____ are also used as medications to control compulsions in paraphillic disorders
antidepressants and antianxiety
CHD can be treated with medications such as ___ and ___
antihypertensives and beta-blockers
You are reading a case study of a patient who has been prescribed the following: Haldol, Clozaril, and Thorazine. You recognize these drugs as belonging to the category called
antipsychotic
____ is personality disorder where people have a disregard for rights of others
antisocial
7.1.96. The Williams family is sitting down for Thanksgiving dinner. Mary Williams starts describing her many different somatic complaints. Then, Aunt Helen adds her own long list of complaints. Somatic symptom disorder seems to run in the female members of this family. The male relatives in this family may have an elevated risk for which disorder?
antisocial personality disorder
Children of biological parents who have ____ tendencies are more likely to become _____, even when adopted.
antisocial, antisocial
People with substance use disorders often exhibit other forms of mental disorders, primarily ______.
antisocial, mood, and anxiety disorders
The DSM-5 has separated the ______ disorders from the obsessive compulsive disorders
anxiety
____ is when the emotional experience is out of proportion to the threat
anxiety
_____ involves more general or diffuse emotional reactions
anxiety
_____ is the anticipation of future problems, because if we know that there is a threat, we want our body to be ready
anxiety
There is a close relationship between symptoms of ____ and ____
anxiety and depression
What is the common element in cluster C personality disorders?
anxiety and fearfullness
____ and ____ are defined in terms of negative emotional responses
anxiety disorders and major mood disorders
What are comorbid psychological disorders with Bulimia
anxiety, depression, personality disorders, substance abuse
Which term describes central nervous system depressants that are used to relieve anxiety?
anxiolytics
When you have high anxiety and low avoidance, you seek validation through others, and predisposes them to feel ___ in relationships
anxious
Slapping the ASD child, or applying a mild electric shock, is used by
applied behavior analysis.
A high level of extraversion on the five factor model of personality means that this person has alot of _____
arousal/excitement
research on the relationship between dysfunctional smooth-pursuit eye movement and schizophrenia has suggested that dysfunction may be
associated with a predisposition to schizophrenia
Compared with people who do not have schizophrenia, synaptic pruning occurs ________ in people who do have the disorder.
at a faster rate
The rationale in ____ therapy is to create a new association with the inappropriate stimulus so that the stimulus will no longer elicit sexual arousal
aversion
Sid wants to end his habit of smoking three packs of cigarettes a day; Ted wants to stop his serious drinking problem. Which treatment might be used for both individuals?
aversion therapy.
In ___ __ disorder people feel socially inferior and have a fear being negatively evaluated and being criticism
avoidant personality disorder
In ___ __ disorder, people avoid interaction with others unless they are sure of being liked
avoidant personality disorder
___ ____ ___ sounds like social anxiety disorder
avoidant personality disorder
____ ___ ____ is the preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism at the expense of flexibility
avoidant personality disorder
___ in schizophrenia is the lack of will, becomes apathetic, indecisive
avolition
New to the DSM-5 is ___ eating disorder
binge
____ eating disorder is characterized by regular binge eating behaviors, but without the compensatory behaviors that are part of bulimia nervosa
binge
____ eating disorder is common in people who are overweight and obese
binge
____ means eating an amount of food that is clearly larger than most people would eat under similar circumstances in a fixed period of time (2hr period, objectively large amount of food-1000 claories)
binge eating
What are the primary characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
binge eating and purging
_____ impacts 3.5% to 4.9% of women and 2.0% to 4.0% of men.
binge eating disorder
The chief characteristic of bulimia nervosa is
binge eating.
If concordance rate with biological parents is greater than concordance rate with adoptive parents, then _____ factor assumed
biological
_____ treatments focus on symptom alleviation
biological
The two-curve model of intellectual disability includes the normal distribution of IQ scores as well as the distribution of IQs of people with __________ that cause intellectual disability.
biological disorders
What approach do the authors use when considering the etiology of various mental disorders?
biopsychosocial
_____ is the approach when considering the etiology of various mental disorders
biopsychosocial
A patient can NOT be comorbid for major depressive disorder and _____ disorder
bipolar
As a clinician with a client you have diagnosed with bulimia, you would also be concerned about comorbid conditions. You would be least concerned about the possibility of
bipolar disorder.
_____ disorder is when people exhibit psychotic symptoms one day to one month.
brief psychotic
What diagnostic category is used to describe individuals who experience transient symptoms of schizophrenia and then complete recovery
brief psychotic disorder
What diagnostic category is used to describe individuals who experience transient symptoms of schizophrenia and then complete recovery?
brief psychotic disorder
According to Freudian psychoanalysis it is sufficient to cure mental illness if the therapist were to
bring unconscious material into conscious awareness
Young people with ___ ___ report considerable conflict and rejection in their families, difficulties that also may contribute to their depression.
bulimia nervosa
___ ___ impacts 1.5% of American women and is greater for women born after 1960.
bulimia nervosa
___ is often hard to recognize because individuals tend to maintain normal body weight
bulimia nervosa
____ is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating, followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or excessive exercise.
bulimia nervosa
Focusing on a ____ ______ ____ ____, such as playing video games, may significantly reduce the occurrence of flashbacks. This stimulates a process called ____ ____during which the memory is re-formed in the brain.
highly engaging visual-spatial task, "memory reconsolidation,"
The field of psychology that focuses on the integration of science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders is _______ psychology.
clinical
____ prediction relies on a clinician's judgment
clinical
_____ interview is a conversation between an interviewer & a patient to gather info & make judgments related to the assessment goals, it is structured, unstructured & semi-structured
clinical
George completed 5 years of grad school that led to a Psy.D degree. He is now completing a 1-year internship at a mental health clinic. What type of mental health professional is he?
clinical psychologist
George completed 5 years of graduate school that led to a Psy.D degree. He is now completing a one-year internship at a mental health clinic. What type of mental health professional is George?
clinical psychologist
The risk for PTSD depends on ____ ____
cognitive factors
_____ treatment for depression and bipolar disorder recognizes and challenges and helps patients to overcome cognitive distortions and looks at current experiences
cognitive therapy
When using the dimensional PD model, clinicians must look for problems in several areas, including
empathy and intimacy
which of the following interventions is most likely to be made by a social worker?
encouraging a client to avoid settings that exacerbate their condition
7.1.108. Barbara suffers from a conversion disorder and has recently begun treatment with a Freudian therapist. What is this therapist most likely to emphasize in treating Barbara?
encouraging her to recall psychologically painful events
What are biological factors of paraphilic disorders?
endocrine system and increased levels of testosterone, neurological abnormalities in limbic system in hippocampus and amygdala
a component or trait which indicates a vulnerability to a particular disorder
endophenotype
Personality disorders must be an ____ pattern of inner experience and behavior that_____ from the expectations of an individuals culture.
enduring , deviates
what tends to be a maintaining factor in eating disorders?
engaging in body checking behaviors
Some of the most dramatic physiological changes during sexual excitement are due to vasocongestion, which refers to
engorgement of blood vessels.
Individuals suffering from AN describe their families as ____ which means members are overly involved in each other's lives
enmeshed
____ is the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population
epidemiology
______ is the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes. (located just out side or on)
epigenetics
Janet is making her annual visit to the dentist. As he is examining her mouth, she senses some concern. She asks if he has found cavities and he says no. He finally comes right out and asks if she has bulimia. What clue suggested this possible diagnosis?
eroded dental enamel
In the shuttle box behavior study, dogs in the _____ shock quickly learned to jump to safe side
escapable
7.1.112. What is the major recommendation for the medical management of patients with somatic symptom disorder?
establish a strong and consistent physician-patient relationship
Levels of ____ increase in females and lead to development of internal female organs.
estrogen
The ____ of gender identity disorder is poorly understood, even for cisgender identities.
etiology
7.1.9. Which of the following is a common characteristic of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder?
flashbacks
____ means exposure to phobia at full intensity
flooding
Known causes of ASD include
fragile-X syndrome.
Psychoanalysts using the technique of _______ association tell patients to say about whatever comes to mind regardless of its apparent irrelevance or senselessness.
free association
A factor to be considered in discriminating normal anxiety from abnormal anxiety is
functional impairment.
What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy as presented in the case of Francs in the textbook?
gaining insight into unconscious motivations
_____ differences are not observed for bipolar mood disorders
gender
One alternative to psychological treatment is ____ ___ ___, in which the person's genitals are changed to match the gender identity
gender affirming surgery
DSM-5 categorizes incongruence between one's experienced gender and assigned gender for at least 6 months as ___ _____.
gender dysphoria
Benzodiazepines include Diazepam (Valium) and Alprazolam (Xanax) are effective in the treatment of ________, ______, and _______ disorders but not _____ disorders
general anxiety disorder, social phobias, and panic disorder, NOT specific phobias
In reviewing the findings of inherited components of anxiety disorders, what appears to be inherited?
general vulnerability
What disorders have especially low diagnostic reliability?
generalized anxiety
ASD is much more common among siblings of someone who has ASD, which suggests ________ causes.
genetic
Monozygotic twins rate have a higher concordance rate than dizygotic twins because there is a ____ component
genetic
Schizophrenia has a strong ____ basis because it happens across cultures
genetic
Which disease can cause intellectual disability in children when it is transmitted from the mother to the child during delivery?
genital herpes
7.1.105. Donna has a somatic symptom disorder. According to a cognitive behavior therapist, how is her disorder likely to be perpetuated?
getting attention and getting to miss work
In its more severe form, alcohol withdrawal can include which of the following symptoms?
hallucinations and formication, seizures and metabolic complications, delirium tremens.
During an interview, a patient says he frequently hears the voice of his sister coming from his image in the bathroom mirror. The psychologist who is conducting the interview most likely writes that the patient presents evidence of
hallucinations.
Based on reports from people who use drugs, which psychoactive substance is least associated with tolerance and withdrawal effects
hallucinogens
The use of _____ follows a different pattern than that associated with most other drugs, seems to be no withdrawal symptoms
hallucinogens
____ Can trigger psychosis in individuals with a predisposition
hallucinogens
What is recognized as a reliable and required component for abnormal behavior to be classified as a mental disorder:
harm to the individual or others
One reason why individuals with anorexia steadfastly deny problems with their weight seems to be because they
have a distorted body image and do not perceive their appearances accurately
Lucas is feeling increasingly stressed because a coworker has been belittling his contributions and spreading gossip behind his back ever since he declined her offer to go out for drinks after work. Which of the following behaviours is an example of Lucas's problem-focused coping?
he makes an appointment with the human resources office to file a harassment complaint
non directive interviews are good for
help people clarify their subjective feelings.
one goal of non-directive interviews is to
help people clarify their subjective feelings.
At high doses, , people who are addicted to ____ become chronically lethargic and lose their motivation to remain productive.
heroine, opiates
hypomania is
high energy, but less severe than mania
The correlation between scores on a measure of hostility and age at death is -.64. We could conclude from this correlation coefficient that people who have
high hostility scores tend to die younger.
Increased rates of CHD are found among people with ___ ___
high-stress occupations.
Hypnosis works best with people who are ___ ___ participants or people who want to ___ with a social role
highly susceptible, comply
Kia ate lunch at noon and is now hungry for dinner five hours later. _____ is the specific brain structure responsible for this urge to eat
hippothalamus
____ personality disorder is when people use physical appearance as a means of getting attention
histrionic
____ personality disorder is where people perceive relationships as more intimate than they are in reality
histrionic
To make diagnosis more concise, there is a list of criteria of substance use disorder is based on ___ and __ of symptoms
how many, severity
Which paradigm views human nature as basically good, attributes abnormal behavior to frustrations of society, and uses nondirective therapy to treat abnormal behavior?
humanistic
A therapist tells a patient that he is "not being genuine, not being himself." The therapist encourages the patient to make life choices based on his true feelings. What is the therapist's most likely theoretical framework?
humanistic - encourages patient to make their own choices
Depression more likely to occur when life events are associated with ____,_____,____ and ____
humiliation, rejection, entrapment and defeat
Dr. Mallord empathizes with her patient, but is passive and nondirective in the sessions. She does encourage the development of emotional awareness. What general technique is Dr. Mallord using to treat her patient?
humnanistic
____ is often called the silent killer because it produces no obvious symptoms
hypertension
The most important of Cardiovascular illnesses are ______ or _____
hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD).
