Abnormal Psychology - Paper 2 (All ERQ Responses)
Discuss the role of culture in treatment.
P1- Restate Prompt, Define compliance with treatment (the extent to which a patient follows their treatment plan, and perceives it as efficient), Internal model of illness (the way patients internally represent their illness), restate prompt P2- Introduce Kinzie, Aim (to investigate patient compliance with the treatment of depression), Procedure (41 depressed south east asian participants who underwent long term treatment for depression in the U.S. All were treated with TCAs and blood levels were examined), Results (no detectable medicine levels in 61% of the individuals), Reasons for low levels of medication in blood (reluctance to take meds, increased sensitivity to side effects, social stigma), Conclusion (cultural factors may influence compliance with treatment of depression, TCA blood levels should be determined and compared throughout treatment) P3- Introduce Naeem et al., Aim (to develop culturally sensitive CBT programs and assess effectiveness in the developing world), Procedure (interviews with 9 outpatients in pakistan who were asked their thoughts on illness, causes, treatments, and views on therapy and were asked in Native Tongue), Results (Four major themes emerged: patients perception of depression, patients beliefs about causes of depression, models of referral for help, and patients knowledge about treatment P4- Strength (interviews allowed patients about their own feelings and views in a private setting), Limitation (small sample size, difficult to generalize) P5- Define top down adaptations to treatment (when people make small changes to their treatment plan but maintain the overall approach and structure), bottom up (deep changes to plan, often to the way treatment is delivered) P6- Introduce Griner and Smith, Aim (to investigate effectiveness of culturally adapted treatments of mental disorders), Procedure (meta-analysis of 76 studies (25,000 patients) and only used studies that had quantifiable estimates of effectiveness), Results (moderately strong benefit of culturally adapted interventions, when therapist spoke in client's native language therapy was more effective) P7- Strength (large sample size), Limitation (only used quantifiable data, potentially limited results of study) P8- Conclusion
Evaluate one biological etiology of one disorder.
P1- Restate Prompt, Define etiology (a set of factors that explain the treatment of a disorder), prevalence rates (how common a disorder is within certain population), Restate prompt P2- Describe affective symptoms (shift in emotions like feeling sad or the absence of feelings), Behavioral symptoms (isolationism, attempt to injure one's self), Cognitive symptoms (shift in thoughts and beliefs like disliking one's self), Somatic symptoms (physical symptoms like headaches, stomach pain) P3- Define genetic heritability (based on falcon model, idea that disorders and behaviors may manifest in an individual because of their inherited genes), gene environment interaction (when individuals with different genetic predispositions react to the same environment differently) P4- Introduce Caspi, Aim (to investigate the role of the 5-HTT gene on depressive behaviors after stressful life events), Procedure (representative birth cohort of New Zealand kids, followed longitudinally, three groups: 2 short alleles, 2 long alleles, one short/one long allele, took surveys on stressful life events they encountered between ages 21 and 26 and symptoms of depression), Results (no difference between the number of stressful life events they groups encountered, however participants with at least one short allele were more likely to react with depressive symptoms) P5- Strength (big sample, generalizable), Limitation (ignores socio-cultural and cognitive factors in formation) P6- Conclusion
Discuss the validity and reliability of diagnosis.
P1- Restate prompt, Define diagnosis (relating an abnormal behavior to a certain set of classification systems based on a pattern of symptoms), relationships between reliability and validity of diagnosis (validity relates more to the accuracy of a diagnosis while reliability relates to the consistency of that diagnosis), restate prompt P2- Define reliability of diagnosis (idea that a diagnosis is reliable if it is consistent among multiple clinicians, the consistency of the diagnosis must be quantifiable), Introduce Cooper et al., Aim (to investigate the reliability of diagnosis of depression and schizophrenia), Procedure (researchers asked american and British psychiatrists to diagnose patients by watching a number of videotaped clinical interviews), Results (british psychiatrists diagnosed patients as clinically depressed twice as often as americans, while american psychiatrists were more likely to diagnose the same patients as schizophrenic) P3- Strength (british and american participants suggests results have more cross-cultural validity), Limitation (americans and british psychiatrists primarily use different classification systems, possible confounding variable) P4- Define validity of diagnosis (the degree to which a classification system correctly measures the behavior it purports to measure), Introduce Mitchel, Aim (to investigate validity of diagnosis), procedure (meta-analysis of validity of diagnosis of depression, included 40 clinician trials of 50,000 patients that used semi-structured interviews to assess depression), Results (the general practitioners had 80% reliability in identifying healthy individuals and 50% reliability in diagnosis of depression. Many GPs had problems making correct diagnosis of depression. GPs were more likely to identify false positive signs of depression after the first consultation) P5- Strength (meta-analysis had large sample size, more generalizable), Limitation (studies used nay have had different definitions of depression therefore making the data difficult to compare and interpret) P6- Introduce Rosenhan, Aim (to test the reliability and validity of diagnosis and see if psychologists could distinguish between abnormal and normal behavior), Procedure (covert, participant observation with 8 participants, their ask was to follow the same instructions and present themselves to different psychiatric hospitals across the U.S., all participants had the same singular symptom of hearing a voice say (1,2,3, thud) in their head one time), Results (all patients were admitted, mostly diagnosed with schizophrenia, all patients behaved normally once admitted, pseudo-patients took notes while they were hospitalized which the staff interpreted as a symptom, all were eventually released and labeled with schizophrenia in remission) P7- Strength (sparked revision of the DSM), Limitation (ethical issues- staff not informed of research, no consent) P8- Conclusion
Discuss a cognitive approach to one etiology of abnormal behavior.
P1- Restate prompt, Define etiology (a set of factors that explain the origin of a disorder), prevalence rates (how common a disorder is within a specific population), restate prompt P2- Discuss affective symptoms (shift in emotions), behavioral symptoms (shift in behavior), Cognitive symptoms (shift in thoughts and beliefs), somatic symptoms (physical symptoms) P3- Describe Beck's Theory (cognitive factors are the major cause of depressive behavior, change in automatic thoughts can lead to a change in behavior, focuses on examining the negative appraisal of events) P4- Break down Beck's Theory (Beck's Triad- feelings about one's self, the world, and the future, Negative Self-Schema- can originate from childhood experiences, excessive criticism, or abuse, Faulty Thinking Patterns-negative beliefs lead to a number of cognitive biases that people with depression often resort to when they interpret daily experiences) P5- Strength (triangulates investigation of diagnosis), Limitation (fails to consider behavioral factors in diagnosis) P6- Conclusion
Discuss one socio-cultural etiology of one disorder
P1- Restate prompt, Define etiology (the set of factors that explain the origin of a disorder), prevalence rates (how common a disorder is within a certain population) P2- Discuss affective symptoms (shift in emotions), behavioral symptoms (shift in behavior), cognitive symptoms (shift in thoughts and beliefs), somatic symptoms (physical) P3- discuss socio-cultural factors in depression (vulnerability factors may interact with triggering stressors to increase the risk of depression) P4- Introduce Brown and Harris, Aim (to investigate socio-cultural factors on depression), Procedure (458 women from london were surveyed through semi-structured interviews on their history of life events and depressive episodes), Results (8% of the women had been depressed at some point, of those women, 90% had experienced a serious difficulty, working class women with children were 4 more times likely to develop depression) P5- Strength (easily replicable), Limitation (all female sample, not generalizable) P6- Conclusion
