Abnormal Psychology Test 2

3. Anxiety disorders are characterized by inordinately intense responses to fear. When we encounter a threatening stimulus, the ______ activates two neural responses in the brain. The first is the _______, which triggers the Fight-or-Flight response. The second mechanism involved the _______ and ________, which rationally evaluates the validity of the fear response. If the stimulus has been misinterpreted and the fear response is not justified, this second mechanism works to ______ the fear response. However, some people have a genetic predisposition to fear and anxiety, because they have the shorter allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene associated with _____ serotonin activity and increased fear and anxiety behavior.

Amygdala, HPA axis, Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, stop, reduced

5. A heightened fear response, even with contributing environmental factors, may still not lead to an anxiety disorder. Another important psychological risk factor is _________, where a person has a propensity to construe even normal fear responses as indicating some event or object is _____ threatening that it really is

Anxiety sensitivity, more

11. In which of the following ways is agoraphobia different from specific phobias? A. Agoraphobia most commonly occurs in celebrities, while specific phobias most commonly occur in non-famous people. B. Two or more fear-inducing situations must be present in agoraphobia, whereas in specific phobia, the fear is particular to a single situation C. In agoraphobia, the fear is focused on being judged or negatively evaluated in a specific situation, whereas with specific phobia, the fear is about how the situation might be harmful

B

18. Which of the following is an example of how a fear response could be learned through observational learning? a. A young boy playing in the park is approached by an excited puppy. As he reaches out to pet the puppy, a fire engine going down the street sounds its siren and he begins to cry. The next time a dog approaches him, he begins to wail in fear. b. A young boy in approached by an excited dog. Seeing the dog running toward her son, the mother cries out in fear and pick him up before he can pet the dog. The next time the boy sees a dog, he cringes in fear and begins to cry.

B

21. Which of the following are risk factors for developing a phobia that fall into the social dimension of the multipath model? D. Seeing other people demonstrate intense or exceptional fear responses to ordinary hazards E. Being the victim of bullying and personal intimidation F. Widespread acceptance of certain parenting mechanisms, such as corporal punishment

E

11. Better gets very nervous when she has to speak in front of large groups but is required to do so for her career. She is not likely to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder if she is able to _________.

Engage in this behavior despite her nervousness

15. Which of the following is an example of how fear response could be learned through observational learning? A. A young woman is watching a classmate give his report. He accidentally drops his pointer and when he goes to pick it up her rips his pants and everyone starts laughing and making jokes. Afterward, she feels nauseous and intensely anxious just thinking about giving her class report. B. A college student is taking meds for a medical issue and a side effect is nausea. During the final exam the nausea manifests and the student fails the exam. After, just thinking of the exam induces fear and anxiety in the student even without the medication

A

17. Which of the following is an example of how the cognitive-behavioral perspective would explain a learned fear response? A. A young man bikes to campus every day. On one afternoon he is sideswiped by a motorist but fortunately is uninjured. After, he stops riding his bike and feel anxious at just t eh thought of cycling, because car drivers are so rude and obnoxious; I'll be run over and killed if I bike again B. A young man bikes to campus every day. On one afternoon his best friend who is also a cyclist relates a story about how he was almost hit by a car. After, the young man can't stop thinking about how rude car drivers are and always feel nervous about boking when cars are around.

A

4. If Cassie has a genetic predisposition to a heightened fear response, how will it affect her if such parenting behaviors continue? (dog starts running to Cassie and mom talks and pets dog playfully) A. She is less likely to develop an anxiety disorder B. She will not be affected either way C. She is more likely to develop an anxiety disorder

A

9. Last summer, Juanita's family when on vacation to NYC and went to the statue of liberty. Despite wanting to see the view from the top, Juanita couldn't get into the stairwell, experiencing tremendous anxiety, almost panic, at the thought of climbing up the narrow, crowded, and cramped staircase to the top of the inside of the statue. A. Situational B. Living creatures C. Blood/injections or injury D. Natural- environment

A

Which of the following is an example of how the negative information perspective would explain a learned fear response? A. A woman who is an avid hiker was told by her best friend and hiking partner about a close encounter she had with a rattlesnake. Afterward, the woman starts worrying excessively about the snakes and always feels fearful and anxious when she is out on a hike. B. A women nearly stumbles over a rattlesnake while out hiking. Fortunately, it didn't injure her, and she was left with only a bad fright. After, she becomes afraid to go hiking and stops altogether

A

Which of the following is true for all anxiety disorders? A. They commonly begin in Adolescence B. They have no biological basis C. They only involve anxiety about possible threats and not fear about specific immediate threats

A

6. Which of these statements is an example if negative appraisal? A. "I probably could have done better at answering some of those questions, but I think I did well on most them; I've got a good chance at getting the job." B. "I can't believe I accidentally spilled coffee on the human resources recruiter! I am such a klutz. I'm so clumsy; Why would anyone hire me?"

B

10. In which of the following way is agoraphobia different from social-anxiety disorder? A. Social anxiety disorder occurs most often in men. While agoraphobia occurs most often in women B. People with social anxiety disorder always have anxiety sensitivity, whereas people with agoraphobia do not. C. The social aspect of agoraphobia is about lack of help or doing something embarrassing, while in social anxiety disorder it's about being judges

C

13. Jeff can't stand even the thought of being close to or touching a snake. Even when he sees one on a nature show on TV, he gets extremely nervous, feels nauseated, and sometimes feels faint. A. Natural-environment B. Blood/injections or injury C. Situational D. Living creatures

D

12. A more specific kind of social anxiety disorder, the _______ type, is when anxiety occurs only when speaking or performing in front of others.

Performance only

14. The idea of biological _________ is the claim that people are more likely to develop a specific phobia to stimuli that are naturally fear inducing. For example, a fear of ______ is common in most people, although not usually to a pathological degree. The claim is that specific phobias develop more easily around these stimuli, because fear responses to them were a beneficial part of our ______ history; in other words, fearing them helped us survive as a species.

Preparedness, snakes, evolutionary

7. Although a person with social anxiety disorder may have difficulty engaging in a certain activity in front of other people, he or she is often able to do that activity without difficulty when they're not feeling so _________.

Scrutinized and judged.

8. The performance only type of social anxiety disorder is more specific from in that it occurs only when ____________.

Speaking or performing in public

Fear and anxiety are closely related but are not identical emotional states. One important way in which they're different is that fear can be viewed as a reaction to __________, whereas anxiety can be viewed as a reaction to ________

an imminent or current threat, a future threat