_____ is a form of dissociation, puts you in a state of suggestibility, but is not supported by everyone.
hypnosis
Treatments for pain include:
hypnosis, biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive therapy
In sharing her history, your client makes several remarks that indicate that her parents had quite negative attitudes regarding sexual behavior. As you continue to explore issues of sex with this client, you will be on the look out for indications of
hypoactive sexual desire.
According to Sigmund Freud, how does a boy resolve forbidden sexual desire for his mother?
identifying with his father
7.1.83. When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was the first sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of several other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What mental disorder might Bob's behavior indicate?
illness anxiety disorder
Short-term stressors and physical threats enhance _____ ____ but stress impairs it
immune responses
Among patients who respond positively to antidepressant medication
improvement usually occurs within four to six weeks
What does anhedonia mean?
inability to experience pleasure
In order to meet the criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder, a person's compulsive rituals must take more than one hour each day. Moreover, the symptoms cannot be due to drug use or the presence of other disorders. What aspects of the DSM system are illustrated by these diagnostic criteria?
inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inappropriate affect is another catanoic symptom of schizophrenia which means that:
incongruity and lack of adaptability in emotional expression
The frequency of the diagnosis of dissociative disorders in general, and _____ rapidly after release of the very popular book and movie Sybil.
increased
You are attempting to design ways of observing young children that predict an increased risk for autism. Based on recent NIMH research, you would look for
infants who orient to their names less than do others.
Rubella, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, and encephalitis are all included in the same section of your textbook because they are all
infectious diseases that can cause intellectual disability.
____ retains a modern day relevance when identifying a mental disorder
insanity
What type of attachment has been reported to be associated with the development of agoraphobia?
insecure
The psychodynamic approach and the humanistic approach are both examples of the more general term:
insight therapy
_____ is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or poor quality sleep
insomia
Ultimate goal in treating DID is the:
integration of the personalities-similar to reconciling our multiple roles
The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), as well as DSM-5, use the term ________ for what was previously called "mental retardation."
intellectual disability
Both the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and DSM-5 recognize that
intelligence is more than an IQ score.
Victims of trauma are more likely to develop PTSD when the trauma is more ____
intense
Systems theory acknowledges that multiple contributions are important to causality and that they also are _____
interdependent
Split-half reliability is a measure of a test's
internal consistency.
Young people with eating disorders may lack _____, or recognition of internal cues.
interoceptive awareness
____ ____ is a psychological intervention aimed at reducing the person's fear of internal, bodily sensations frequently associated with panic
interoceptive exposure
Which form of therapy is emerging as an effective treatment for bulimia because patients continue to improve after the end of therapy
interpersonal therapy
_____ treatment for depression and bipolar disorder uses interpersonal factors in current relationships that cause and maintain depression, problem-solving, build communication
interpersonal therapy
____ ____ is agreement among clinicians
interrater reliability
The _____ process allows patients to describe their own problem
interview
absence of any feelings of pleasure, early morning awakening, and marked psychomotor retardation shows signs of _____
melancholia
Hypnosis is not a way to reveal _____, but when in hypnosis, it is very easy to implant ___ ___
memories, false memories
In new research on schizophrenia, brain marker of poor ____ in schizophrenia patients identified as well as this process ____ ___
memory, synaptic pruning
____ twice as likely to develop CHD as women
men
for ____ risk for CHD increases in a linear fashion, increasing age after 40.
men
Antisocial personality disorder is much more common in ___ then ___
men, women
___ ____ ___ is the mental health professions that are growing
mental health counselors
Medical scientists now view every physical illness—from colds to cancer -as a product of the interaction between the___ and the ___
mind and body.
According to her psychiatrist, Alice has inherited a tendency toward depression, a mental disorder which is considered polygenic. This means Alice's depression is influenced by _____ gene(s).
more than one
Unipolar depression is one of the _______ forms of psychopathology.
most common
All of the following are typical childhood characteristics of Down syndrome EXCEPT
most die from medical complications before the age of 22.
what is the long term outcome for people with schizophrenia
most people do not recover completely
People with schizophrenia are more likely than the general population to have been exposed to various problems during their ___ ____ and to have suffered ____ ___
mother's pregnancy, birth injuries
Extrapyramidal symptoms, common side effects of traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia, are disturbances in
motor functions
extrapyramidal symptoms, common side effects of traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia, are disturbances in
motor functions
Heavy marijuana use has been associated with functional impairments such as memory loss and difficulty with attention, learning skills, and __________.
motor movement
If a disorder is short-term and typically has a high rate of recovery, then lifetime prevalence rates for that disorder will be ____________ one-year prevalence rates.
much higher then
Most forms of abnormal behavior are thought to be caused by
multiple factors
The most deadly and well-known form of coronary heart disease is ___ ___, commonly called a heart attack.
myocardial infarction (MI)
In PD disorders ____ has the lowest prevalence
narcissistic
___ personality disorder is when people exploit other to feel better about themselves, they are envious
narcissistic
___ personality disorder is where people have the need for admiration and they have lack of empathy
narcissistic
____ personality disorder feels like they have a big sense of self-importance and no one else realizes how special they are
narcissistic
The ________ of the event is an important factor in determining the type of mental disorder that appears
nature
____ symptoms in schizophrenia are responses or functions that appear to be missing from a person's behavior
negative
In addition to conscientiousness and extraversion, what is one of the "big five" dimensions of temperament?
neruotocism
____ is the cell that transmits info throughout the nervous system
neruron
____ are substances released by the terminal buttons into the synapse; some reach other receptors; others are taken up by the neuron itself (reuptake)
nerurotransmitters
7.1.99. The diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder is sometimes mistakenly made in cases where there are actually undetected physical illnesses, especially
neurological diseases.
information transmitted between nerve cells is by by release of _____ at the ____
neurotransmitters, synapse
A placebo control group is one in which
no active treatment is given
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
Which of the following characterizes the physical appearance of children with ASD?
normal
The goals of __________ are to educate children with intellectual disabilities in regular public school classrooms and to promote a role in the community for adults with intellectual disabilities.
normalization
____ comparisons - a comparison group that is representative of the entire population against which a person's score on a psychological test is compared
normative
when you tell people to be optimistic or think positively are we really helping them with their stress?
not always because it puts more pressure
An epidemiologist studies rates of depression in a community over a one-year period. Her calculation of incidence will be based on the
number of new cases that developed during that year
Repetitive, unwanted, intrusive cognitive events in the form of thoughts, images, or impulses that intrude suddenly into consciousness are called
obsessions
____ disorder has chronic but less severe mood swings, they must experience numerous hypomanic and depressive moods during 2yr period
Cyclothymia
What are the drugs to reduce testosterone?
Cyproterone acetate and Triptorelin
Which statement concerning post-traumatic stress disorder is false?
Effective treatment involves catharsis
_______ means-different from self-image
Ego-dystonic-
______ means- consistent with self-image
Ego-syntonic
_____ therapy is effective for uni/bipolar disorders; Used when medication and therapy ineffective
Electroconvulsive therapy
___ ___ ___ ___ Immediate support to trauma victims is a common goal of all early interventions
Emergency Help for Trauma Victims
___ ___ are less than half as likely to develop PTSD as victims because they are more resilient and have a sense of commitment are hardiness
Emergency workers
____ system is the collection of glands that produce psychophysiological responses by the release of hormones into the blood
Endocrine system
___ and ____ are endogenous opioids, short chains of amino acids, or neuropeptides
Endorphins and Enkephalins
______ implies many risk factors might be involved in a disorder's etiology.
Equifinality
A researcher is using the balanced placebo design to investigate the effects of alcohol on aggression. What has this research added to our knowledge of alcohol?
Expectations play an important role in the effects attributed to alcohol.
Why do some psychiatrists prefer imipramine to antianxiety drugs for the treatment of panic disorder?
It is less likely to lead to dependence.
Identify a primary limitation of case studies.
It is risky to draw general conclusions about a disorder from a single example.
Choose the statement below that is TRUE regarding caffeine use.
It may result in acute caffeine intoxication.
What is meant by the term "empirically supported treatment"?
It means that a treatment has demonstrated its ability to improve patients' symptoms.
Alcoholics Anonymous is good because:
It provides social support for people who are experiencing similar problems.
When a heavy drinker stops drinking alcohol, what happens to his biological system that causes withdrawal symptoms?
It rebounds after functioning in a chronically depressed state.
Select the statement that is TRUE of the DSM classification system.
It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders.
A relative was admitted to the hospital and given doses of naltrexone for problems related to alcohol. How will this drug affect the man?
It will decrease the level of endogenous opioids.
____ is when people steal things for no reason
Kleptomania
_____ is a drug that resembles serotonin
LSD, Psilocybin
____ is when fine white hair appears on face or trunk
Lanugo
Psychological causes of depression and bipolar:
Learned Helplessness, Rumination, Maladaptive schemas
_____ is a severe form of depression symptoms are : Loss of pressure/interest/apetite, early AM, excessive guilt
Melancholia
A&E is presenting the biography of Dr. Hilde Bruch. The presentation includes interviews with Dr. Bruch, who is asked to explain her theory of the development of eating disorders. What does she say?
Overly compliant young women use dieting as a means to wrest some control from their parents.
____ originally developed as a pain killer-small doses produce relaxation and warmth but psychotic behavior at higher doses.
PCP:
___and ____ are the two brain imaging techniques create ongoing images of rain functioning, covering certain periods of time
PET and fMRI
Numbing, depersonalization and sense of reliving the experience predict ____
PTSD
Numbing, depersonalization, and living with the trauma is when people with ASD experience ____
PTSD
Vietnam War prompted much interest in ____ due to negative reactions from combat being very common
PTSD
Baseline-Instruction-Response Prevention (RP) cycles is used for ______
OCD
The therapy for illness anxiety disorder is similar to the treatment of ______, which is this treatment:
OCD, Exposure and Response therapy
______ follows a pattern of improvement mixed with some persistent symptoms
OCD/ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
What acronym will help you remember the "big five" dimensions of temperament?
OCEAN
The DSM-5 Recognizes several specific subtypes of Anxiety Disorder:
Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia, Social, Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder
____ ____ disorder, usually involves a desire to shock the observer, but sometimes they harbor fantasies that the involuntary observer will become sexually aroused
Paraphilic EXHIBITIONISTIC
_____ are characterized by abnormal events that occur during sleep, e.g., nightmares
Parasomnias:
What are cognitive symptoms of depression?
Slowed thinking/concentration, Guilt, worthlessness, depressive triad, self, environment, future
The ___ ___ ___ ___ assigns stress values to life events based on the judgments of a large group of normal adults
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Psychological Factors of Suicide:
Social isolation, emotional distress, helplessness...
___ ____ Concerned with helping people achieve effective level of psychosocial functioning
Social work
____ ____ disorder is when there is at least one and usually several somatic complaints (that are out of proportion with their actual issues)
Somatic Symptom Disorder
____ ____ disorder meets the criteria of both recognition that the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable and attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralize the unwanted thoughts or impulses
obsessive compulsive
____ ____ disorder is now its own topic in the DSM-V
obsessive compulsive disorder
In ___ __ disorder, they are good savers for money and they have to delegate what everyone does, and they are preoccupied wuth rules, structure
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
____ describes the process by which receptors in the brain adapt to continuous presence of drug, changes in receptor binding
pharmacodynamic tolerance
Soon after Helen was born, a blood test revealed that she was missing a vital enzyme. Her diet was carefully monitored in order to eliminate foods that would not be properly metabolized without this enzyme. Helen has a genetic disorder called __________, which can lead to severe intellectual disabilities if undetected within the first few days of life.
phenylketonuria
Reactions are irrational and unreasonable in _____
phobias
The lovemap can be distorted-____ ____ and sexual desire are incompatible, so ___ ___ are rerouted to somewhere else
romantic attachment, sexual impulses
____ ____ system - the patient is exposed to ambiguous stimuli & then projects a unique interpretation onto them that reflects his underlying unconscious processes & conflicts
rorachach's comprehensive system
Treatments for paraphilic disorders that eliminate or decrease inappropriate sexual arousal include __________.
satiation, covert sensitization, and olfactory aversion
_____ disorder is symptoms of patients fall on the boundary between schizophrenia and mood. Diagnosed by the presence of delusions and hallucinations for at least 2 weeks not during depressive or manic phase. Depressive episode or bipolar episode with psychotic symptoms-only during affective episodes
schizoaffective
Recent advances in brain imaging have allowed clinicians to make scientifically useful comparisons in the relative size of the chambers in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. These chambers are called_____
ventricles.
Evidence that effective treatments for depression inhibit the re-uptake of a neurotransmitter links a depletion of that neurotransmitter to mood disorders. That neurotransmitter is ______
serotonin.
Polysubstance abuse refers to abuse of
several types of drugs.
For depression, an event(s) involving________ is more likely to have occurred.
severe loss (lack of hope)
This appears to be the most successful form of treatment for gender dysphoria is
sex-reassignment surgery
What is the central problem in paraphilias?
sexual arousal is detached from a reciprocal, loving adult relationship
A vaginal photometer and a penile plethysmograph can be used as measures of
sexual arousal.
Inhibitions in sexual desire and interference with the psychological responses leading to orgasm are called _____.
sexual dysfunctions
Which of the following is characteristic of a man with a paraphilia?
sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation
Tammy is highly critical when it comes to evaluating her own body weight and shape, although she is of average height and weight. Which of the following statements about Tammy is most likely to be TRUE?
she has a negative body image
Diane is a successful 25-year-old lawyer and usually does not experience much stress. She recently lost her mother to a sudden illness and was very upset by her loss. What is the most likely long-term outcome for Diane after experiencing this level of stress?
she will greive and then recover
What aspect of the symptoms of schizophrenia is described by the term "loose associations"?
shifting topics too abruptly
What has research on the effectiveness of Head Start revealed?
short-term increases in IQ and academic achievement
number one symptom of anorexia is _____
significantly low weight
Alex suffers from agoraphobia, and while in treatment he is asked to repeatedly confront places like crowded shopping malls and theaters that he has been avoiding. The treatment he is receiving is
situational exposure.
People who are attempting to quit smoking typically experience ___ problems, ___ ___, concentration difficulties, and mood swings ranging from anxiety to anger and ____.
sleeping, weight gain, depression
As a woman gets older, how does her physiological response to sexual stimulation change?
slower rate of lubrication
Which of the following are signs of alcohol intoxication according to DSM-5?
slurred speech, lack of coordination, and nystagmus
Which of these behaviors has a tendency to increase risk for erectile dysfunction?
smoking cigs
In______ anxiety , it is so important to be accepted by the group
social
_____ ____ disorder is almost identical to specific phobia but includes additional element of performance
social anxiety disorder
____ ____ disorder people are afraid of avoid social situations because of fear of humiliation or embarrassment
social anxiety disorders
For a class assignment, you are asked to find information on cocaine. A reference book on drugs lists them by major category. Under which category will you find cocaine?
stimulants
Impoverished environments lack the ___ and ____required to promote children's intellectual and social skills throughout their development.
stimulation and responsiveness
A strong correlation exists between stressful life events and the onset of depression, but it is difficult to interpret this relationship because
stress can cause depression, but depression can cause stress.
____ ____ ____ seem to play a role in the onset of both depression and anxiety
stressful life events
Tony was born with Down syndrome. His parents encouraged Tony to attend a special program where he was taught basic self-care skills and, as he got older, various life skills. Tony's parents used the __________ prevention method.
tertiary
Biological therapies reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders:
through electroconvulsive therapy, wit psychosurgery, and with drugs
Your patient shows signs of restlessness, agitation, and anxiety. One of the first disorders to test for would be Graves' disease, so you order tests of ____ _____
thyroid function.
What is a common goal in systems approaches to family therapy?
to strengthen the alliance between parents
Which of the following refers to requiring an increased dose of a substance to achieve the desired effect?
tolerance
_____ is the orocess through which the nervous system becomes less sensitive to the effects of alcohol or any other drug
tolerance
Which of the following was another name for gender dysphoria in adults?
transsexualism
Two other names for gender dysphoria are:
transsexualism or gender identity disorder
Gender dysphoria should be distinguished from _____ disorder
transvestic
Which of the following is characterized by sexual arousal when dressing in clothing of the opposite gender?
tranvestic disorder
____ is derived from diverse life experiences. It is not necessarily life threatening, but definitely life-altering
trauma
___ is not random-those who engage in risky behavior and those who are anxious are more likely to develop _____
trauma, PTSD
7.1.3. You are asked to review the DSM diagnostic criteria for traumatic stress disorders. Under which category will you find these disorders
trauma- and stressor-related disorders
7.1.2. An event that involves actual or threatened death, or serious injury to self or others, and creates intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror is defined by DSM-5 as involving
traumatic stress.
The number of Americans who say they have no close friends has roughly _____ in recent decades.
tripled
The risk for CHD is_____ times greater among those who smoke a pack or more of cigarettes a day.
two to three
DSM-5 divides substance-related disorders into ___ categories which are:
two, substance use and substance e induced
A strong piece of evidence that genes alone do not cause the vast majority of mental disorders is that genetic studies
typically find concordance rates for MZ twins far below 100 percent.
A humanistic therapist who expresses feelings of acceptance towards a client, regardless of what the client has done or feels, is expressing _______ _______ regard.
unconditional positive
Anxious apprehension gives you a sense of _____ and shifts in attention to a primary self-focus or a state of ____
uncontrollability, preoccupation
_____ panic attacks appear without warning
unexpected
Most common cause of PTSD is:
unexpected death of loved one
Jane has just learned of her partner's long-standing infidelity and feels very humiliated and defeated. Because of this experience and the emotions she is facing, what disorder is Jane most likely to develop?
unipolar disorder
Skepticism of recovered memories is warranted due to the
unreliability of long-term recall of specific events.
____ Interviewthe clinician decided what questions to ask & how to ask them
unstructured interview
Support for a neurodevelopmental basis of autism spectrum disorder is found in
unusually accelerated head and brain growth in the first few years of life.
cross cultural studies of the rates of schizophrenia show higher rates in ____ areas
urban
Overall, research indicates that the most effective approach in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is
use of a multidisciplinary team.
The DSM-IV-TR criteria for bulimia nervosa refer to compensatory behavior. Which of the following represents this type of behavior?
use of laxatives after an episode of bingeing.
Psychopathy means:
using other people to get what you want, charming
Which of the following is an example of the primary prevention of a biological cause of intellectual disability?
vaccinations for rubella
___ is the usefulness, meaning/importance of measurement
validity
A psychologist is reviewing results of the MMPI-2 test administered to a client who was mandated by a judge to seek therapy. The psychologist is concerned that the client may not have answered the questions consistently and honestly. Which part of the MMPI-2 will be of special interest to this psychologist?
validity scales
The number one reason people become addicted to opiates?
medical prescriptions
An expert on eating disorders is giving a talk about the relationship between eating disorders and depression. Which of the following would be an appropriate title for this talk?
"Depression: Both Cause and Effect"
If you had to briefly summarize the results of research on diagnostic reliability of mental disorders, which of the following sentences would do the job?
"We should not accept the assumption that the diagnostic categories in DSM-5 are used reliably."
Some experts suggest that a better term than "eating" disorder is
"dieting" disorder
In psychopathy, there are deficits in the ___ ___ - using functional magnetic resonance imaging, researchers have identified a series of brain networks (e.g. the orbital and medial sectors of the prefrontal cortex) that are thought to specialize in the development of moral emotions
"moral brain"
A therapist who uses the technique of ____ ____ mirrors the clients' own feelings back to them
"reflective speech"
Which of the following is an example of an open-ended interview question?
"tell me more about it"
Summarize research reliability of mental disorders
"we should not accept the assumption that the diagnostic categories in DSM-5 are used reliably
One biological cause of bipolar disorder is that there is a stronger influence of bipolar depression in _____ twins then ____ twins
(.69MZ, .19DZ)
According to Christopher Fairburn CBT Treatment for Bulima Nervosa, there needs to be three treatment stages which are:
1) Education and behavioral strategies to normalize eating 2) Address the client's broader, dysfunctional beliefs about self 3) Attempt to consolidate gains and prepare the client for expected relapses in the future
_____ is the most complex and incapacitating phobic disorder
Agoraphobia
What does the DSM-V list as the five major somatic symptom disorders:
1. Conversion disorder 2. Somatic symptom disorder 3. Illness anxiety disorder 4. Factitious disorder 5. Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
In cognitive therapy for anxiety therapists:
1. Identify cognitions that are relevant to their problems and 2. Recognize the relation between these thoughts and maladaptive emotional responses and 3. Examine evidence that supports or contradicts these beliefs
For both anorexia and bulimia, the rate of occurrence in females compared to males is about
10 to 1
For both anorexia and bulimia, the rate of occurrence in females compared to in males is about
10 to 1.
Intelligence tests are scored to have a mean IQ score of _______ and a standard deviation of _______.
100; 15
Women are ____ more likely to suffer from depression then males
2-3X
In____%-____% of cases, children develop normally for a time but either stop learning new skills or lose the skills they have acquired
20% to 40%
Anxiety appears to be modestly heritable between twins ____%____ not as high as bipolar
20%-30%
Approximately how many children suffer from ASD, according to U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates?
200 in 10,000
Chromosomes normally come in pairs, but people with Down syndrome have three number ____________ chromosomes in every cell in their body.
21
From the extensive information it collected concerning patterns of sexual activity, what did the National Health and Social Life Survey reveal concerning the achievement of orgasms by men and women?
A larger percentage of men than women report that they always have an orgasm.
___ affects virtually every organ and system in the body.
Alcohol
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between death and the misuse of alcohol?
Alcohol related deaths due to injury are more common among young men.
What are the causes of intellectual disabilities? Lost the toxins:
Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), Mercury poisoning, Lead poisoning
_____ is a deficit in one's capacity to recognize and express emotions signaled by physiological arousal
Alexithymia
About __% of individuals with AN engage in binging and purging. And cases of BN have a history of ___.
50%, AN
In twin studies with substance abuse, Data from a large sample of twins found concordance rates for alcohol dependence of ___% in male MZ twins and ___% in male DZ twins.
56%, 33%
Rates for anxiety disorder have been found to be lower when people over the age of______ are compared to younger adults
60
And,____improved within 40 years.
66%, 80%
7.1.22. A national study found that approximately ___ percent of the people in the United States suffered from PTSD at some point.
7
Social anxiety disorder is another type of anxiety disorder common ____ %
7%
In cognitive behavioral therapy for substance abuse individuals may hold dysfunctional beliefs such as "If I lapse then my treatment will have failed" or "I have had one drink so I may as well get drunk" These are known as:
Abstinence violation beliefs
___ ____ __ is the pattern of going back to chronic drinking if one slips up even a little
Abstinence violation effect
A film producer wants to make a movie describing several cases of young women who have been diagnosed as suffering from anorexia. He is especially interested in exploring some of the psychological dynamics related to the disorder. Which of the following titles might be the best choice for the film?
A Struggle for Control: Anorexia Nervosa
The newspaper contains a report of a research team in Europe that has found a brain area in a group of schizophrenic patients that is smaller than the same area in normal individuals. The article was written by a well-known science writer who has a keen understanding of schizophrenia. What is he likely to conclude?
A complex disorder such as schizophrenia is not likely to be traced to a single brain site.
Assume that each of the following individuals has a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Which of them is most likely to engage in an episode of binge eating at this point?
Ann was upset over failing two exams and she also had an argument with her parents.
Which of the following statements about the prevalence of eating disorders is most accurate?
Anorexia is rare in the general population but common among certain segments
__ ___ is 10 times more common among women then men
Anorexia nervosa
___ ___ is rarest in the general population (0.4%)
Anorexia nervosa
Obese people with binge eating disorder differ from obese persons without the disorder in that the former (i.e., obese people with binge eating disorder)
Are more likely to have associated depression and anxiety disorders
____is characterized by profound indifference to social relationships; odd, stereotypical behaviors; and severely impaired or nonexistent communication
Autism
_____ is an important component of the definition of phobia
Avoidance
In cases of severe depression, _______ therapy offers the only quickly effective treatment.
ECT
_____ is a noninvasive procedure that measures & records brainwaves
EEG
____ disorder refers to a set of personality features or deficiencies that can be found in individuals with various disorders.
BPD (borderline personality disorder)
Withdrawal from __ and ____ can include irritability, paranoia, sleep disturbance, agitation, muscle tension, restlessness, and perceptual disturbances.
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
___ and ___ use is characterized by impaired judgment, slowness of speech, lack of coordination, a narrowed range of attention, and disinhibition of sexual and aggressive impulses
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
____ and ____ are also known informally as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and sedatives
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
Paul Meehl has suggested that when clinicians mistakenly pay attention to vague, superficial, or stereotyped statements by clients, and fail to pay to attention to subtler but more important evidence, they are victims of the cognitive error he has labeled the_____effect.
Barnum
Which of these individuals would most clearly fit the DSM diagnostic criteria for transvestic disorder?
Barry, a heterosexual, who dresses in women's clothing for the purpose of sexual arousal
Why is it wrong to say that 40% of our happiness in not in our control?
Because heritability estimates can only be made at the population level
Which of the following is a similarity between intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders?
Both are initially a shock to parents.
What have epidemiologists found concerning the frequency of eating disorders?
Bulimia nervosa is more common than anorexia
Which category of drugs is made up of those used to treat anxiety disorders and sleeping problems?
benzodiazepines
___ ___is the mismatch between the patient's 24-hour sleeping patterns and their 24-hour life demands that cause significant life distress
Circadian Rythm Sleep Disorder
____ is term used to describe a person whose gender identity aligns with those typically associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.
Cisgender
_____ is fear of enclosed spaces
Claustrophobia
_____ ____ is a profession that applies psychological science to mental disorders
Clinical psychology
Select the statement that is FALSE about cocaine.
Cocaine, although powerful in effect, is not highly addictive.
____ ____ therapy is designed for patients who have recovered from active symptoms, but continue to exhibit cognitive disability-working memory, interpreting messages and emotions
Cognitive Enhancement
What conclusion is warranted concerning the causal role of disturbed communication in families?
Disturbed communication does not cause people to develop schizophrenia.
You get a paper back and briefly feel angry at the low grade you received, but this feeling is upsetting because you like the professor so much. You quickly turn your attention to other matters. Later that day you pick a fight with your roommate because of the unfair manner in which the week's chores were divided. This fight could be an example of a defense mechanism called
Displacement
What is the most common known biological cause of intellectual disability?
Down syndrome
What are some long-term effects of Alcohol intoxication?
Disruption of relationships with family and friends, Blackouts, Interfere with job performance, Problems with legal authorities, Disrupt functions of organ systems-cirrhosis of the liver, heart problems, cancer, Nutritional disturbance, Injury and premature death
____ are not required for ASD or PTSD
Dissociative
_____ symptoms are common in the immediate aftermath of a trauma
Dissociative
___ ___ is a sudden and unexpected travel away from home with inability to recall details about the past and confusion about identity or assumption of a new identity
Dissociative Fugue
____________ is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy specially designed to treat people with borderline personality disorder.
DBT Dialectal Behavioral Therapy
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) ____ work for PTSD, can actually be ____
DOES NOT WORK, harmful
A direct exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation, Being witness to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation, Learning of violence to a loved one.Through repeated exposure to details of trauma is how the ____ defines ____
DSM-5, Trauma
Which of these newborns represents the clearest example of a premature birth?
David, who weighs under 5 pounds
What are the dissociative symptoms on PTSD or ASD?
Dazed and act "spaced out", Depersonalization, Derealization, Dissociative amnesia
Somatic disorder is comorbid with these 4 disorders:
Depression, anxiety, and antisocial personality disorder
___ is three times more common among patients with CHD than in the general population, and depression doubles the risk for future cardiac events because it releases ____
Depression, cortisol
Classifying Abnormal Behavior is through the _____
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
___- ____Model explains how people can have a predisposition toward developing a disorder when they have a difficult experience or stressful experience
Diathesis-Stress
EMDR stands for
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
___ ____ ___ ___ Includes rapid back-and-forth eye movements (but has nothing to do with therapy for PTSD)
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
___ ___ disorder describes becoming sexually aroused by touching or rubbing his genitals against other, non-consenting people
FROTTERURISTIC paraphilic disorder
___ ___ disorder usually chooses crowded places such as public transportation and seek escape right away
FROTTERURISTIC paraphilic disorder
____ ____ ____ occurs as an individual produces physical symptoms on another - normally mother imposing on a child
Factitious disorder imposed on another
_____ _____ ___ __ occurs as an individual imposes deceptive practices designed to produce signs of illness on self
Factitious disorder imposed on self
What are somatic symptoms of depression?
Fatigue, lethargy, aches, changes in appetite/sleep, anhedonia
___ ___ is the gender that a person regards themselves
Gender identity
____ ___conveys a wider, more flexible range of gender identity and/or expression than typically associated with the binary gender system.
Gender-expansive
Canadian physiologist Hans Selye developed the concept of the _________, which consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
____ disorder is where worry must occur more days than not for a period of at least 6 months and they must be about different events or activities
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
_____ ______ is excessive anxiety and worry and people have trouble controlling the worries
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A report in a research journal describes the symptoms of a mental disorder along with information on its etiology, including heritability of 50%, How should this finding be interpreted?
Genetic factors and the environment contribute equally
____ may influence some personality characteristic that, in turn, increases the risk for bulimia nervosa such as anxiety
Genetics
Biological causes of depression and bipolar:
Genetics, Neuroendocrine system, Brain abnormalities, Neurotransmiters
7.1.106. The medical records of a patient contain the word alexithymia. Assuming the word is accurate, what can we conclude about this patient?
He has difficulty recognizing and expressing emotions.
What is likely to occur if Javier takes Antabuse and then has a shot of whiskey?
He will become violently ill.
Detoxification is a process of systematic and supervised withdrawal from substance use that is either managed in a residential setting or on an outpatient basis. Drug use during detoxification can take which of the following forms?
Help reduce withdrawal symptoms, Prevent relapse, To wean a user onto a weaker substance
Why might Temple Grandin describe herself as "an anthropologist on Mars"?
Her autism has left her with difficulties in understanding normal social behaviors so she must rely on deliberate observations to infer others' feelings.
______ is the part of the brain responsible for regulation of basic bodily functions
Hindbrain
___ personality disorder is excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Histrionic
____________ personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Histrionic Personality Disorder
______ is associated with positive experiences unlike compulsions.
Hoarding
____ ____ is a new addition to DSM-5, when people have an unrelenting trouble associated with getting rid of personal belongings and is extremely disruptive
Hoarding disorder
Prenatal exposure to the ____________ virus is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia.
Influenza
What evidence do psychologists put forth in support of the validity of intelligence tests?
IQ scores precisely measure the potential for school achievement.
____ ____ disorder is the fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness, but physical symptoms are absent or minor
Illness Anxiety Disorder
When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was the first sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of several other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What mental disorder might Bob's behavior indicate?
Illness anxiety disorder
What type of therapy successfully reduces recurrent nightmares for those with PTSD?
Imagery Rehearsal Therapy
____ measures implicit memories and beliefs
Implicit associations test
___ ___ is a combination of psychodynamic therapy and CBT
Interpersonal Therapy
_____ have an intermediate appearance between the sexes-pseudo-hermaphrodism
Intersexes
_____ used to be surgically altered to create distinct male or female appearance, but this process is no longer done
Intersexes
What worked for PTSD in the war?
Intervention that works on the battlefield
Which of the following describes a distinction between excoriation disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Intrusive thoughts occur after excoriation rituals instead of triggering them.
Maria believes that her dead grandmother occasionally speaks to her. In deciding if Maria has a mental illness or not, which of the following should first be evaluated?
Is Maria's belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture?
Of the following statements, which accurately depicts our current state of knowledge about the development of sexual orientation?
It appears that sexual orientation is, in part, biologically based.
____ is a depressive order medication that is not as effective; side effects; anxiety disorders
MAO-I inhibitors
____ cause damage to serotonin neurons
MDMA
____ is known as the "club drug"-distortions in time and space, calm, positive feeling but depression when wears off
MDMA
Masters in Clinical psychology education
MS
____ ___ ____is technique for static brain imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
____ ____ ___ is a disorder where the experience of at least 1 major depressive episode (2wk+ duration) without any manic episodes
Major Depressive Disorder
____ ____ is disorder where people experience of depressive episode
Major depressive disorder
_____ ____ are general patterns of thought that guide the way depressed people perceive and interpret the world
Maladaptive schemas
___ to ____ gender transformations are more common than ___ to ___ transformations
Male-to-female, than female-to-male.
____ ____ is the emphasis on muscles and, many times, abuse of steroids.
Males-reverse anorexia
_____ means pretending to have an illness in order to achieve some external gain
Malingering
_____ = Disturbance in mood in which a person feels euphoria
Mania
The most widely studied form of family therapy for eating disorders involves parents initially taking complete control over the child's eating. Age-appropriate autonomy is returned to the child as eating improves. This system is called the
Maudsley method.
Psychiatry education
Medical school and residency training that is focused on abnormal behavior (MD)
Treatment of OCD: Biological Treatments
Medication (SSRIs are used most often), tricyclic antidepressants, Clomiprimine
____ is responsible for vital involuntary functions
Medulla
_____ is the region of the brain that is responsible for heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
Medulla
________ fire when a person performs an action and also when the person observes somebody else performing the action.
Mirror neurons
_____ learning by observing/imitating
Modeling
___ and ___ are the two major forms of coronary heart disease.
Myocardial infarction and angina pectoris
Polics carry ____ with is an opioid antagonist which will prevent overdoses
Narcan (Natxone)
A film critic's description of a character in a film uses these phrases: a grandiose sense of self-importance, the inability to empathize with others, and a preoccupation with his own achievements and abilities. At the end of the description, the critic says the character needs therapy. If the character were to seek therapy, which diagnosis might be made?
Narcissistic pd
How do positive and negative symptoms compare in terms of their course over time?
Negative symptoms are more stable.
What occurs in a double-blind study of medication?
Neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the medication is a placebo.
____ is the active substance in Tobacco
Nicotine
Which of the options below is NOT a symptom of alcohol withdrawal in its most severe forms?
Night terrors
Ted is taking notes in an abnormal psychology course; the topic today is the diagnosis of schizophrenia. When Ted reviews the material next week, how might he summarize the material on the symptoms used to identify schizophrenia?
No single symptom is indicative of schizophrenia.
____ _____ deliberate self-harm without desire for suicide
Non-suicidal self-injury
____ means that people with intellectual disabilities are entitled to live as much as possible like other members of society.
Normalization
Ken will do almost anything for extra credit. He sees a sign recruiting participants for research on eating. When he inquires, he is told the study involves semi-starvation He is a bit leery now, so he heads over to the library to read up on the topic. What he finds persuades him to look for other ways to earn extra credit. What did he find?
Participants are likely to develop obsessions and compulsions concerning food that continue after they return to their normal weight.
Why is exposure therapy effective for post-traumatic stress disorder?
Patients are able to recount all of the details which helps alleviates the intrusive flashbacks
What is one principal assumption of Alcoholics Anonymous?
People cannot recover on their own.
____ ____ ___ is a disorder that is less severe symptoms but predominantly depressed mood, people must experience for at least 2yrs (and leads to severe outcomes)
Persistent Depressive Disorder
__ __ ____ is a disorder in Children 6-18 with severe, recurrent temper outbursts *new*
Persistent mood dysregulation disorder
_____ psychology adopts a more optimistic perspective on human potential, motives, and capacities.
Positive
____ coping involves attempts to change a stressor.
Problem-focused
____ ___ work in many settings; marriage, drug, etc.
Professional Counselors
______ is the defense mechanism refers to attributing one's own feelings of thoughts to other people.
Projection
____ are concerned with study and treatment of mental disorders; Can prescribe medication
Psychiatry
Jason is attending a group in which he is learning specific information and skills that are designed to improve his psychological well-being. Jason is probably attending a(n)
Psycho-educational group
What is a limitation of the use of psychological assessment?
Psychological reactivity and stability vary from person to person.
Behavioral symptoms of depression?
Psychomotor retardation
_____ investigates the relation between stress and immune function.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
In ____, there are genetic or other types of abnormalities that disrupt the functioning of the amygdala, the center of fear and empathic processing
Psychopathy
____ is more emotional and social in nature, while ____ is more behavioral
Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder
___ assessment uses autonomic nervous system responses as a measure of psychological state
Psychophysiological
Treatment of Suicide:
Psychotherapy, CBT, support, Medication (to treat underlying problem), Hospitalization (voluntary or involuntary)
___ is when people set fires for no obvious reason
Pyromania
What are cognitive symptoms of mania?
Racing thoughts, Distractibility, Grandiosity, Inflated self-esteem
____ ____ to groups is a critical part of the methodology in controlled design experiments because each participant has an equal opportunity of being assigned to either group.
Random assignment
_____ ___ means having at least 4 episodes of mania, hypomania or depression within a year
Rapid Cycling
The symptoms of both ASD and PTSD is :
Re-experiencing, Avoidance, Persistent arousal or anxiety, Negative mood or thoughts ,Dissociation
___ ___ heredity determines the upper and lower limits of IQ and experience determines the extent to which people fulfill their genetic potential.
Reaction Range-
Rebecca hears strange noises that don't have a source and stops showering on a regular basis. In which of the following scenarios is she unlikely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder?
Rebecca's symptoms abate after a few weeks
What are somatic symptoms of mania?
Reduced need for sleep, dramatically increased energy
____ means the period of recovery
Remission
What are some symptoms when you re-experience in PTSD or ASD, ?
Repeated, distressing images or thoughts, Intrusive flashbacks, Horrifying dreams
____ ____ system is responsible for sleep regulation
Reticular activating system
____ ____ is part of brain responsible for sleep, arousal, attention
Reticular formation
_______ (as opposed to distraction) means interaction of cognition and interpersonal factors
Rumination
7.1.110. Which group of medications has been found to produce more relief from the symptoms of body dysmorphic and pain disorders than placebo?
SSRIs
____ is the most frequently used medication for depressive disorder; fewer side effects
SSRIs
What are the three medications used for depression?
SSRIs, Tricyclics, MAO-I inhibitors
____ ____refers to adult clients keeping records of their own behavior.
Self-monitoring
____ refers to biological features of a person that are related to reproduction
Sex
___ ___ ___ is recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or impulses involving being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
Sexual masochism disorder
___ ___ disorder is when people are pulled into another person's delusions (like a married couple)
Shared Psychotic disorder
(115) Jane has recently become very depressed, and her doctor is explaining to her that she has a mood disorder with postpartum onset. If her doctor is correct, what do we know about Jane?
She has given birth within the past four weeks.
Your friend told you that she was a member of the placebo group in a recently completed study of a new drug. What is your friend likely to have experienced?
She received a treatment not thought to be specifically effective in treating her disorder.
Janice suffers from anorexia and is extremely careful about how much she eats. How does she probably feel about this?
She takes grate pride in her control and self-denial.
Compare the symptoms of a patient with somatic related disorder to someone suffering from an actual disease or impairment. What can distinguish a somatic related disorder from an actual illness?
Somatic disorders are often defined by a preoccupation with a particular part of the body.
Derrick has experienced mild pain in his lower back for the last 18 months. Even though an extensive medical evaluation found that he can return to work, he feels too much pain to return to work. Derrick is becoming angry and depressed over his doctor's view that his problem is not severe and often spends time visiting emergency rooms for pain medication. Given what you know, what may Derrick be experiencing?
Somatic symptom disorder
Professional Counselors education
Specialized master's degree
_____ are the most common of the anxiety disorders
Specific Phobia
_____ _____ is a "marked and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety."
Specific Phobia Disorder
7.1.102. What is one of the major findings of research on memory and retrospective reports?
Specific memories are more reliable than global memories.
_____ is a challenging event that requires physiological, cognitive, or behavioral adaptation-and an individuals response
Stress
______ ______ was initially developed for the purpose of treating anxiety disorders, especially phobias
Systematic Desensitization
What is the most common active ingredient in marijuana?
THC
7.1.4. Which of the following events would fit the DSM description of situations that could lead to posttraumatic stress disorder?
The car Ted was driving spun out of control and almost fell off a bridge; in the car, Ted waited helplessly to be rescued.
7.1.79. Alice has lost sensitivity to pain only on the left side of her face. Why is it reasonable to suspect that Alice suffers from conversion disorder?
The nerves involved in pain sensation do not divide the face neatly in half.
Which of the following conclusions about the genetics of alcohol use disorders can be legitimately drawn from adoption studies?
There appears to be a strong association between genetics and the etiology of alcohol use disorder.
7.1.84. When faced with the results of medical tests that indicate that their symptoms have no medical cause, what is the typical response of individuals with illness anxiety disorder?
They accept the results, but worry that the tests are wrong.
7.1.49. While, in DSM-5, fugue and dissociative amnesia are in the category of dissociative disorders, and ASD and PTSD are classified as trauma- and stressor-related disorders, many psychologists believe there is an important link between these separately categorized disorders. Which of the following provides evidence of such a link?
They all usually involve a clear and sudden trauma that, for most people, would be followed by a rapid return to normal psychological functioning.
What are the advantages to using brain imaging techniques?
They can rule out neurological conditions and can help researchers explore the relationship between brain functions and specific mental disorders.
How do clinical obsessions differ from normal obsessions?
They differ in degree rather than kind.
Why is the new class of antipsychotic medications called "atypical"?
They do not produce extrapyramidal symptoms.
7.1.71. Which of the following is characteristic of somatic symptom disorders?
They have no clear biological cause.
7.1.107. According to the social view of the etiology of somatic symptom disorders, these disorders are more common in nonindustrial societies and among the poorly educated in the United States. Why do people in these communities tend to develop these disorders?
They learn to express emotions as physical symptoms.
The DSM definition of mental disorder excludes which of the following?
beliefs and actions hared by a religious group
Even though more than 2.3% of people have IQs below the 70 cutoff, the best estimate is that only 1% of the population has an intellecutal disability. Why?
because not everyone may need support, people may have the adaptive skills
Why does re-experiencing happen?
because we do not store long term memories properly - dysfunction of amygdala and hippocampus
When does the prodromal phase of schizophrenia occur?
before active psychotic symptoms are present
____ ____ ____focuses on frequency of specific behavioral events
behavioral coding system
Which type of treatment offers the best long-term outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder?
behavioral therapy
Research indicates that the highly structured intensive behavior therapy techniques developed by Ivor Lovaas and his colleagues
can be effective but only when they are provided many hours a week and for many years.
If the physiological effects of a drug of abuse are involved in the disturbance, the DSM-5 diagnosis
cannot be schizophrenia.
____ ____ is when panic attacks are interpreted by internal stimuli, such as bodily sensations, thoughts, or images
catastrophic misinterpretation
____ is the primary concept in operant conditioning
consequences
____validity- reflects how well a measure accurately assesses a particular concept, not other concepts that may be related
construct
four types of validity are :
construct, criterion, concurrent, predictive
Rewarding a patient when he/she performs desired behaviors and withholding rewards when he/s he performs undesired behaviors in a psychiatric hospital is an example of ___ _____
contingency management.
Marvin has a long history of schizophrenia. His doctors say that he is currently in the residual phase; from this we can conclude that he
continues to be impaired in various ways.
People with binge eating disorder have la lack of ___
control
The struggle for ____ as the central psychological issue in the development of eating disorders
control
In order to draw causal conclusions about a research finding, a researcher must use a ____ ____ design
controlled groups design
If you reject the null, your experimental hypothesis is _____
correct
______ is a statistical measure of how closely 2 variables are associated
correlation
The endocrine system and the central nervous system may be linked in the etiology of depression through which substance?
cortisol
When we have higher self-esteem we produce less ____
cortisol
_____ is reduced during anxiety apprehension
cortisol
Release of ____ and ___ also causes immunosuppression, the decreased production of immune agents
cortisol and CRF
____ is NOT an example of a population that is studied to examine polygenetic influences on mental disorders
countries
For anxiety, an event(s) involving _____ is more likely to have occurred
danger
The role of dissociation is ____ may not be adaptive, may be related to more PTSD
debated
As comorbidity increases, validity ____
decreases
When patients who are suffering delusions are confronted with contradictory evidence, they
defend their beliefs with conviction.
What are the three diagnosis needs for intellectual disability?
deficits in intellectual functions, deficits in adaptive functions, onset before the age of 18
Diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder DO NOT include
deficits in visual acuity.
_____ disorder : do not meet the full symptomatic criteria for schizophrenia, preoccupation for at least one month with delusions that are not bizarre. These are delusions about situations that can occur in everyday life. Social & Occupational functioning are not impaired.
delusional
An older woman frantically calls the State Attorney's Office to report someone trying to "control" her by broadcasting messages through her television. Highly agitated, she requests a thorough investigation. The content of this call typifies __________.
delusions of influence
If you have the amygdala on high alert, you cannot properly engage _____ with the trauma or _____ accurately
emotionally, organize
A researcher announced that she has developed a method of neutralizing maladaptive neural connections in mentally ill patients. Before her procedure is utilized, she should be able to
demonstrate that her procedure improves outcomes without producing harm.
What are some medical conditions of Bulimia: Repeated vomiting can erode ___ ___, and can also produce a ___ ___ that is triggered too easily and perhaps unintentionally. There is an enlargement of the ___ ___ and a rupture of the ____
dental enamel, gag reflex, salivary glands, esophagus
Which of the following personality disorders is the LEAST prevalent?
dependent personality disoder
In ___ ___ disorder, they have trouble initiating self-directed activity and need constant reassurance
dependent personality disorder
7.1.48. While in his bedroom, Zack suddenly feels as if he is in a strange and unfamiliar place. Later, he experiences the feeling that his body does not belong to him. What is Zack experiencing?
depersonalization
_____ is when you feel like you are outside your body
depersonalization
7.1.11. Marjorie has just experienced a traumatic event; she is feeling cut off from herself and her environment and reports feeling like a robot. A mental health professional would say that Marjorie is experiencing
depersonalization.
What is dysphoric mood?
depressed mood
A comorbid Psychological Disorders associated with anorexia nervosa is ____ because of a reaction to starvation
depression
Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy was developed specifically as treatment for
depression
Overlap between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and _____
depression
Which psychological problem often occurs with bulimia nervosa?
depression
Which of these are likely to be comorbid with anorexia?
depression and OCD
Reports of greater pain are associated with ___ and ___
depression and anxiety
Which of these are likely to be comorbid with anorexia nervosa?
depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
The search for explanations of the etiology of abnormal behavior dates to ancient times. It was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that three major advances occurred: the work of Sigmund Freud, the discover of general paresis, and the
development of academic psychology
A clinician has met with a client who presents symptoms that would meet the criteria for several disorders; according to DSM, the clinician would
diagnose each disorder that fits the client's symptoms.
A genetic predisposition that is exacerbated by life conditions is an example of the _____ ____ model
diathesis-stress
Many studies show that different forms of treatment often appear to work equally well; this point can be attributed to the fact that
different treatments still share many common factors
______ has high frequency of comorbidity & within category validity; individuals with same diagnosis may have different symptoms
dimensional
A classification system that focuses on how much of a given characteristic an individual exhibits is called _____
dimensional.
_____ is an approach to classification that focuses on a specific characteristic and how much of that characteristic is displayed
dimesional
Monty, who has been diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, shows only the slightest smile when happy or the slightest frown when upset. His limited emotional expressiveness is called
diminished emotional expression.
Social support provides ____ to others
direct physical benefits
You are asked to compare Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET) and Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy. After comparing the two you note that one difference is that the therapist in RET is likely to
directly challenge the rationality of the client's beliefs
Gender dysphoria is characterized by a strong and persistent cross-gender identification and
discomfort with one's own biological sex.
You get a paper back and briefly feel angry at the low grade you received, but this feeling is upsetting because you like the professor so much. You quickly turn your attention to other matters. Later that day you pick a fight with your roommate because of the unfair manner in which the week's chores were divided. This fight could be an example of a defense mechanism called ______
displacement
7.1.1. Which of the following is a good definition of dissociation?
disruption of the mental processes of memory, consciousness, identity, and perception
Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, Somatoform Disorders all have _____ in common
dissociaion
____ the disruption of the normally integrated mental processes involved in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception
dissociation
____ ____ is involved with many symptoms, not just the dissociative symptoms
dissociative
when you watch a movie, you are in a _____ state
dissociative
After Linda witnessed a violent crime, she could not recall anything that happened before the trauma. Linda's experience is an example of
dissociative amnesia.
____ disorders are most contreversial
dissociative idendity
"Schizophrenia" refers to the splitting of mental associations. As an unfortunate result of this choice of terms, laypeople often think "schizophrenia" refers to
dissociative identity disorder.
7.1.57. Multiple personality disorder is now known as
dissociative identity disorder.
___ ___ is when participants complete tasks inconsistent with the thinness ideal.
dissonance intervention
In anorexia nervosa, they have a ____ body image, which is an inaccurate perception of body size and shape
distorted
An inaccurate perception of body size and shape is known as
distorted body image
In the absence of other etiological factors for alcohol use disorder, being raised by an alcoholic parent
does not appear to be a critical consideration in the development of the disorder.
A problem with defining abnormal behavior in terms of deviation from statistical norms is that this definition
does not specify how unusual the behavior must be to be considered abnormal.
One of the first neurochemical theories of schizophrenia focused on altered activity of which of the following systems?
dopamine
The ____ hypothesis focuses on the function of specific dopamine pathways in the limbic area of the brain
dopamine
____ and ____ are the two neurotransmitters that play especially important roles in the chemical causes of abnormal behaviors
dopamine and seratonin
The identification of deficits in working memory is particularly interesting with regard to schizophrenia because it links to other evidence regarding brain functions and this disorder. Processes that are associated with central executive processing are associated with brain activity located in the ________ area of the prefrontal cortex that seems to be dysfunctional in schizophrenia.
dorsolateral
A research design in which neither the patient nor the therapist knows if the patient is receiving the treatment in question or the placebo is known as
double-blind
The process in which neurons adapt to psychoactive drug use by reducing the number of receptors or by reducing their sensitivity to the drug is known __________ regulation.
down
Cluster B personality disorders is when people appear ___, ___, and ___
dramatic, emotional, erratic
Autistic spectrum disorders are distinguished by __, ___, and ___ symptoms. Contrary to some views, most people with ASD also have intellectual disabilities.
dramatic, severe, and unusual
The most common form of biomedical therapy is
drug therapy
Men have a ___ onset and have an impaired ____ functioning and more ___ symptoms of schizophrenia
earlier, social, negative
Autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) begin___ in life and involve impairments in ___, ____, and ____.
early, relationships, communication, and behaviors
In order to be diagnosed with Binge Eating Disorder, people need to experience three of the following characteristics:
eating rapidly, eating past the point of "feeling full", eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry, eating alone due to embarrassment, feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty
How do most mental health professionals today describe themselves?
eclectic: they use different treatments for different disorders
Psychological Interventions Breathing Retraining involves:
education on the body and how the client breathes
_____ = State of arousal defined by subjective feeling states
emotion
7.1.46. What is a cause of dissociative amnesia?
emotional distress
Client-centered therapy is closely associated with the concept of
empathy
Adrian, a graduate student, is learning to use DSM-5 and is surprised to find that there are no official subtypes of schizophrenia given, even though he remembers seeing them in previous DSM versions. Which of the following statements is true regarding this discrepancy?
evidence has shown that the previous subtypes were not qualitatively different disorders
____ _____ treatments are practical and scientific approach to therapy
evidence-based
7.1.15. To meet the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD, an individual must not only experience a traumatic event, but he must also
exhibit the presence of one (or more) intrusion symptoms associated with that traumatic event.
The only way to bring up repressed/forgotten memories with people with dissociative disorders is to do what?
expose them/make associations
What is one therapy for bulimia nervousa?
exposure and response prevention
The tendency to develop eating disorders seems related to which of the following variables?
exposure to popular media
A research finding does not generalize yo circumstances different from those of the experiment is lacking _____ _____
external validity
The technique of flooding in the treatment of phobia uses what learning principle?
extinction
Individuals with anorexia take great pride in their ____ while individuals with bulimia continually feel like failures in this area
extreme self-control
You are advising a school about the adoption of programs for their ASD students. Several treatment options are presented, but one caught your attention. It is a program that is still used despite clear evidence from the APA that it is ineffective. You will advise against the use of
facilitated communication.
7.1.89. Rick walks into the emergency room and asks to see a doctor. He explains that he has a fever, but he does not report that he gave himself an injection of dirty water that is probably responsible for his fever. Without this information, the medical staff cannot determine the cause of Rick's fever, so they admit him for observation. Rick is delighted because he enjoys the "sick role." After numerous tests are run, the staff is still puzzled, so they call for a psychiatric consult. The psychiatrist should consider the diagnosis of __________ disorder.
factitious
7.1.90. You overhear several students discussing a news report on Munchausen syndrome. Because you are taking a course in abnormal psychology, you recognize this syndrome to be an example of a(n)__________ disorder.
factitious
Expressed emotion refers to
family members being negative and intrusive.
Some evidence shows that treatment for anorexia is that ____ therapy is more effective than ____ therapy.
family, individual
The more you restrict eating, the more you store ____, this process is called: ____
fat, hyperlipogenesis
____ helps behavioral responses to threats
fear
_____ usually builds quickly in intensity, but goes away quickly
fear
______ is experienced in the face of real, immediate danger
fear
Which of the following is a defining symptom of anorexia nervosa?
fear of gaining weight
In Specific Phobia disorder exposure to phobic stimulus must be followed by an immediate ____ ____
fear response.
When you have high anxiety with high avoidance, you are dependent and _____ and expect to be hurt
fearful
Compared to tricyclics and MAO inhibitors, what is a major reason for the popularity of newer antidepressant drugs such as Prozac?
fewer side effects
Walter Cannon viewed stress as the activation of the:
fight or flight response
A patient's medical chart includes the word lanugo. You can tell from the chart that the patient has anorexia nervosa. What will you expect to observe when the patient is examined?
fine downy hair on the face and trunk
BPD comes from an _____ of ____
invalidation of emotion
People suffering from gender dysphoria are likely to dress up in the clothing of the opposite sex because
it helps them to adopt the role of the gender with which they identify.
Select the statement below that is TRUE of substance intoxication.
it involves an effect ranging from mild to severe.
Select the statement that is TRUE of cyclothymic disorder.
it is less severe than mania or depression
Sexual predator laws allow states to
keep a sexual predator in either a prison or mental hospital for life.
Cognitive behavior therapy involves _________ to help individuals resist using drugs.
learning coping skills, social skills, and problem-solving skills
Pedophiles and exhibitionists show subtle dysfunction in the ______ ____ ___
left temporal lobe
Controlled drinking approaches may be especially suited to individuals who have a:
less severe dependence on drinking.
A ___ ___ is the only way to maintain body weight
lifestyle change
_____ _____ is the proportion of people in a given population affected by the disorder at some point during their lives
lifetime prevalance
Hypoactive sexual desire refers to a(n)
low sex drive.
An associated medical feature of anorexia nervosa that might explain the tendency to layer clothing even in mild temperatures is
lowered body temperature
Roger spends half of the school day in a special education classroom, and the other half in a regular classroom. This movement toward providing students with disabilities exposure to a regular classroom setting is called __________.
mainstreaming
The major goals of normalization include children with intellectual disabilities into public schools and promoting a role in the community for adults with intellectual disabilities.
mainstreaming
Which of the following is defined as supportive education for children with intellectual disability that includes them in regular classroom settings whenever possible?
mainstreaming
Nate is a clinical psychologist and is trying to determine if Jennifer has schizophrenia. In what way will he make this determination?
making observations of Jennifer's behavior and her descriptions of personal experience
DSM-5 defines substance use disorders in terms of
maladaptive patterns of behaviors
Even though more than 2.3 percent of people have IQs below the 70 cutoff, only about 1 percent of the population has an intellectual disability. The prevalence of intellectual disability is lower than the prevalence of low IQs because
many adults with low IQs have adequate adaptive skills.
The subjective effects of ____ can be pleasant, however some individuals experience anxiety and paranoia
marijuana
In cannabis, Cannabis ____ is the Dried leaves which can be smoked and ____ is the Dried resin from the top of the Cannabis plant
marijuana, hashish
The neurological impairments found in schizophrenic patients have also been studied in the unaffected twins of schizophrenic patients. Compared to the neurological impairments of "well" twins, the neurological impairments in their schizophrenic twins are
marked by a smaller hippocampus and amygdala.
____ is the best word or phrase to explain the validity of an assessment procedure
meaning
7.1.32. When people with PTSD are able to integrate the experience of trauma and find some broader reason or higher value for enduring it, they are engaging in the task of
meaning making.
Eating disturbance increases with exposure to ___
media
A medical records clerk was reviewing patient files when he came across one that had the name of a procedure he did not recognize: cingulotomy. When he looked up the procedure he found that it is a surgical procedure used in which the diagnosis is
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Some comorbid Psychological Disorders associated with anorexia nervosa is ___ and ____ because of the need for perfection
obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
In ___ ___ disorder, people have devotion to productivity and exclusion of leisure activities, very stubborn, very strict about rules, inability to discard old objects because they feel like they will need theses things
obsessive-compulsive personality
In cluster A of personality disorders, people appear ____ or ____
odd or eccentric
This is true when it comes to older adults and anxiety disorders:
older adults with anxiety disorders probably had symptoms for many years
The DSM-5 will categorize someone with Bulimia if inappropriate compensatory behavior if it occurs at least ___ a week for ___ months
once, 3
when a mother consumes the equivalent of ___ glass of wine four times during the pregnancy, her offspring and grand-offspring, up to the third generation, show increased alcohol preference and less sensitivity to alcohol
one
According to DSM-5, brief psychotic disorder refers to psychotic symptoms lasting how long?
one day to one month
According to the text, what is the best estimate of the number of people with a mental disorder who improve without any professional treatment
one-third
To diagnose an illness as schizophrenia, DSM-5 requires that ________ be ruled out.
other medical conditions that could cause the disturbance
Which term is used for a set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test a theory?
paradigm
In dimensional approach, to trait specified- ____ would be characterized by a diagnosis of high suspiciousness, histrionic would be high attention seeking, dependent would be high submissiveness, etc.
paranoid
In schizophrenia, the most common delusional beliefs are ____ and ____
paranoid and grandiose
A placebo group is typically used in drug studies to control for:
participants' expectations about the effect of the drug
Cannabis intoxication is often accompanied by temporal disintegration. This means that
people have trouble retaining and organizing information.
"Crossing" of paraphilic behaviors refers to the fact that
people who exhibit one paraphilia often exhibit others.
Gambling disorder was moved to the chapter on substance-related and addictive disorders because
people with serious gambling problems often suffer from substance use disorders.
____ in schizophrenia means persistently repeating the same word or phrase over and over
perservation
7.1.13. A psychologist is interviewing a client who reports having experienced a severe trauma; before making a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, the psychologist would want to find evidence that the client is experiencing
persistent symptoms of increased arousal.
A psychologist is interviewing a client who reports having experienced a severe trauma; before making a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, the psychologist would want to find evidence that the client is experiencing....
persistent symptoms of increased arousal.
The symptoms of dissociative disorders are characterized by:
persistent, maladaptive disruption in the integration of memory, consciousness, or identity.
What is the emphasis of the definition of abnormal behavior in the DSM-5?
personal distress or impairment in social functioning
People with ___ ___tend to make their problems worse by responding in ways that do not suit the social challenged that they face.
personality disorders
The line between___ ____ and ____ is difficult to define.
personality pathology, eccentricity
Traits are ___, ___, ___and a way of being rather than an illness
pervasive, persistent, pathological
BPD comes from ___ , ____, and ___
physical abuse, sexual abuse, bullying
What helps to reduce stress
physical activity
People who suffer from anxiety disorders tend to be very sensitive to _____ and ____
physical pain and rejection
Most clinical scientists believe that schizophrenia is a(n) ________ characteristic, which means that it is the product of a reasonably large number of genes rather than a single gene.
polygenic
Cultural-familial intellectual disability is found far more frequently among the ___
poor
Schizophrenic symptoms, sometimes called psychotic symptoms, that include hallucinations and delusions are known as
positive symptoms
7.1.33. The term given to positive changes resulting from trauma is
posttraumatic growth.
Which best summarizes the treatment program for sexual dysfunction devised by Masters and Johnson that became very popular and successful
practice makes perfect
Which of the following helps reduce stress
predictability and control
prognosis means
predicted course
Videotapes of 10-year-old children are being used to determine if their social interactions are related to the development of schizophrenia in adulthood. What type of validity is the focus of interest here?
predictive
_____ validity- the ability of a measure to predict performance at a future date
predictive
diathesis means ____
predisposition
For an individual with autistic disorder, impaired communication might include any of the following EXCEPT __________.
preference for sign language
The first neurobiology pathway does not cross the ______ because we do not want to waste time thinking about danger
prefrontal cortex
Measures of blood flow in various areas of the cerebral cortex show that while working on various tasks, schizophrenic patients do not show expected increases in blood flow to the
prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes.
_____ model states that human beings seem to be prepared to develop intense, persistent fears only to a select set of objects or situations.
preparedness
cognitive factors examples:
preparedness, purpose and blame.
Which of the following are you most likely to find among the elderly in the United States?
prescription drug abuse and dependence
_____ is the total number of active cases
prevalence
___ prevention is for the entire population. For intellectual disabilities, this prevention includes Availability and use of good maternal and child health care, Planning for pregnancy, Ultrasound, Amniocentesis, Gene therapy (future)
primary
______ prevention includes improve environment in order to prevent new cases of mental illness Ex. Mental health awareness posters
primary
What are the two types of coping that Lazarus and Folkman identified?
problem-focused vs. emotion-focused
In January, Rita was beginning to perform poorly at work; she was neglecting her appearance, becoming withdrawn, and exhibiting odd behaviors. In June, Rita showed the full‑blown symptoms of schizophrenia. Her behavior in January can be considered part of which phase of the disorder?
prodromal
Patrice's family reported that her personality seemed to change. She began to withdraw from others, was prone to angry outbursts and displayed magical thinking. Patrice was in which phase of schizophrenia?
prodromal
The onset of schizophrenia can occur suddenly or take several months/years to fully develop into the disorder. When the latter occurs, a person often proceeds through the following phases (in order)
prodromal, acute, residual
______ tests- people are asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli, includes rorachach's comprehensive system & thematic appreciation test
projective
The lifetime prevalence of a mental disorder is the
proportion of a population that is affected at some point.
7.1.103. What element would make for an adequate test of the hypothesized relationship between child abuse and dissociative disorder
prospective research with objective measures
7.1.101. In psychoanalytic theory, the symptoms of somatic symptom and dissociative disorders provide primary gain. This means that the symptoms
protect the conscious mind from painful conflicts.
What is the main advantage of projective personality tests over other forms of personality tests?
provide details about patient's unique view of the world
The observations of attachment theory and ethology suggest that ______________ has survival value.
proximity
The effectiveness of medications such as Zoloft and Prozac indicate that
serotonin regulation plays a role in negative thought patterns.
On a talk show last night Don described some symptoms of anxiety he has experienced during the past year. He said his therapist prescribed an anti-anxiety medication, which seems to be effective. Based on Don's description, you conclude that the therapist is a
psychiatrist
Frank is experiencing a lot of pain. His condition would be classified as a somatic symptom disorder in DSM-5 if
psychological factors are judged to be significant.
depressed patients often walk and talk like they are in slow motion, this refers to what?
psychomotor retardation
____ is a general term that refers to several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is considered to be out of contact with reality
psychosis
A long term consequence of high doses of Amphetamine and Cocaine can lead to the onset of ___ and ____
psychosis-hallucinations and clinical depression
What is the name for brain surgery in which the object is reduce symptoms of a mental disorder?
psychosurgery
Modern psychologists believe that _____ is the superior treatment for most disorders
psychotherapy
Various forms of ______ have been used in an effort to alter gender identity, but the results have been fairly negative.
psychotherapy
____ is the use of psychological techniques and therapist-client relationship to produce change
psychotherapy
Gender identity disorders are___ in comparison to most of the other disorders that we have considered.
rare
Two systems of information processing in our minds are :
rational system and experiential system
The most effective treatment for PTSD (CBT):
re-exposure to trauma/ prolonged trauma
Which of the following is one of the DSM-5 criteria used to identify panic attack?
reaches peak intensity within 10 minutes
When we are around someone we dislike intensely we often "bend over backward" to be nice to this individual. _____ is the defense mechanism illustrated
reaction formation
The concept of __________ proposes that heredity determines the upper and lower limits of IQ and that experience determines the extent to which a person fulfills her genetic potential.
reaction range
____ depression is triggered by a traumatic life event, difficulty in learning responses, suffer learning responses, negativity
reactive
People who worry excessively usually report that their worries are not
realistic
A _____ may occur in the thought suppression of OCD
rebound
7.1.7. Which arousal or reactivity symptom(s) most sharply differentiates acute stress disorder from posttraumatic stress disorder?
reckless or self-destructive behavior
7.1.69. What is the main objective in treating patients with dissociative identity disorder?
reintegrate the different personalities into a whole
Personality disorders are controversial because they are difficult to identify ___
reliably
Higher levels of positive affect predict lower levels of ___ ___
reported pain
People may become dependent on psychoactive drugs because they stimulate areas of the brain that are known as "___ ___", mostly _____
reward pathway, dopamine
You have access to an fMRI facility and plan to study brain regions associated with drug addiction. You advise your team that it would be wise to focus on the
reward pathways of the brain (ventral tegmental area)
7.1.109. How would a therapist use cognitive behavioral approaches to treat chronic pain?
reward successful coping and life adaptation
What are delusions?
rigidly held, idiosyncratic beliefs
Symptoms" of Dissociative Identity Disorder can be induced by ___ and ___
role playing and hypnosis
Jocelyn is a sophomore in college who is majoring in elementary education. She sought counseling at the advice of one of her professors, who feels that she is not suited for the teaching profession. During her first visit, Jocelyn stated that since she could remember, she has always preferred to stay at home and either read or watch movies by herself. She has no friends and no inclination to date. The therapist noted that the most striking aspect of Jocelyn's personality was the complete lack of emotion. She did not seem concerned or angered by her professor's suggestion that she should switch majors, and, in fact, Jocelyn appeared highly detached from the world. Jocelyn may have ________ personality disorder.
schizoid
____ is detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expression of emotions
schizoid
____ personality disorder is a lack of desire for relationships and lack of emotionality
schizoid
____ personality disorder is benign regarding praise or criticism
schizoid
Schizotypal Personality Disorder may have relatives in ____ disorder
schizophrenia
according to the social selection hypothesis, the rate of schizophrenia is higher in the lower class in the united states because
schizophrenics are less able to find or hold good jobs
___ disorder is psychotic symptoms from 1 month to 6 months
schizophreniform
Except for the length of the disorder and the degree of functional impairment, ____________ and schizophrenia have the same symptomatology.
schizophreniform disorder
if a person displays psychotic symptoms for at least one month but less than six months, the DSM-5 diagnosis would be
schizophreniform disorder
__ is discomfort with close relationships, eccentricities of behavior
schizotypal
___ personality disorder is when people have inappropriate emotional expression
schizotypal
____ personality disorder is mad that they do not have as many friends and they have abnormal beliefs
schizotypal
After receiving a referral at work, Doug seeks a clinical evaluation of his increasingly eccentric behaviors. Doug also displays social detachment, and some perceptual distortions. He would most likely be diagnosed by an experienced clinician with _______.
schizotypal personality disorder
A rhythm abnormality or disturbance is seen in people with ______________, in which most of those affected seem to be responsive to the total quantity of available light in the environment.
seasonal affective disorder
____ prevention includes early detection to prevent more serious developments Ex. Childhood diagnosis
secondary
Different types of research have shown that early childhood programs such as Head Start contribute to the __________ of cultural-familial retardation by influencing adaptive behaviors.
secondary prevention
The person who is binge eating is usually done in _____, triggered by a ___ mood, and feels ___ afterwards
secret, unhappy, regret
The best type of attachment for good mental health is _____ attachment
secure
The families of drugs that include barbiturates and benzodiazepines are also known informally as
sedatives
7.1.54. What is the most common form of dissociative amnesia?
selective
A unique technique that Carl Rogers suggested for humanistic psychotherapists was
self disclosure by the therapist
One central issue in personality disorder involves our __ __
self image
there is a lot of _______ in anxiety which provokes other problems
self talk
_____ ____ a process by which people's behaviors match their socially prescribed roles
self-fulfilling prophecy
In BPD there is a pervasive pattern of instability in ___, ___ and ___
self-image in interpersonal relationships and mood
In autistic children, _________ behavior is sometimes interpreted as suicidal behavior. However, such behavior has to do with self-stimulation, as an autistic child does not have the self-awareness to be truly suicidal.
self-injurious
____ ____comparisons - a comparison of responses on a psychological instrument with a person's own prior performance
self-referent
____ ____ measures asks patients to evaluate their own symptoms
self-report
Ritualistic behavior such as spinning a top seems to serve the function of __________, which reduces sensory input by making it monotonously predictable.
self-stimulation
worries in anxiety disorders are preoccupied with ______
self-talk
____ ____ Interview after the standard question, the clinician uses less structured supplemental questions to gather additional info as needed
semi-structured interview
Autistic people do not have ____ deficits
sensory
How well intelligence is measured among people with intellectual disabilities-___ and ___disabilities.
sensory and physical
The feature that hallucinations in schizophrenia share in common is
sensory experience.
Reactivity refers to the
tendency for a person to change her behavior when she knows she is being observed.
____ ____ states that harmful events associated with membership in the lowest social classes, which might include many factors ranging from stress and social isolation to poor nutrition, play a causal role in the development of the disorder.
social causation
____ ___ can be a psychological factor that helps decreases CHD
social factors (friends and fam, economic resources, following societal norms and cultural values)
____ ____ is key in the diagnostic criteria for personality disorders
social impairment
Which of the following is considered one of the earliest signs that someone may eventually meet the criteria for schizophrenia
social isolation
Symptoms of personality disorders is ____ _____ because this is our psychological survival
social motivation
social anxiety disorder is also called ____ ____
social phobia
__ ____ hypothesis states that Individuals with schizophrenia cannot hold a job or complete higher education.
social selection
Best health behavior, which predicts improved immune, cardiovascular, and endocrine functioning, you can receive is ____ ____
social support
___ __ is so important to anyone who has mental illness
social support
Most of a neuron's metabolism and maintenance control and performance originate from the _____
soma
What are the four major anatomic components of a neuron?
soma, dendrite, axon, and axon terminal
Janice came to her local hospital tonight because she feels beetles crawling around inside her body. With the exception of numerous scratch marks, no medical abnormalities were found. Janice remains convinced that she is infested with beetles. What type of hallucinations is she experiencing?
somatic
7.1.88. Which of these disorders is as much as 10 times more likely to occur in women than men?
somatic symptom disorder
7.1.95. Which disorder is related to antisocial personality disorder and is more common in women?
somatic symptom disorder
7.1.73. The sudden onset of paralysis in one arm without a clear biological cause is an example of
somatic symptom disorder.
7.1.81. A flippant lack of concern about symptoms, called "la belle indifference," is sometimes observed in patients with
somatic symptom disorder.
Alex reports a persistent burning sensation on the left side of her face and an accompanying blurriness of vision in her left eye. Which of the following conditions is Alex demonstrating?
somatic system disorder
You have come to the part of your Abnormal Psychology textbook that covers the sexual dysfunctions, where there are several case studies presented. Which of the following might well be the subject of one of those cases?
someone whose sexual desire is inhibited
Evolutionary psychology focuses its study on _____, which people share as a part of human nature
special-typical characteristcs
Mrs. Worden has an unusual fear of buttons. Every time she spots a loose button on the floor of her laundry room, she becomes extremely anxious and feels sick. In order to minimize her discomfort, Mrs. Worden only wears clothes that are button-free. If she sought help for her problem, what would Mrs. Worden's diagnosis probably be?
specific phobia
While the effectiveness of ECT, cognitive therapy, and drug therapy is comparable, ECT has the advantage in: the ______ with which alteration in mood is achieved
speed
Maria and Juan go to a therapist because they consistently have difficulty accomplishing intercourse. The therapist recommends a procedure called sensate focus, which means that Maria and Juan will be asked to
spend time together holding hands
The viewpoint espoused by Alcoholics Anonymous is fundamentally _______ in nature.
spiritual
____ _____ means improvement without treatment
spontaneous remission:
Agoraphobic avoidance typically remains ____
stable
Personality disorders are ___ and have___ ___
stable, long duration
What is the primary characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
starving oneself
_____ prediction when a clinician uses data from large groups of people to make a judgment about a specific individual
statistical
Gina spends several hours a day spinning the wheels on her toy car. She cannot bear any changes in the way the furniture is arranged in her home and will have a severe tantrum if even one aspect of her daily routine is changed. Gina's behavior can be classified as which of the following components of autistic disorder?
stereotyped behaviors, activities, and interests
A clinical psychologist is interviewing a client and asks a series of questions. Later the same psychologist interviews another client and asks the same series of questions in the same order. What type of interview is the psychologist using?
structured
___ disorders are when problems arise arising from someone being addicted to a drug (e.g., alcoholism)
substance use
Your friend misses work and has serious family difficulties because he uses drugs. However, he is not addicted to drugs. What DSM-5 diagnosis should be made in this case?
substance use disorder
One advantage of a dimensional system of classification is that it allows scientists to record ____ ____
subtle distinctions.
What is the single most common traumatic event that can lead to PTSD?
sudden unexpected death of a loved one
7.1.53. The essential feature of behavior that will lead to diagnosis of dissociative fugue is
sudden unexpected travel.
Helen suffers from an eating disorder characterized by frequent binges. We can be reasonably certain that Helen
suffers from either bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa of the binge-eating/purging type.
Patients with PTSD have trouble learning to ____ ____ memories of their traumas. The high levels of stress experienced by PTSD patients might inhibit brain areas, such as the _____, which is involved in learning to suppress fear. So they combine ______with this therapy
suppress fearful, prefrontal cortex, propranolol (beta-blocker)
Light therapy is effective in treating seasonal affective disorder because it
suppresses the production of melatonin.
What is not a nicotine withdrawal symptom?
sweating
The ______ nervous system is aroused and the fear response is sensitized in PTSD
sympathetic
When biological treatments are used for various mental disorders without knowing the specific cause of the problem, such treatments focus on ____ ____
symptom allieviation
Current evidence on the effects of psychotropic medications indicate that they offer _____ relief but not a ____
symptom relief, no cure
In DSM-5, clinical disorders are defined largely in terms of
symptomatic behaviors
clinician rated measures are clinician rates ____
symptoms
7.1.25. A person with acute stress disorder is most likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder when
symptoms of numbing, depersonalization, and reliving the trauma are present.
A person with acute stress disorder is most likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder when
symptoms of numbing, depersonalization, and reliving the trauma are present.
People with avoidant personality disorder have more severe ____ and more functional ____
symptoms, impairment.
A ____ is defined as a group of related symptoms that identify a particular disorder/ dysfunction
syndrome
Psychological Interventions Relaxation Skills Training involves:
teaching client to relax and actively practice coping with anxiety
Assertiveness training and social problem solving are examples of
teaching clients new ways of behaving that are likely to be rewarded.
While visiting your niece in the hospital, you see several other very young children. You observe one young child who is placid and smiles often, whereas another child seems to be very active and fussy. Such differences in style are often described as reflections of_______
temperament
_____ refers to a person's most basic, characteristic styles of relating to the world, especially those styles that are evident during the first year of life
temperament
Cannabis intoxication is often accompanied by ___ disintegration, a condition in which people have trouble retaining and organizing information.
temporal
Which part of the brain has been implicated in some paraphilias?
temporal lobes
knoblike structures that branch out from an axon are _____ ____
terminal buttons
___ prevention is for people who are affected, in intellectual disabilities, this type of prevention includes treatment of the social and emotional needs of people with intellectual disabilities may include teaching basic self-care skills, such as feeding and dressing, during the younger ages and various "life-survival" skills at later ages.
tertiary
_____ prevention includes intervention after illness has been identified (Treatment) Ex. Therapy, medication, etc.
tertiary
What term is used to describe programs intended to reduce the adverse, indirect consequences of mental illness?
tertiary programs
MMPI is an example of a _____ . It is made up of _____ questions
test personality test, (T/F)
____ ___ - how well a test produces similar scores over time when given to the same individual
test-retest
A psychologist wants to obtain a measure of children's attention spans under quiet conditions. She arranges for a group of children to meet individually with a research assistant who reads each child a list of numbers and then asks the child to repeat the numbers in reverse order. A week later the children repeat this task. The psychologist finds that the scores that each child received at week one and at week two tend to be very similar. She concludes that this test has high ____ ____ ____
test-retest reliability.
What is the focus of cognitive behavior therapy in treating alcoholism?
the acts that initiate and maintain drinking
The biggest difference between Acute Stress Disorder and Traumatic stress Disorder = _____
the amount of time
7.1.30. Research on social factors and the risk for PTSD focuses primarily on the nature of the trauma, the individual's level of exposure to it, and __________________.
the availability of social support following the trauma
Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder in which:
the body cannot break down amino acid phenylalanine
Your neighbors are playing loud music late at night and it annoys you. You ask them to turn down the music and they do. The next time they play loud music, you call them even sooner. B.F. Skinner would say this happens because
the decreased noise negatively reinforced your assertivenesss
Where does a person with somatic disorder go to first?
the doctor
A drag queen who is gay and who cross-dresses would probably not be diagnosed with transvestic disorder because
the drag queen will not be sexually aroused by cross-dressing.
Determining the presence of disorder is based on several criteria, including
the duration of a person's symptoms
What factor best predicts when treatment is more or less likely to be effective?
the nature of client's problems
Schizoaffective disorder involves
the overlapping of symptoms of schizophrenia with those of mood disorder with psychotic features.
A patient with a personality disorder has unreasonable fears of abandonment, criticism, and rejection. What central issue of personality is distorted in this patient?
the patient's perceptions of others' intentions
To meet the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD an individual must not only experience a traumatic event but also experience:
the presence of intrusion symptoms in association with that event (re-experiencing)
Detoxification refers to
the removal of a drug on which a person is dependant
In order to try to prevent eating disorders, prevention efforts focus on the ____ ideal indirectly, or focus on promoting ___ eating rather than eliminating unhealthy habits.
thinness, healthy
.Longitudinal studies of adolescent alcohol use and their expectancy patterns have found that
those with positive expectations go on to consume greater amounts of alcohol.
An important investigative area for the etiology of schizophrenia involves the potential role of _______ and being born during _______.
viral infections; winter months
•New therapy for schizophrenia uses ___ ___ to create a person for the voices which helps them engage in a dialogue
virtual reality
What type of hallucinations do individuals with Schizophrenia usually experience?
voices which are demanding and abusive
In schizophrenia, there is a decrease in total brain ____ and enlarged _____, specifically in decreased size of these brain strucutres:___ , ____, ____
volume, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
Kevin was called into the principal's office because he had made a hole in the girl's bathroom wall so he could observe the unsuspecting female students while they changed for gym class. Kevin is a candidate for the diagnosis of
voyeurism.
__ ___ disorder involves the process of "peeping" is arousing in its own right
voyeuristic paraphilic disorder
__ ___ disorder is the act of observing an unsuspecting person, usually a stranger, who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity
voyeuristic paraphilic disorder
The level of stress you have depends on ones _______ when faced with severe, unpredictable events as well as one's _____ when faced wit more predictable and moderate events
vulnerability, resilience
In general, a person's weight is maintained by keeping within a weight range, such as between 125 and 130 pounds. Put another way, weight is maintained around _____.
weight set points
7.1.91. Hannah's doctors are convinced that her physical symptoms are not real, but they cannot decide whether this is an instance of malingering or factitious disorder. What factor will best help them to choose between these two possibilities?
whether she is achieving some specific external gain
___ is when the symptoms experienced when a person stops using a drug (alcohol withdrawal delirium)
withdrawal
With social anxiety disorder: more common among _____
women
"Tend and Befriend" -mostly seen in ____ on average because of ____. They do not ___ ___
women, oxycotin, fight or flight
___ ____ refers to disorganization in schizophrenia who speak with loose associations or derailment: shifting topics too abruptly
word salad
People in Western societies often experience anxiety in relation to their _____ ____, whereas other societies may be more concerned about ________.
work performance, family issues/religious experience
Deficits in _______ appear to be a stable characteristic of patients with schizophrenia.
working memory
Which of the following is one of the bodily fluids that Hippocrates included in his explanation of abnormal behavior?
yellow bile